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Topic: Timeline of alcohol fuel

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Alcohol fuel

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	ethanol fuel information
		Shortly after the emergence of the “conversion firms” the U.S. EPA determined that when converted from gasoline to another form of fuel, the exhaust emissions from these converted vehicles were often much “dirtier” than prior to conversion.
		Additional ethanol fuel information concerns from the small alternative fuels industry related to the costs of "full certification" under Options 1 and 2 led to another extension of Option 3, which was issued in May 2000 and extended the deadline for performing conversions without full certification to December 31, 2001.
		Option 3 had permitted the use of alternative fuel conversion systems or "kits," which were designed for specific engine families, provided that the aftermarket conversion company performed satisfactory emission testing demonstrating that the converted vehicles conformed with EPA emissions standards.
	www.ethanolfuelinformation.com (1256 words)

	Alcohol fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alcohol has been used as a fuel in other points in history but fossil fuels have become the dominate energy resource for the modern world.
		Ethanol is already being used extensively as a fuel additive, but the use of ethanol fuel alone or as part of a mix with gasoline is increasing.
		Extensive use of methanol fuel could spark the growth of a methanol economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alcohol_fuel (155 words)

	Ethanol fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proposals to use alcohol as a fuel are generally concerned with its use in transportation, chiefly as a total or partial replacement for gasoline in cars and other road vehicles.
		Fuel ethanol can be produced from a variety of crops, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, maize (corn), switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, cassava and sunflower.
		The use of alcohol as fuel is advocated with various arguments, mainly relating to its beneficial effects on the local and global environment, its independence from foreign oil, and its economic advantages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alcohol_as_a_fuel (6147 words)

	Timeline of alcohol fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ethanol is the main alcohol fuel used to run cars, other vehicles, and machinery, instead of gasoline.
		France subsidized alcohol fuel and required gasoline importers to buy alcohol, in amounts of at least 10% of their gasoline imports.
		Alcohol fuel is not as commonly available and not advertised as well as gasoline, especially in the U.S. Most citizens of the U.S. do not know that many cars can run on alcohol, despite the long history of alcohol fuel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_alcohol_fuel (1913 words)

	Alcohol fuel - Homedistiller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Fuel alcohols can be produced from a variety of crops, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, maize, barley, potatoes, cassava, sunflower, eucalyptus, etc. Two countries have developed significant bio-alcohol programmes: Brazil (ethanol from sugarcane) and Russia (methanol from eucalyptus).
		Alcohol can also be obtained synthetically, via ethene or acetylene, from calcium carbide, coal, oil gas, and other sources.
		Namely, the total fuel energy expended in producing the alcohol — including fertilizing, farming, harvesting, transportation, fermentation, distillation, and distribution, as well as the fuel used in building the farm and fuel plant equipment — should not exceed the energy contents of the product.
	homedistiller.org /wiki/index.php/Alcohol_fuel (4733 words)

	Fuel cell aimed at handhelds TRN 031302
		Fuel cells have been tagged as promising energy sources for everything from buildings and cars to cell phones and yet-to-emerge micro-devices.
		In a typical hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen fuel is flowed into the cathode, or negative electrode, and air flowed into the anode, or positive electrode.
		Fuel cells are more often considered as an alternative to internal combustion engines, which burn fuel rather than chemically extracting electricity from it.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/2002/031302/Fuel_cell_aimed_at_handhelds_031302.html (828 words)

	E85 - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The fuel is widely used in Sweden and is becoming increasingly common in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a major crop and is the primary source material for ethanol fuel production.
		It, however, eased the driver's method of accommodating various blends of alcohol and gasoline through a driver's control on the dash with a knob that was turned to control air fuel mixture and pulled to choke the single-barrel Zenith carburetor.
		Fuel economy does not drop as much as might be expected in turbocharged engines based on the specific energy content of E85 compared to gasoline, in contrast to the previously-reported reduction of 23.7% reduction in a 60:40 blend of gasoline to E85 for one non-turbocharged, fuel-injected, non-FFV.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/E85 (6216 words)

	EnergyPulse - Insight Analysis and Commentary on the Global Power Industry
		The cost and durability of fuel cells for mobile vehicles must be dramatically improved, and a practical means must be found to store enough hydrogen in an acceptably small and lightweight fuel tank.
		If hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were the only option for dealing with the coming shortfalls in oil supplies, then their future would be assured.
		With respect to fuel use (i.e., energy dependence), CO2 emissions, and air pollution, this plug-in solution is clearly good enough, and can be had at a tiny fraction of the cost of the H2 approach, and with none of the huge infrastructure investments or changes in driving/refueling habits.
	www.energypulse.net /centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=865 (9400 words)

