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Topic: Timeline of Portuguese history

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	Timeline Portugal
		c22,500BCE Portuguese archeologists led by Dr. Joao Zilhao found the skeleton of a young boy (the Lagar Velho child) in the Lapedo Valley on Nov 28, 1998, who reportedly exhibited both Neanderthal and Homo sapiens features, the first possible hybrid to be found.
		1497 Portuguese Jews were forced to convert to Christianity and were known as "New Christians," though many continued to practice their original faith in secret.
		Portuguese explorers sailed into Guanabra Bay and mistook it for the mouth of a river which they named Rio de Janeiro.
	timelines.ws /countries/PORTUGAL.HTML (5779 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : History of Portuguese (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the second period of Old Portuguese, between the 14th and the 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the Portuguese language spread to many regions of Asia, Africa and The Americas.
		Portuguese words entered the lexicons of many other languages, such as pan 'bread' (from pão) in Japanese, sepatu 'shoe' in Indonesian (from sapato), keju 'cheese' in Malay (from queijo), and meza 'table' in Swahili (from mesa).
		The period of "Modern Portuguese" (from the 16th century to the present) saw an increase in the number of words of Classical Latin origin and erudite words of Greek origin borrowed into Portuguese during the Renaissance, which augmented the complexity of Portuguese.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/History_of_Portuguese.html (1170 words)

	History Of Portugal
		The History of Portugal is that of an ancient European nation, whose present origins go back to the Early Middle Ages, that ascended to a great world power in the Age of Discoveries with its vast Empire.
		Because Philip II of Spain was the son of a Portuguese princess, Spain invaded Portugal and the Spanish ruler became Philip I of Portugal in 1580 ; the Spanish and Portuguese Empires were under a single rule.
		His eldest son, Peter I of Brazil briefly became Peter IV of Portugal, but neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his seven-year-old daughter, Maria da GlÃ³ria, on the condition that when of age she marry his brother, Miguel.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/History_of_Portugal (7783 words)

	History of Portugal at AllExperts
		Because Philip II of Spain was the son of a Portuguese princess, Spain invaded Portugal and the Spanish ruler became Philip I of Portugal in 1580; the Spanish and Portuguese Empires were under a single rule.
		He abolished slavery in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.
		Main articles: History of Portugal (1777-1834), History of Portugal (1834-1910)In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under Marshal Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured on 1 December 1807.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/hi/history_of_portugal.htm (7680 words)

	Timeline Portugal
		Portuguese explorers sailed into Guanabra Bay and mistook it for the mouth of a river which they named Rio de Janeiro.
		The history of the nutmeg trade was documented in 1999 by Giles Milton in his: "Nathaniel's Nutmeg."
		1775 Mar 19, Portuguese fleet was repulsed in attack on Montevideo, Uruguay.
	www.timelines.ws /countries/PORTUGAL.HTML (5779 words)

	WORLD HISTORY TIMELINE: European Overseas Expansion
		Portuguese exploration was interrupted by war with Spain.
		Portuguese exploration resumed again under King John II The Portuguese explorer, Diogo Cao, discovered the Zaire River and the Portuguese exchanged ambassadors with the king of the Bakongo people.
		The Portuguese sailor, Bartholomew Dias, reached the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, ending any chance that the Portuguese authorities would support Columbus' plan for an expedition to the west.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his101/TIMELINE/T-OVERSE.HTM (1164 words)

	Mozambique History Timeline - historic overview of Mocambique, Africa
		The Portuguese fleet arrives and within a few years the Portuguese is in charge of all trade.
		Portuguese East Africa are dominated by those Bantu kingdoms who had gained from the slave trade.
		Both the Portuguese colonies and apartheid South Africa are considered to be "friends of the West" during the cold war.
	crawfurd.dk /africa/mozambique_timeline.htm (4218 words)

	Portugal History
		Because Philip II of Spain was the son of a Portuguese princess, Spain invaded
		, but neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his seven-year-old daughter, Maria da Glória, on the condition that when of age she marry his brother, Miguel.
		The Indian army conquers Portuguese Goa and Daman and Diu, in Portuguese India.
	www.algarvecarbooking.com /EN/portugal_history.html (7371 words)

	Timeline of Church History - OrthodoxWiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith.
		The division of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.
		This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.
	orthodoxwiki.org /Timeline_of_Church_History (5077 words)

	European History Links
		This is a chronology of Italian history from ancient times to the modern age.
		Austrian History Yearbook is a journal for Austrian history at University of Minnesota.
		The History of Austria has links to all periods of the country's history.
	www.albertson.edu /academics/history/pages/europe.html (601 words)

