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Timing (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In a stress-timed language, syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is a given amount time (on average) between two consecutive stressed syllables, and that time is roughly a constant. If a language has a simple syllable structure, the difference between the simplest and the most complicated syllables in the language is not wide, and it is possible to say any syllable in less than 330 ms. There are two basic ways to assign time units (or beats) to words: stress timing and syllable timing. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timing_(linguistics)

Swedish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Standard Swedish is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well-established by the beginning of the 20th century. One example of the two languages merging in an unofficial sense is the classic Helsinki slang, ("Stadin slangi") which was born in the capital city of Finland in the early and middle 20th century, when both languages were almost equally widely spoken in the city area. Swedish is the sole official language of Åland, an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland, where 95% of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swedish_language

Accentual verse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It is common in languages that are stress timed such as English as opposed to syllabic verse, which is common in syllable timed languages such as classical Latin. Accentual verse has a fixed number of stresses per line or stanza regardless of the number of syllables that are present. Accentual verse derives its musical qualities by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in more or less regular patterns, as in this example: to be or not to be (bold represents stressed syllables). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Accentual_verse

phpBB.K405L02D.de :: Wikipedia English Version In linguistics, stress is the emphasis given to some syllables (often no more than one in each word, but in many languages, long words have a secondary stress a few syllables away from the primary stress, as in the words cóunterfòil or còunterintélligence). In Romance languages, stress takes part in the verb conjugation and it produces an interesting phenomenon by which the vowels /e/ and /o/ in the root of some verbs become diphthongs when stressed. stress is placed always on a given syllable, as in French (where words are always stressed in the last syllable), Finnish and Hungarian (stress always on the first syllable) or Quechua and Esperanto (always on the penultima -- the syllable before the last one). www.k405l02d.de /phpbb/wikipedia_en.php?title=Lexical_stress

Stress, rhythm and intonation English is a stress-timed language which tends toward a regular rhythm of broadly equal-length beats on stressed syllables, the unstressed syllables being "squeezed in" to fit the available time, and frequently reduced to a weak form. Stressed syllables occurring before the stressed syllable of the last "important" word may be pronounced at a high or low level, according to factors such as the degree of interest the speaker wishes to express. Stressed syllables coming before the nuclear syllable may be pronounced at a high or low level according to factors such as the degree of interest, urgency or involvement the speaker wishes to express. www.univ-pau.fr /~parsons/intonationdoc.html

Stress-timing: observations, beliefs, and evidence there is considerable variation in syllable-length in a language spoken with a stress-timed rhythm, whereas in a language spoken with a syllable-timed rhythm the syllables tend to be equal in length... Dauer compared recordings in two stress-timed languages (English and Thai) and a syllable-timed language (Spanish), and two unclassified languages (Italian and Greek) of ‘a passage from a modern novel or a play, in which a character is speaking in normal, everyday language’ (p. In Section 7 I consider the argument that stress and syllable timing is a perceptual phenomenon, and propose that irrhythmicality aids comprehension. www.solki.jyu.fi /apples/020201/The%20functional%20irrhythmicality%20of%20spontaneous%20speech.htm

BBC British Council teaching English - Pronunciation - English sentence stress The English language is often referred to as stress-timed. In other languages, which are not stress-timed the stress would fall more equally on each word and syllable. This means that stress in a spoken sentence occurs at regular intervals and the length it takes to say something depends on the number of stressed syllables rather than the number of syllables itself. www.teachingenglish.org.uk /think/pron/stress.shtml

R Tsur on Comparative Metrics But they were doing something that was very different from what they thought they were doing: working in a stress timed language, they based their metre on the more or less regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, and not as they thought, on the regular alternation of longer and shorter syllables. English is a stress-timed language, French is syllable-timed. French poetry remained with the syllabic versification system, which is congenial to a syllable-timed language. www2.bc.edu /~richarad/lcb/fea/tsurin/compmetrics.html

Teaching Pronunciation and Intonation Korean is a syllable timed language and Korean learners of English are unused to the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables in English words. Lastly, there are problems arising from prevailing notions about the nature of language and what is involved in learning a language. As pointed out, communication problems arising from the confusion of /r/ and /l/ and so forth are solvable by using information in the context such as stress and intonation contours, and by using basic problem solving strategies. www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/9583/PRONUN.html