	Alternative Fuel and Hybrid Vehicle Guide - IntelliChoice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Even as auto manufacturers develop their array of hybrid, alternative fuel, and highly efficient gasoline vehicles, there's a growing belief that the most viable longer-term alternative fuel for mass production may be hydrogen, with its most logical application being the hydrogen fuel cell.
		Fuel cell vehicles are clearly moving beyond the concept stage.
		Both methanol and ethanol fuels have been used in flexible-fuel cars and light trucks (aka FFVs) equipped to run on any mixture of alcohol fuel and gasoline in the same tank.
	www.intellichoice.com /carBuying101/AlternativeGuide (2887 words)

	EIA Energy Kid's Page- Ethanol a Biofuel
		Ethanol is a clear, colorless alcohol fuel made from the sugars found in grains, such as corn, sorghum, and wheat, as well as potato skins, rice, and yard clippings.
		As a transportation fuel, ethanol can be used as a total or partial replacement for gasoline.
		E85 is an alternative fuel that is 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, used mainly in the Midwest and South.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ethanol.html (839 words)

	What are the Alternative Energy Sources Available? - Renewable, Alt Energy from BillDoll.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Fossil fuels, in terms of energy, involve the burning of coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals.
		Moreover, the long-term disposal of the long-lived nuclear waste causes serious problems, since (unless the spent fuel is reprocessed) it takes from one to three thousand years for the spent fuel to come back to the natural radioactivity of the uranium ore body that was mined to produce it.
		Alcohols and other fuels produced by these alternative methods biomass are clean burning and are feasible replacements to fossil fuels.
	www.billdoll.com /dir/science/energy/q/alt_energy_options.html (6794 words)

	The Antiknock That Got Away, The Secret History of Lead: Special Report from The Nation
		By 1917 Kettering and his staff had trained their octane-boosting sights on ethyl alcohol, also known as grain alcohol (the kind you drink), power alcohol or ethanol.
		By contrast, GM's subsequent antipathy to alcohol was a profit-motivated attitude adjustment.
		Prior to the Civil War alcohol was the most widely used illuminating fuel in the country.
	www.globalleadnet.org /advocacy/initiatives/nation_p4.cfm?style=0 (786 words)

	Incentives & Laws: State Summary
		If the fuel is used in a mixture, the credit amounts to $.05 per percentage point ethanol or agri-biodiesel used or $.01 per percentage point of waste-grease biodiesel.
		The Clean Fuel Tax Deduction is also available for the cost of storing and dispensing an alternative fuel (clean fuel vehicle refueling property).
		Grounds for a waiver are: alternative fuel is not reasonably available to the fleet and the cost of alternative fuel is unreasonably more expensive that convention fuel.
	www.eere.energy.gov /afdc/progs/view_ind_mtx.cgi?in/TAX/US/0 (2015 words)

	Growing Expectations: Science News Online, Oct. 1, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Grabowski and Blades were among 300 participants at the workshop, which was convened by the DOE to discuss the potential for replacing petroleum fuels in the United States and Europe with renewable, environmentally friendly liquid fuels made from plant matter, municipal solid waste, and other sources of biomass.
		Replacing the entire U.S. fuel supply with corn ethanol would require at least 60 percent of the nation's available cropland, according to calculations by Marcelo Diaz de Oliveira of the University of Florida in Gainesville and his colleagues.
		Hemp as fuel biomass has the further advantage of yielding a seed cake with high protein content, seed oil that has the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids content of any plant, and long fibers for paper production.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20051001/bob10.asp (2706 words)

	timeline
		TIMELINE is a project focused on providing an aggregation of well designed "languages" in writing and design, selected news and content, information and feedback on personal projects and on projects of friends.
		M., now 5, speaking both lingoes, with her astounding on-the-fly switching that impresses and scares and now learning French and getting confident with the parent's tools: Photoshop, Painter, her G4, as well as drawing and sketching in the real world, reminding us that she is a baby, still.
		Timeline, once private place, grown from few afics to few hundreds of curious minds enticed to buy and come back, enjoying the widescreen and colorful plethora of emerging talents from around the world.
	www.coruscus.com /timeline (8108 words)

	Gas prices fuel debate (phillyBurbs.com) \| Intelligencer
		HARRISBURG - A fuel shortage scare and all-time high fuel prices have cracked open a debate about how vulnerable Pennsylvanians and the rest of the nation are to the vagaries of the oil market.
		Some also advocated an unimpeded flow of fuel across the state by permitting only one form of gasoline to be sold, instead of three formulations intended to respond regionally to different levels of air pollution.
		Pennsylvania adheres to the 16-year-old federal fuel efficiency standard of 27.5 miles per gallon for cars, although like in other states, sport utility vehicles are allowed to run at a truck mileage average rate of 20.7 miles per gallon.
	www.phillyburbs.com /pb-dyn/news/113-09122005-540124.html (1014 words)

	San Juans disaster was narrowly averted (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		On Jan. 19, 2002, a binge drinker who had suffered several mini-strokes veered the escort tug he was driving in front of the bow of an oncoming single-hulled oil tanker carrying 2 million gallons of light fuel oil, according to a federal court ruling.
		A spokesman for Crowley said the judge had it wrong in many details, and insisted that the company has a strong policy against alcohol on vessels that is strictly enforced.
		Port Angeles is a loophole in the effort to crack down on alcohol use in the West Coast tanker trade.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /specials/oiltankers/217351_polarpuget24.html (1687 words)

