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Topic: Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure

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Groups and clusters of galaxies

Galaxy

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Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium

Timeline of the Universe

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	Galaxy groups and clusters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The large edge-on spiral, the fuzzy elliptical galaxy immediately to its right, and the spiral near the top of the image are members of the group, while the small spiral galaxy exactly in the middle is a more distant background galaxy.
		Galaxy clusters are found by optical or infrared telescopes by searching for overdensities, and then confirmed by finding several galaxies at a similar redshift.
		Clusters are quite prominent in X-ray surveys and along with AGN are the brightest X-ray emitting extragalactic objects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Galaxy_cluster (946 words)

	Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
		(Redirected from Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure)
		1918 - Harlow Shapley demonstrates that globular clusters are arranged in a spheroid or halo whose center is not the Earth, decides, correctly, that its center is the center of the galaxy,
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_galaxies,_clusters_of_galaxies,_and_large_scale_structure (1064 words)

	Groups and clusters of galaxies
		However their velocities are too large for them to remain gravitationally bound by their mutual attractions, implying the presence of an additional invisible mass component.
		Since this gas is in approximate equilibrium with the overall cluster gravitational field, its distribution in the cluster traces out the overall cluster gravitational field, and therefore allows calculation of the total mass distribution in the cluster.
		Note: clusters of galaxies should not be confused with star clusters such as globular clusters and open clusters, which are structures within galaxies.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/Groups_and_clusters_of_galaxies.html (407 words)

	Galaxy - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Most galaxies are several thousand to several hundred thousand light years in diameter and are usually separated from one another by distances on the order of millions of light years.
		Intergalactic space, the space between galaxies, is a near vacuum with an average density of less than one atom per cubic meter of gas or dust.
		Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called groups of galaxies, and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an area a few megaparsecs across are called clusters.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Galaxy (1445 words)

	Galaxy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Stars are almost always found in collections called galaxies, together with gas, dust, and "dark matter"; ~10-20% of a galaxy is composed of stars, gas, and dust.
		Galaxies are held together by gravitational attraction and the galactic components orbit a common centre.
		Galaxy is also a type of chocolate candy bar made by the Mars company.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/g/ga/galaxy.html (1087 words)

	Style Gala Groups and clusters of galaxies - Groups and clusters of galaxies
		Galaxy groups and clusters are super-structures in the spread of galaxies of the cosmos.
		Traditionally clusters of galaxies were found by looking through telescopes for groups of galaxies on the sky.
		Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structureca:Cúmul de galàxies
	www.stylegala.org /Groups_and_clusters_of_galaxies.html (772 words)

	Galaxy Formation and Evolution Encyclopedia Articles @ AstronomyInArt.com (Astronomy in Art) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The formation of galaxies is still one of the most active research areas in astrophysics; and, to some extent, this is also true for galaxy evolution.
		Hence the distribution of galaxies is closely related to the physics of the early universe.
		Further examples of satellite dwarf galaxies that are in the process of merging with the Milky Way are the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, discovered in 2003 and thought to be responsible for the Monoceros Ring, and the Virgo Stellar Stream, discovered in 2005.
	www.astronomyinart.com /encyclopedia/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution (1448 words)

	Astronomi - Wikipédia
		Galaxy formation and evolution: the study of the formation of the galaxies, and their evolution.
		The existence of our galaxy, the Milky Way, as a separate group of stars was only proven in the 20th century, along with the existence of "external" galaxies, and soon after, the expansion of the universe seen in the recession of most galaxies from us.
		Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astronomi (1444 words)

	Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
		Redirected from Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
		1918 - Harlow Shapley[?] demonstrates that globular clusters are arranged in an spheroid or halo whose center is not the Earth, decides, correctly, that its center is the center of the galaxy,
		1990 - Michael Rowan-Robinson[?] and Tom Broadhurst[?] discover that the IRAS galaxy F10214+4724 is the brightest known object in the Universe.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ti/Timeline_of_galaxies,_clusters_of_galaxies,_and_large-scale_structure.html (783 words)

