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Topic: Timeline of low temperature technology

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	Encyclopedia: Coldest temperature achieved on earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cryogenics is the study of very low temperatures or the production of the same, and is often confused with cryobiology, the study of the effect of low temperatures on organisms, or the study of cryopreservation.
		Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter.
		Timeline of low-temperature technology 1877 - Raoul Pictet and Louis Paul Cailletet liquefy oxygen 1883 - Z.F. Wroblewski condenses experimentally useful quantities of liquid oxygen 1892 - James Dewar invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass Dewar flask 1895 - Carl von Linde files for patent protection of his process for liquefaction...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Coldest-temperature-achieved-on-earth (358 words)

	Find and post your load, temperature controlled.
		Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold"; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter.
		Temperature is an intrinsic property of a system, meaning that it does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system.
		In this scale a temperature difference of 1 degree is the same as a 1 K temperature difference, so the scale is essentially the same as the kelvin scale, but offset by the temperature at which water freezes (273.15 K).
	www.matchtruckloads.com /temperature_controlled.html (3349 words)

	Coldest temperature achieved on earth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was −89.4 C (−129F) recorded in 1983 at the Russian Base Vostok in Antarctica.
		This is still higher than the lowest temperatures achieved in cryogenic labs.
		In 1908 he managed to lower the temperature to less than one degree above absolute zero, which is −273.15° degrees (C) below the freezing point of water.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coldest+temperature+achieved+on+earth (168 words)

	Refrigeration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Refrigeration (from the Latin frigus, frost) is generally the cooling of a body by the transfer of a portion of its heat away from it.
		Where temperatures below that of any available natural cooling agent are required, refrigerators are used to produce the required cooling effect by taking in heat at low temperatures and rejecting it at temperatures somewhat above that of the natural cooling agent, which is generally water or air.
		The function of a refrigerating machine, therefore, is to take in heat at a low temperature and reject it at a higher one, using external energy to drive the process.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refrigeration (572 words)

	Critical Viscosity of Xenon (CVX) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the critical temperature and viscosity can differ greatly among fluids, there is a remarkable regularity: within experimental error the relative size of the viscosity increase is the same for all pure fluids.
		Near the critical temperature, the xenon will be a billion times more compressible than water, but it will have about the same density as water and its color will change from clear to milky white.
		Temperature differences within the xenon are less than 0.2 microkelvin, less than one billionth of T c.
	microgravity.grc.nasa.gov /expr3/CVX.HTM (1759 words)

	Encyclopedia: Timeline of low-temperature technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alternative meanings: Timeline is a 1999 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton Timeline is a 2003 film based on the novel.
		The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units.
		Categories: Technology timelines The history of superconductivity, whom Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in his research of metallic low temperature phenomenon characterised by no electrical resistance and which became known as superconductivity, starts at the end of the 1800s.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Timeline-of-low_temperature-technology (1304 words)

	Temperature changes laser color TRN 121901
		At lower temperatures liquid crystal molecules line up like the molecules of a solid, while at higher temperatures they are less ordered, like a liquid.
		Depending on the temperature, the wavelength of light can vary from 700 to 560 nanometers, which spans the visible light spectrum from red through yellow to green.
		At higher temperatures the light is dim and spans a wider range of colors.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/2001/121901/Temperature_changes_laser_color_121901.html (748 words)

	Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibrium Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Low gravity reduces the weight of the fluid on itself and widens the critical zone for a given temperature.
		Because temperature is such a key parameter in critical-point studies, the CPF was designed to provide thermal control of the test fluid with an accuracy of one thousandth of a degree (0.001 degree C).
		In order for researchers to plan the timelines for these experiments, it is necessary to determine how quickly their test samples will reach thermal equilibrium after temperature step changes near the critical point.
	zeta.lerc.nasa.gov /expr2/cft.htm (987 words)

	Unclassified/Commerical Mind Control Technology
		Those low frequency electrical brain rhythms which are characteristics of various moods and states of sleep can not only be read out using biofeedback equipment or EEG machines, but using radio, sound, contact electrodes, or flashing lights, the moods and sleep states can be generated or at least encouraged using brain entrainment devices.
		Subliminally, a much more powerful technology was at work: a sophisticated electronic system to 'speak' directly to the mind of the listener, to alter and entrain his brainwaves, to manipulate his brain's electroencephalograph ic (EEG) patterns and artificially implant negative emotional states-feelings of fear, anxiety, despair and hopelessness.
		It is software-driven by the "fastest of computers" using a noisenulling technology similar to that used by nuclear submarines for detecting small objects underwater at extreme range.[6] The purpose of all this high technology is to plot and display a moving cluster of periodic brainwave signals.
	www.raven1.net /uncom.htm (15803 words)