	EnergyPulse Article
		Why design vehicles that must carry their engine and fuel aorund no matter where they go.
		I think the work by GM on a form of modular vehicle platform confirms that this is a presumption and not a fact.
		At one time i'd designed a modified spark plug with an attached H2 injection valve for direct H2 injection alternate fueling (either H2 or gasoline) as a retrofit but decided the auto safety bureaucracies and mfgr warranty issues would never allow it to make a profit.
	www.energypulse.net /centers/article/article_print.cfm?a_id=865 (11552 words)

	WWLTV.com \| News for New Orleans, Louisiana \| Local News
		A rescue team warned him that the water around his house was so bad, "the fish are dying." When he refused to go with them, they wrote down his name and moved on.
		The water is as high as seven feet in some neighborhoods, and it's tainted from decomposing bodies, fuel and refuse.
		Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms officers in Algiers responded witnessed Bailey firing at a passing military helicopter and took him into custody.
	www.wwltv.com /local/stories/WWLBLOG.ac3fcea.html (12898 words)

	AlterNet: DrugReporter: Leave the Dopers Alone
		I'll also include the alcohol lobbyists who push their "brand" all over the airwaves and other places.
		I knew only 2 students (out of the hundred I knew who used drugs or alcohol) who had abuse problems (leading to leaving college), both used multiple drugs, but each had a primary drug that caused the problems, one was alcohol and one was nitrous oxide.
		I am a non practicing alcoholic that has had my share of drugs, I have been sober now for more then 24 years and I see the social benifits to what we would realize by legalizing them.
	www.alternet.org /drugreporter/27083 (6936 words)

	Global Connections . Natural Resources \| PBS
		The United States was becoming an important player in world affairs during the early 20th century, and soon Americans found they, too, had a vested interest in developing and controlling oil reserves in the Middle East to supply their growing needs.
		In the U.S., the era of cheap gas came to an end, stimulating research on increasing energy efficiency, conservation, and alternative fuels as well as exploration for alternative sources of oil.
		Meanwhile, wealthy Saudis and Kuwaitis may vacation in Egypt, openly drinking alcohol and displaying other behaviors that would not be permitted in their home countries.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/resource (1960 words)

	Atlas F1: The Formula One World Championship Timeline
		Seizure of Suez Canal in late 1956 results in fuel shortages in Britain and France, and racing is curtailed into the next year.
		The Grand Prix formula, now extended to the end of 1960, now stipulates the use of AvGas in the place of alcohol fuels and reduces the length of Championship events from 500 km or three hours to 300 km or two hours.
		At the season-opening Argentinian Grand Prix, Stirling Moss gives Cooper its first win in a World Championship event and is also the first Championship win for a rear-engined car, a private entrant (Rob Walker), and the Coventry Climax engine.
	www.atlasf1.com /timeline/50s.html (1183 words)

	Coalition to End Childhood Lead Poisoning
		Scientific American reports alcohol-gasoline blend can be used as motor fuel.
		Midgley patents alcohol and cracked (olefin) gasoline blend.
		GM quells rebellion of dealers against use of lead fuel.
	www.leadsafe.org /Parents/Sources/timeline_of_lead.html (917 words)

	Environmental History Timeline: 1890-1920
		He argued that the original organic unity between the city and the country had been disrupted by the mining camp culture of fossil fuels use.
		The Detroit Chamber of Commerce supports the tax exception, noting that alcohol is preferable to gasoline because it is "absolutely clean and sanitary," and because artificial shortages would not raise the price in the future.
		Meanwhile in Europe, where oil is scarce, alcohol fuels are widely adopted through strong government incentives.
	www.radford.edu /~wkovarik/envhist/5progressive.html (6401 words)

	Motorists Caught in Illegal Fuel and Tobacco Crackdown (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		During the purge police and Customs officers stopped around 1,800 vehicles and the 75 were seized for using illegal fuel.
		Over 500,000 smuggled cigarettes were also seized along with a vehicle carrying fuel and pumping equipment in various parts of the province.
		Other material © 1995-2006 Tobacco.org, may be reprinted in non-commercial venues with appropriate attribution.
	www.tobacco.org /news/118634.html (126 words)

	The Secret History of Lead
		"Alcohol," he told the assembled engineers, "has tremendous advantages and minor disadvantages." The benefits included "clean burning and freedom from any carbon deposit...[and] tremendously high compression under which alcohol will operate without knocking....
		After four years' study, GM researchers had proved it: Ethanol was the additive of choice.
		While their US colleagues were slandering alcohol fuels before Congressional committees in the thirties, Standard Oil's men in England would claim, in advertising pamphlets, that ethanol-laced, lead-free petrol offered "the most perfect motor fuel the world has ever known," providing "extra power, extra economy, and extra efficiency."
	www.thenation.com /doc/20000320/kitman/4 (1071 words)

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