	Zanzibar resource site : Zanzibar history : Section 2 - Portuguese & Arab occupation in Zanzibar Island and Pemba ...
		The first firm date in the history of Zanzibar is provided by the recording of the construction by the Shirazi of the mosque at Kizimkazi on the South of Zanzibar Island, as testified by the Kufic inscriptions found there showing the date 500AH (Anno Hegirae).
		By 1525 the whole Eastern Indian Ocean had come under Portuguese control, providing them with the means to finance their rapidly expanding empire, as gold, ivory, ebony, iron, rubies, diamonds and slaves were all traded.
		The Portuguese, with their vast trading empire, were very thinly stretched and unable to provide adequate defense.
	www.allaboutzanzibar.com /indepth/history/id-01-01-21-timeline.htm (2053 words)

	African Presence 1492-1992: Schomburg Exhibit
		Portuguese trading vigorously with the people of the Kongo in Africa; they begin exporting slaves.
		King Alfonso of the Kongo writes a letter to Portuguese King John asking him to put an end to the kidnapping of his people for slavery.
		History of Negro in English America began with landing of "twenty negars" at Jamestown, Virginia.
	www.si.umich.edu /CHICO/Schomburg/text/timeline-start.html (303 words)

	Opium Timeline
		The Portuguese, while trading along the East China Sea, initiate the smoking of opium.
		Residents of Persia and India begin eating and drinking opium mixtures for recreational use.
		Portuguese merchants carrying cargoes of Indian opium through Macao direct its trade flow into China.
	opioids.com /timeline (3506 words)

	TIMELINE of Asian American History between 1400 and 1874
		The history of the Chinese in Hawai'i begins just 10 years after Captain James Cook's 1778 landing in the Hawaiian Islands.
		A Chinese Hawaiian history film and early Hawaiian Islands films, made in 1898 and 1906 by Thomas Edison, are shown in the former cookhouse.
		Before she worked with the Gillespies, she ran away from her parents in China to avoid being sold, worked as a servant in Macao, married a Portuguese sailor, and moved as a servant with another family to the Sandwich Islands after the sailor deserted her.
	us_asians.tripod.com /timeline-1600.html (10692 words)

	Timeline (Vegetarian World) - Alternative History - a Wikia wiki
		Many Portuguese officials believed that the earth was much larger than the Spanish thought, however the Portuguese kept this secret, for they thought that the loss of a few men and ships was worth the chance of finding a short way to India, China, or possibly undiscovered lands.
		Catatanian ships regularly fought Spanish and Portuguese vessels thought to be involved in slave trading around the coast of Africa.
		With the Spanish and Portuguese out of commission, there were many rebellions in Pacha and southern Pemkamick.
	althistory.wikia.com /wiki/Timeline_(Vegetarian_World) (4031 words)

	BBC - History - Ferdinand Magellan (1480 - 1521)
		In 1505, he enlisted in the fleet of the Portuguese viceroy to the Indies, and spent the following years involved in a series of Portuguese expeditions in India and Africa.
		In 1511, he was with the fleet that conquered Malacca (on the Malay Peninsula), thus gaining control of the most important trade routes in the region.
		After a disagreement with the Portuguese king, in 1517 Magellan went to Spain to try and enlist the Spanish king's support for an expedition to reach the Moluccas by sailing westwards.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/magellan_ferdinand.shtml (369 words)

	Kenya History Timeline - historic overview of Kenya, Africa
		Until now most meetings with foreigners has been relative peaceful, but the Portuguese are eager to get their hands on the rich trade around the Indian Ocean.
		Mombasa is bombed and the occupied by Portuguese troops.
		The next 200 years are marked by the fights between the Arabs and the Portuguese for control of the region.
	crawfurd.dk /africa/kenya_timeline.htm (3138 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		History of Computers - A directory of sites about the history of computers arranged categorically and with specific topic and general topic sections.
		The History of Computing Science: From the Past to the Present - Lecture presented by Michelle A. Hoyle explaining how computers and computing science arose from using sticks with notches for counting, to the massive explosion of personal computers in the 1980s.
		National Archive for the History of Computing - Houses the UK's most important collection of documents relating to the history of computing, and encourages interest and study in the history of computing more generally.
	dmoz.org /Computers/History (630 words)

	Timeline of Portuguese Activity in East Africa, 1498-1700
		Timeline of Portuguese Activity in East Africa, 1498-1700
		The Portuguese conquered Goa and created the Viceroyalty of Goa to administer their possessions in the Indian Ocean
		Portuguese immigration to East Africa increased, and an Augustinian-educated sultan ruled Malindi, Mombasa and Pemba
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/timeline/t-port.htm (442 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		History Explained - Examines the background history that is needed to understand the major economic and political problems in the world today.
		History Guide - Internet-based subject gateway to scholarly relevant information in history, maintained at the State and University Library at Göttingen, Germany.
		History News Network - Aspires to put news in historical context by publishing articles written by historians on current events topics.
	dmoz.org /Society/History (697 words)