	Fundamental science PDA briefing for 2004 - iQ NewsNet
		Current models of galaxy formation have held that in the early universe galaxies were relatively small and that they subsequently coalesced to form large galaxies.
		New evidence about the large scale structure of the universe and the early evolution of galaxies is also throwing serious doubt on the standard cosmological model.
		Galaxies in a universe with such a low density of matter should have stopped growing early in the history of the Universe, and should therefore appear the same today as they did then.
	www.iqnewsnet.com /displaysubl.asp?cat=F&year=2004 (8968 words)

	Galaxy
		Stars are almost always found in collections called galaxies, together with gas, dust, and large amounts of dark matter detected by its gravitational effects.
		This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it isn't affected by dust absorption and and its Doppler shift can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy.
		In the 1970s it was realized that the total visible mass of galaxies (from stars and gas) doesn't properly account for the speed of the rotating gas, thus leading to the postulation of dark matter.
	www.factspider.com /ga/galaxy.html (1121 words)

	NOVA Online \| Runaway Universe \| Universe Timeline (text)
		That the universe remains largely made up of these elements -- hydrogen and helium -- is considered strong evidence of the validity of the big bang model.
		These explosions, called supernovae, are important to the evolution of galaxies because they distribute all the common elements such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron into interstellar space.
		This means that, in the future, gravitationally bound clusters of galaxies will survive but galaxies in general will fly ever more rapidly apart.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/universe/historysans.html (1054 words)

	Wikipedia: Seyfert's Sextet
		Seyfert's Sextet is a group of galaxies in which gravitational forces are exerted between its members.
		This group of galaxies lies in the head portion of the split constellation Serpens.
		Another is not a galaxy in its own right but rather a string of stars torn loose from one of the other galaxies by gravitational pull.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/s/se/seyfert_s_sextet.html (153 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Galaxies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant elliptical galaxy, which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own.
		Superclusters are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the supercluster scale, galaxies are arranged into sheets and filaments surrounding vast empty voids.
		In 1999 the Hubble Space Telescope estimated that there were 125 billion galaxies in the universe, and recently with the new camera HST has observed 3000 visible galaxies, which is twice as much as they observed before with the old camera.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/galaxies (2086 words)

	Origins: Library
		The presence of highly ionized oxygen between the galaxies implies there are huge quantities of hydrogen in the universe, which is so hot it escapes detection by normal observational techniques.
		Clusters of galaxies form where the filaments intersect.
		The oxygen "tracer" was probably created when exploding stars in galaxies spewed the oxygen (created in their cores through nuclear fusion) back into intergalactic space where it mixed with the hydrogen and then was shocked and heated to temperatures over 360,000 degrees Fahrenheit (100,000 degrees Kelvin).
	origins.jpl.nasa.gov /library/story/050300-a.html (744 words)

	Science Results Using HEASARC Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The determination of cluster properties and their evolution provides fundamental insights into the formation of large scale structure in the universe.
		Further, the masses and scales of clusters are such that they should comprise a fair sample of the mass of the Universe, with representative fractions of the different components.
		All clusters were found to be non-isothermal, with spatial temperature variations (apart from cooling flows) of a factor of 1.3--2.
	www.ulo.ucl.ac.uk /~diploma/year_one/NASA_HEASARC/clusters.html (923 words)

	aas98
		If these confining magnetic structures are sufficiently stable, and can be embedded in a background of shear flow, they are interesting candidate for a large scale confinement mechanism for molecular cloud complexes.
		A statistical cluster analysis algorithm applied to poles derived from published proper motion data for 38 globular clusters and six satellite galaxies indicates at least one significant dynamical family that may be fossil evidence for a prior Galactic accretion event.
		Audano (graduate student) and Sarazin are calculating the gamma ray emission expected from the population of cosmic ray particles in clusters of galaxies.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /research/aas98 (8195 words)

	Astronomy and astrophysics - Piclab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cosmology, a discipline that has a large intersection with astronomy, made huge advances during the 20th century, with the model of the hot big bang heavily supported by the evidence provided by astronomy and physics, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation,Hubble's Law and cosmological abundances of elements.
		All the previous disciplines are based on the detection of photons, but we also receive information from outside the earth carried by cosmic rays, neutrinos, and, in the near future, gravitational waves (see LIGO and LISA).
		Astronomers study many objects including planets, stars, novae, star clusters, galaxies, nebulae, etc. but not every astronomer observes every kind of object.
	piclab.com /lee/index.php/Astronomy_and_astrophysics (884 words)