Timing In a stress-timed language, syllables may last different amounts of time,... Timing belt A timing belt or timing chain is a part of an four-stroke engine requires that the valves open and close onc... Timing skew Timing skews are clock signals which are not as reliable due to lower voltage logic levels. www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/timing.html

Stress timed language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Look for Stress timed language in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video. Look for Stress timed language in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project. Search for Stress timed language in other articles. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stress_timed_language

New Page 1 Compared to syllable-timed languages, English is a stress-timed language. Stressing a syllable is to say the syllable slightly longer, louder and higher than the other syllables.It is important for non-native speakers to produce word stress accurately and consistently. Rhythm, the music of speech, stresses the important words of a phrase or sentence and has a profound effect on how easily people understand each other. www.geocities.com /yxl181/stress.htm

PoeWar.com Writer’s Resource Center » Blog Archive » Rhythm and Stress English, on the other hand, is stress-timed: we manage to cram our unstressed syllables together, in between the stresses, in such a way that the stresses occur at more or less regular time intervals. She is particularly interested in the area of phonology as applied to poetry because of her training as a language teacher. This means that the time taken to say a phrase in English does not depend on the number of syllables but on how many stressed syllables it contains. www.poewar.com /archives/2005/03/06/rhythm-and-stress

Romanian Language Technology English is a stress-timed language, and Romanian is a syllable-timed language, where syllables take an almost equal amount of time. The rhythmic beats of an utterance coincide with the stressed syllables and all the unaccented syllables are grouped around the stressed ones, being language-dependent. Unstressed syllables are grouped together with a stressed one in a syntagm or a sense-group. www.racai.ro /books/awde/amalial.html

English Teaching Forum Online – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs English is a stress-timed language, which means that stressed syllables are equal in timing. Of course, the difference between the strong form (stressed) and the weak form (unstressed) of a word is not apparent in writing, but in speech these two variations in pronunciation can be drastically different. Liang Wenxia is an EFL lecturer in the College of Foreign Languages at Hebei Normal University in Shijiazhuang, China. exchanges.state.gov /forum/vols/vol41/no2/p32.htm

On Speaking Terms: An Overview of Language Language is fluid and constantly changing and technical terms become overused and confused with laymen's terms. Intonation is the music of the language, or the rise and fall of the pitch. Teaching pronunciation is complicated by students' native languages, their age and their ability to learn a language. www.ohioable.org /neable/SpeakingTerms/html/overview.html

Language Fun Farm - Qualifications - Hard of Hearing The notion of a stress timed language as opposed to a syllabic one can be useful here, especially for native speakers of certain Romance languages such as Spanish or French. There are other types of learners who might often feel negative about listening lessons; the students who are more visual learners and who quite naturally do not respond well to aural input. Perhaps in ten years time playing an audio cassette to students would be like taking a gramophone into the classroom today and playing an old 78 rpm record; it would have a certain charm and entertainment value but it wouldn't have much to do with the 'real world'. www.languagefunfarm.com /teachers/qualifications/hard_of_hearing.htm

Education Japan Japan Guide Japanese Language It is a syllable timed language, and each syllable has the same duration. Japanese is not a stress-timed language like English where the length of vowels and double consonants are not important. Japanese is a syllabic language, meaning that vowels and consonants do not exist on their own as in an alphabetic script such as the roman alphabet; rather, they only exist in combinations such as /ka/, /mi/, /ho/ and so on. educationjapan.org /jguide/language.html

LILT:Rhythm While in general English tends to be pronounced with stressed syllables occurring at regular intervals (a stress-timed language), some accents of English show a different form of rhythm, which is formed by the regular occurrence of syllables. Many languages show syllable-timed rhythms, for example French. Most accents of English tend to be spoken with stressed syllables occurring at regular, or near regular, intervals. www.arts.gla.ac.uk /SESLL/EngLang/LILT/Rhythm.htm

The Language Teacher Online 21.09: Direct speaking instruction (and the mora-bound, focal-stress blues) English is often said to be a stress-timed language, meaning that it is spoken with evenly spaced "beats" on stressed elements, but, in principle, any number of syllables can come between those beats/stressed elements, depending on what is being highlighted in the discourse. Gilbert (1994) and others use the term "focal stress" or "focus" (that is, sentence stress or phrasal stress) to identify the word in the phrase or sentence that carries the greatest stress and is generally the point where the speaker indicates the key information is located. Following Gilbert (1994), the reason for the term focal stress, as opposed to "sentence stress," is to emphasize the fact that sentence stress placement in English is ultimately determined by the discourse context. jalt-publications.org /tlt/files/97/sep/acton.html