	ASTA Spice History Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In one of man's earliest written records the Assyrians tell of their gods drinking sesame seed wine before they created the earth.
		Biblical history tells of Joseph of the coat of many colors being sold to spice caravan by his brothers.
		Portuguese Prince Henry establishes his navigation college to spur World-wide spice quest.
	www.astaspice.org /history/timeline.htm (746 words)

	Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
		Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
		Scholars who are not well versed in African history seem to have a cloudy image of the African contribution to resistance and the evolution of slave culture.
		But most slavers accepted what they claimed were African assurances that their human merchandise had indeed been "saved" in a just war, on the principle that it is not up to the purchaser to discover if the goods he is buying have been acquired legitimately or not.
	www.innercity.org /holt/slavechron.html (17488 words)

	History Channel - UNESCO (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The name of this city in the West African country of Mali is so wrapped in legend that many people think of Timbuktu as a mythical, timeless land rather than a city with a real history.
		Portuguese navigators ensured Timbuktu's decline by establishing reliable trade with the West African coast and undercutting the city's commercial power.
		Around 400 years ago, European merchant ships began trading along the West African coast, and the cross-Saharan trade routes lost their importance.
	www.history.com /classroom/unesco/timbuktu.html (487 words)

	Chocolate
		It's almost impossible to believe it now, but for most of its very long history, chocolate was not something people ate.
		In their book, The True History of Chocolate, Sophie and Michael Coe argue that the cacao tree was domesticated centuries earlier than previously thought.
		Cacao beans were used throughout Mesoamerica as currency, but the artifacts that survive from the golden age of the Maya suggest that the consumption of chocolate was, as for most of its subsequent history, restricted to the society's elite.
	www.cuisinenet.com /glossary/chocolate.html (3704 words)

	African Timelines Part II: African Empires
		Soon after, histories of East African city-states written in Swahili appeared, as well as "message" poems, usually written from a moral/religious viewpoint.
		The Portuguese explorations were motivated by a desire for knowledge, a wish to bring Christianity to what they perceived as pagan peoples, the search for potential allies against Muslim threats, and the hope of finding new and lucrative trade routes and sources of wealth.
		It is true that African societies did have various forms of slavery and dependent labor before their interaction with Arabs and Europeans that invaded Africa, especially in nonegalitarian centralized African states, but scholars argue that indigenous slavery was relatively a marginal aspect of traditional African societies.
	web.cocc.edu /cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm (3258 words)

	[No title]
		The TimeLine gives world history from the viewpoint of a botanist.
		Data suggest that by this time in the history of the Earth molecular oxygen began to make a significant difference in the nature of the atmosphere.
		Strong evidence indicates that filamentous and unicellular blue green algae existed by this period in the history of the Earth.
	www.huntington.org /BotanicalDiv/Timeline.html (3095 words)

	Great Performances: Free To Dance - Dance Timeline (1619-1889)
		Many of the first Africans in America are not slaves but indentured servants, like many of the first Europeans.
		Over a period of 400 years, the African slave trade that began with the Portuguese in 1441 captures 40 million Africans; 20 million arrive in the Americas.
		While the captives bring with them little material evidence of their culture, their music and dance have a lasting impact on that of the New World.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/freetodance/timeline/index.html (443 words)

	Ethiopia - HISTORY
		The earliest evidence of Ethiopian history was in around 1000BC when the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon.
		The Turks who succeeded the Mamelukes in Egypt supported the Muslim kingdoms providing both firearms and artillery; the only thing that saved the Christian empire from collapse was the Portuguese.
		In 1542 as a result of this, missionaries from Portugal attempted to persuade the Ethiopians to accept the Pope in Rome as the leader of the Church.
	www.africanet.com /africanet/country/ethiopia/history.htm (1107 words)

	Gardening History Timeline: From Ancient Times to the 20th Century ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"The history of the origin of human civilizations and agriculture is, of course, much older than the documentation in the form of pyramids, inscriptions and bas-reliefs or tombs can tell us.
		Jarmo, Iraq; and horses at 4350 BC in Ukraine." Bio-Tech's History of Agriculture.
		History of Plants and Theoretical Botany by Theophrastus.
	www.gardendigest.com /timegl.htm (2648 words)

	India History Timeline 1501 - 1600
		India History Timeline : Early India • AD 1 - 1400 • 1401 - 1500 • 1501 - 1600 • 1601 - 1700 • 1701 - 1800 • 1801 - 1850 • 1851 - 1900 • 1901 - 1950 • 1951 - 2000 • 2001 - Present •
		Thiruppugazh written by the poet-saint Arunagirinathar (15th century)
		The British East India Company was a joint-stock company which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India.
	www.history-timeline.deepthi.com /india-timeline-history/india-history-1501-1600.html (314 words)

	Modern India - Indian History
		The Portuguese by the 16th Century had already established their colony in Goa.
		Successive campaigns had the effect of driving the British out of India in 1947, but with independence came the independence of the country into Pakistan.
		HISTORY INDIA : India's History : Timeline of India
	www.indhistory.com /modern-india-history.html (726 words)

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