	Timeline of the Big Bang
		isotropic rapidly expanding phase in which the seeds of structure formation are laid down in the form of a primordial spectrum of nearly-scale-invariant fluctuations.
		Structure formation in the big bang model proceeds hierarchically, with smaller structures forming before larger ones.
		Gravitationally bound systems, such as clusters of galaxies, galaxies, the solar system and ultimately the Earth will be torn apart.
	learn.asaq.org /wp/t/Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang.htm (1408 words)

	Groups and clusters of galaxies - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Groups of galaxies Groups of galaxies are the smallest aggregates of galaxies.
		Clusters of galaxies Clusters are larger than groups, although there is no sharp dividing line between a group and a cluster.
		* They contain 50 to 1000 galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas and large amounts of dark matter * The distribution of these three components is approximately the same in the cluster.
	www.questionz.net /Universe/Clusters_of_galaxies.html (602 words)

	A Universe Under One Roof
		Images of galaxy clusters that form a three-dimensional network called "the large-scale structure of the universe," are drawn from a database of 45,000 galaxies developed by R. Brent Tully, professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaii.
		Another new exhibit, "Scales of the Universe," installed on a balcony surrounding the sphere, compares the smallest objects in the cosmos to the largest.
		At one stop on the scale, the sphere represents the supergiant star Rigel in the constellation Orion while the a ball, small enough to fit into two cupped hands, represents the Sun of our own solar system.
	wired-vig.wired.com /news_drop/news_lycatalog/story/0,2149,33948,00.html (547 words)

	Exam #3 Study Guide:
		The large scale structure of the Universe is clusters and voids
		Hubble also discovered that on average galaxies are moving away from us and the farther away the galaxy, the faster it is moving.
		Black holes are a large mass in a small region, so that the escape velocity becomes greater than the speed of light.
	www.nscl.msu.edu /~sherrill/isp209f5/review3.htm (842 words)

	Astronomy Interactive Network - glossary
		Shapeless star clusters found in the spiral arms of the Galaxy.
		The technique of investigating the interior structure of the Sun by studying the way in which its surface moves.
		For example, this means that a galaxy would recede at a rate of 10 miles per second for every million light-years of its distance.
	inkido.indiana.edu /A100/glossary3.html (966 words)

	TIMELINE COSMIC HISTORY page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Jupiter's large mass and high gravity attract much of the material in its region, leaving the asteroid belt too depleted in material to form a planet, and making Mars lighter in mass than Earth.
		Fullerenes, which contain at least 60 carbon atoms and have a structure resembling a soccer ball or a geodesic dome, are named for Buckminster Fuller, inventor of the geodesic dome.
		They looked at tooth size, tooth shape, tooth enamel structure, dental microwear and mandibular biomechanics of the fossils, most of which date back to a time before stone tools, before culture and before meat was introduced to the diet.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timelineCO.html (13090 words)

	Astronomy
		Stars were found to be far away objects, and with the advent of spectroscopy it was proved that they were similar to our own sun, but with a wide range of temperatures, masses and sizes.
		Cosmology, a discipline that has a large intersection with astronomy, made huge advances during the 20th century, with the model of the hot big bang heavily supported by the evidence provided by astronomy and physics, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation, Hubble's Law and cosmological abundances of elements.
		For a more detailed history of astronomy, see the history of astronomy.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/a/as/astronomy.html (1217 words)

	THE UNIVERSE: OUTLINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		From motions of stars in galaxies and galaxies in clusters of galaxies, we know there is 7-8 times more gravity than can be produced by ordinary matter.
		From bending of light from distant quasars around galaxies and clusters of galaxies, called gravitational lensing, we know there is 7-8 times more gravity than can be produced by ordinary matter.
		HST DEEP Field is a sample of galaxies back to 1 billion years after the big bang from HST.
	www.pa.msu.edu /courses/2003spring/ISP205/sec-3/cosmos.outline.html (2277 words)

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