Language Miniatures 56: Speech rhythm English is a stress-timed language, which means that the spoken stresses tend to come at roughly regular intervals, with everything from a lot of syllables down to no syllables at all in between. It is called stress, and all the rest of the syllables that come in between are called unstressed. If you try saying this, you'll find that you're speaking the three words in caps roughly equally far apart in time, even though you had to crowd six rapidly-pronounced syllables between the first and second and there was nothing between the second and third. home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/rhythm.htm

Some of my Language Teaching Beliefs and Practices If language students become so afraid of making mistakes that they never open their mouths, a lot of damage has been done. Japanese is a syllable-timed language, while English is a stress-timed language. Because the amount of time most students spend with the teacher is very small, only a relatively small amount of language can be taught in the classroom. www.enat.org /~aribob/beliefs.html

WHC Essay: Form, Freedom & Phonics By contrast the English language haiku, when written as a tercet, obliges the cutting point to appear at the end of line one or line two, and so limits the possible semantic organisation to 5/12 - 12/5 or, in the case of the 3/5/3 standard proposed by some schools, to 3/8 - 8/3. It is only logical, therefore, to define a prosody for the English language haiku wherein the phonic properties of the language are ignored, and whose syllable count is variable - a function of relative extent, of semantic content only. The poem often divides as 5/12 or 12/5, but the cutting point is essentially independent of the 5/7/5 sound pattern and the semantic division may well be 9/8, 10/7, or their inverts. www.worldhaikureview.org /1-1/whcessay1.shtml

[[ SAAL ]] Rather than the usual sections on grammar and phonetics, instead it starts with a look at language variation and a historical overview of how the different dialects of English arose, and this is followed by quite a substantial coverage of Saussurian linguistics, a thread which continues throughout the book. Although the principal language of the conference will be English, authors may submit proposals and present papers in the language of their choice. It is often assumed that meat-eating gave rise to the emergence of language in humans because the extra protein resulted in the evolution of a larger brain, but Penhallurick proposes a rather different theory. www.saal.org.sg /sq65.html

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - The Sounds of Kashmiri - The Pronunciation Practice Kashmiri, like Hindi-Urdu, is a syllable-timed language, as opposed to English which is a stress-timed language. In Kashmiri, one function of stress is that it is used for emphasis. www.koausa.org /SpokenKashmiri/Sounds/pronunciation.html

Plasticity of the Human Auditory Cortex Induced by Discrimination Learning of Non-Native, Mora-Timed Contrasts of the Japanese Language -- Menning et al. 9 (5): 253 -- Learning & Memory Plasticity of the Human Auditory Cortex Induced by Discrimination Learning of Non-Native, Mora-Timed Contrasts of the Japanese Language Plasticity of the Human Auditory Cortex Induced by Discrimination Learning of Non-Native, Mora-Timed Contrasts of the Japanese Language -- Menning et al. Japanese is a mora-timed language par excellence (Warner and Arai 2001 www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/9/5/253

How To Pronounce Egyptian - Introduction The Egyptians wrote only the consonants of their language, since these were the stable parts of words, and left the vowels out entirely, since they were variable. It seems to me from the way the Egyptian language developed that not only did it have a very definite stress accent in words and phrases, but that, like English, it was a "stress-timed" language, rather than a "syllable-timed" language, like Japanese. By this I mean that the time between accented syllables tended to be about the same, rather than each syllable taking about the same time. home.prcn.org /~sfryer/pronunciation1.html

Intonation Contours distorted The paper concentrates on Danish, however, attempts to relate the conclusions to other stress-timed languages and other languages with word accents. (1) may apply to problems encountered in most stress-timed languages (in fact, all Germanic languages including English), whereas (2) refers to particular Scandinavian problems ("stød" and word accents as found in Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian). At least, in a language as Danish where intonation contours of utterances are "distorted" by smaller units with independent tone patterns we foresee problems. www.cpk.auc.dk /~tb/articles/intona97.htm

rhythm A stress-timed language, such as English, is one in which the time intervals between stressed syllables in an utterance are relatively equal. This differs from a syllable-timed language, such as Spanish, in which all of the syllables in an utterance tend to have the same length. For English, this means that word stress within a sentence can be produced partially by assigning a metre to the speech. www.billnet.org /cynthiaspeech-com/rhythm

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