	Refrigeration Summary
		The low temperature and humidity in caves maintained the freshness of seeds and grains while preventing losses from mold, fungus, and insects.
		That isentropic expansion cooled the air to a temperature low enough to freeze water and produce ice, or to flow "through a pipe for effecting refrigeration otherwise" as stated in his patent granted by the U.S. Patent Office in 1851.
		In oil refineries, chemical manufacturing, and petrochemical plants, refrigeration is used to maintain certain processes at their required low temperatures (for example, in the alkylation of butenes and butane to produce a high octane gasoline component).
	www.bookrags.com /Refrigeration (5458 words)

	List of themed timelines - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Timeline is a Mediawiki graphical plugin for visual timelines.
		Timeline Wall Chart of Evolution, Culture and Knowledge: 13,7 billion years of history (http://worldhistorytimeline.net/en)
		Timelines of History: a collection of timelines by time, country, today in history along with assorted subjects (http://timelines.ws/)
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Timeline (393 words)

	Low Temperature Thermal Desorption
		Low Temperature Thermal Desorption (LTTD) is a treatment technology which removes contaminants from solid media (e.g., soils) by volatilizing them with heat, but without combustion of the media.
		A few technology vendors who saw a viable market for their technology were willing to comment on draft documents.
		The recent trend for low temperature thermal treatment facilities is towards larger fixed facilities as opposed to mobile facilities.
	www.westgov.org /wga/publicat/lttdweb.htm (5828 words)

	Battery History, Technology, Applications and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As the temperature changed the water would rise or fall in the tube due to the contraction or expansion of the air.
		The density of the liquid varies with the temperature and the floats are designed with different densities so as to float or sink at different temperatures.
		The gauges are only suitable for measuring low pressures, most gauges recording the difference between the fluid pressure and the local atmospheric pressure when one end of the tube is open to the atmosphere.
	www.mpoweruk.com /history.htm (17337 words)

	Physics > Superconductivity
		Superconductivity is an electromagnetic phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterized by the complete absence of electrical resistance and the damping of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect.)
		Most of the physical properties of superconductors vary from material to material, such as the heat capacity and the critical temperature at which superconductivity is destroyed.
		Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Onnes, who was studying the resistivity of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures using the recently-discovered liquid helium as a refrigerant.
	www.physics.teleactivities.net /concepts/transition/superconductivity.htm (1967 words)

	List of themed timelines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Chronologies or timelines are important in understanding history.
		Timeline of railway history (see also Category:Timeline of rail transport)
		Timeline Wall Chart of Evolution, Culture and Knowledge: 13,7 billion years of history
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline (439 words)

	Hearing Device Timeline
		Girolama Cardano (1501-1576), an Italian physician, philosopher and mathematician, writes in De Subtilitate about bone conduction of sound: how sound may be transmitted to the ear by means of a rod or the shaft of a spear held between one’s teeth.
		The study helps to dispel the skepticism and controversy surrounding cochlear implants, concluding that these devices are a definite aid in communication and are useful in voice modulation and recognition of environmental sounds.
		It is based on a new audiological rationale called Adaptive Speech Alignment, which splits sounds in seven tone bands and utilizes two different speech processors – one for vowels and one for consonants.
	beckerexhibits.wustl.edu /did/timeline/index.htm (5104 words)

	15 Billion - 11,000 B.C.
		The earth's temperature had long ago dropped low enough for clouds to form and rain to fall, and this had set the stage for the development of organic compounds and-eventually-cells with chlorophyll that had the ability to photosynthesize.
		First a layer or period of warm temperature, followed by an extremely cold snap, then another warm day of a few thousands of years, followed by an equal length of time of extreme frigidity.
		Temperatures on Earth were warmer with none below freezing, which meant no glaciers and less seasonal characteristics.
	mirrorh.com /timeline.html (10290 words)

	European Clocks in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Augsburg clockmakers never completely exploited the new horological technology, however, and they soon lost their prominence in the history of clockmaking.
		Often found in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century clocks with long pendulums, the device consists of a flat, toothed wheel mounted at the end of the going train of a clock and a separate, semicircular piece of steel with pallets at each end of the semicircle that somewhat resembles a sea anchor.
		A pendulum consisting of multiple rods made of two metals (often brass and steel) with differing coefficients of expansion, that are arranged so that the total length of the pendulum remains constant and unaffected by changes in temperature.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/clck/hd_clck.htm (1837 words)

	Timeline of medicine and medical technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Weinmann Medical technology for diagnostic and therapy in oxygen medicine, sleep medicine, emergency medicine and related medical modalities.
		Society of Nuclear Medicine An international scientific and professional organization founded in 1954 to promote the science, technology and practical application of nuclear medicine.
		Carolinas College of Health Sciences Programs in Medical Technology, Nursing, Radiologic Technology, Surgical Technology, Nurse Aide and Phlebotomy, and individual, general education classes.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Timeline_of_medicine_and_medical_technology.html (930 words)

	FluMist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Though the 1980s, Maassab and colleagues continued to work on various aspects of flu vaccine research -- applying genetic recombinant technology to produce different types of cold-adapted and wild strains of the influenza virus.
		The 1967 paper spoke to the influenza A strain, and after that, he still needed to develop a B strain, as well as to find the technology to re-engineer new vaccine lots with each year's flu strain.
		Received the 1997 Award for Science and Technology from Popular Science for the development of the cold-adapted influenza virus.
	www.sph.umich.edu /news_events/flumist/timeline.html (1041 words)

	CIRL - Electricity and Magnetism Timeline, 1980 - 2003
		New technologies permitted scientists to look at the world on nano scales, driving the growth of the new fields of nanotechnology and nanoscience.
		German physicist Klaus von Klitzing discovers that when electrical conductors are subjected to strong magnetic fields and low temperatures, their resistance varies in discrete quantized jumps rather than in a smooth, continuous manner, a phenomenon known as the quantum Hall effect.
		Though the temperatures required to make YBCO superconductive are still quite low, they are high enough to be created with liquid nitrogen, much cheaper than the liquid helium required for lower temperatures.
	www.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/timeline/1980-2003.html (859 words)

	Encyclopedia: Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		General: List of years in science, Timeline of scientific discoveries, Timeline of scientific experiments, Timeline of environmental history of New Zealand
		Timeline of Another World - American soap opera
		Timelines of History: a collection of timelines by time, country, today in history along with assorted subjects (http://timelines.ws/)
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Timeline (299 words)

	Timeline Of Low-temperature Technology Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Looking For timeline of low temperature technology - Find timeline of low temperature technology and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.artquilt.com /encyclopedia/Timeline_of_low-temperature_technology (477 words)

	Learn more about List of themed timelines in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Learn more about List of themed timelines in the online encyclopedia.
		Timeline is the title of a 1999 historical / science fiction novel by Michael Crichton.
		Timeline is also the title of a 2003 motion picture based on the novel.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/li/list_of_themed_timelines.html (277 words)

	Timeline of Important Dates in the History of Electromagnetic Technology and Mind Control
		This timeline will demonstrate the US government and the military industrial complex involvement and the state of the technology from several independent unclassified reliable sources.
		The scope of this program could be expanded to include nonlethal technology..." And also, "Although the United States may choose not to pursue mind-altering drugs as a weapon, other states may hold a different view.
		This timeline demonstrates how classified the electromagnetic and mind control technology is. Scientists have been killed for revealing this technology.
	www.theforbiddenknowledge.com /hardtruth/timeline_emc.htm (4585 words)

	Intel StrataFlash Memory Technology Overview, Page 5 (Intel Technology Journal)
		The learning that has occurred over the past four years has enabled the development of a two bit/cell memory device that functionally looks almost identical to a one bit/cell device, far exceeding the capability that was considered possible when the development program started.
		Multi-level cell technology appeared to be an ideal solution for the solid state disk, addressing the lower cost through two bit/cell (and later three or four bit/cell) technology.
		This experiment, which was started in early 1994, is still running today with an accumulated high temperature stress time of over three years, representing over 50 years at normal operating temperatures.
	developer.intel.com /technology/itj/q41997/articles/art_1g.htm (1441 words)

	ARS Research Timeline - Story on Processing Cotton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Developed at a low cost, some 4,000 pre-opener rolls were installed within 6 years.
		The year 1963 saw the invention of the fiber retriever, another inexpensive device that increased the efficiency of the cleaning section of the card by as much as 40 percent.
		1972—A study showed that raising the temperature and relative humidity in a textile mill could reduce the forces needed to separate cotton fibers by from 35 to 45 percent.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/timeline/cotton.htm (1276 words)

	[No title]
		He detects infrared light by measuring the temperatures in the colors of the solar spectrum created by passing sunlight through a prism.
		Langley's bolometer is sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred-thousandth of a degree Celsius (0.00001 C).
		This is the first time that such a low temperature is used for infrared observations.
	www.ipac.caltech.edu /Outreach/Edu/Timeline/timeline2.html (2490 words)

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