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Topic: Timeline of nuclear fusion

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	Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nuclear fusion, nature's power souce, offers a bright light for the future being based on the fusion of heavy isotopes of Hydrogen, elements that are abundant in the solar core and which are extractable from sea water on Earth.
		Fusion is not without its ecological dangers though but the avoidance of fossil fuel burning, impossibility of explosion, and lack of weapon grade material by-products, means that it appears to offer a safer and cleaner current alternative.
		Nuclear fusion of light elements is the energy source which causes stars to shine and hydrogen bombs to explode.
	astro.ft.uam.es /~mtaylor/fusion.htm (1004 words)

	The Energy Planet :: Nuclear Fusion :: English
		Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission are two very different forms of energy and it is important to not confuse the two.
		Nuclear Fission is a splitting of atoms, while nuclear fusion is the fusing, or joining of atoms.
		Fusion is the oldest form of energy generation, being used in the original source of energy, the sun.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004471/tep/en/future_energy/nuclear_fusion.html (1022 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Timeline of nuclear fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Timeline of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion:
		The Western scientists visited the experiment and verified the high temperatures and confinement, sparking a wave of optimism for the prospects of the tokamak, which is still the dominant magnetic confinement device today, as well as construction of new experiments.
		2002 - Claims and counter-claims were published regarding bubble fusion, in which a table-top apparatus was reported as producing small-scale fusion in a liquid undergoing acoustic cavitation.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion.html (1556 words)

	INNO: NUCLEAR FUSION IN SIGHT? 2006-03-14 SOURCE: Z Machine Sets Unexpected Earth ...
		Nuclear fusion of light elements releases the energy that causes stars to shine and
		It is the nuclei in the high-energy tail of the
		Fusion Power Associates A Washington, DC area lobbying organiation; "a non-profit, tax-exempt research and educational foundation, providing timely information on the status of fusion development." Edits the Journal of Fusion Energy.
	www.hi.is /~joner/eaps/inno_Nuclear_Fusion_Z_Machine.htm (3632 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nuclear fusion
		But the fusion of lighter nuclei, which creates a heavier nucleus and a free neutron, will generally release more energy than it took to force them together — an exothermic process that can produce self-sustaining reactions.
		A third confinement principle is to apply a rapid pulse of energy to a large part of the surface of a pellet of fusion fuel, causing it to simultaneously "implode" and heat to very high pressure and temperature.
		The ions undergoing fusion in many systems will essentially never occur alone but will be mixed with electrons that neutralize the ions' electrical charge and form a plasma.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nuclear_fusion (4344 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Nuclear Energy
		Nuclear reactors produce energy from uranium through an atomic fission reaction — that is, radioactive atoms are split apart and the energy that is released in that fission is harnessed to produce heat and electricity.
		Nuclear fusion involves fusing two atoms of hydrogen together in order to form one atom of helium.
		Fusion is an overall safer process and produces waste that is not as problematic as fission wastes are.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /subcategory.php/28.html (1340 words)

	Tokamak Summary
		In 1968, at the third IAEA International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research at Novosibirsk, Russian scientists announced that they had achieved electron temperatures of over 1000 eV in a tokamak device (1 electronvolt is equal to 11605 kelvins).
		The tokamak continues to be the most promising device for generating net power from nuclear fusion, reflected in the design of the next generation ITER device.
		In the early days of fusion research, the devices used were variations on the Z-pinch, which aimed to use a poloidal field to contain the plasma.
	www.bookrags.com /Tokamak (1961 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		In a hydrogen bomb, two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are fused to form a nucleus of helium and a neutron.
		Unlike nuclear fission, there is no limit on the amount of the fusion that can occur.
		The neutron bomb differs from standard nuclear weapons insofar as its primary lethal effects come from the radiation damage caused by the neutrons it emits.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007241/fusion.html (469 words)

	Nuclear Fusion Reactor
		Nuclear fusion is one which has recently been embraced even by some of the world's major power brokers.
		Fusion is the process of atoms combining at extraordinarily high temperatures that not only provides the energy of the sun and stars but also gives hydrogen bombs their enormous power.
		Fusion reactors, by contrast, would produce minimal waste that would be radioactive for a much shorter period, backers say.
	www.wanttoknow.info /050629nuclearfusionreactor (1107 words)

	Fusion Pulse drive
		The nuclear fusion-pulse rocket is powered by continuous explosions of small amounts of fnuclear fusion material, and propelled by deflecting the explosive forces with reflectors.
		Fusion pulse came into its own with the mass-production of ultra-light ultrastrong materials like Buckyfibre and other forms of Diamondoid, during the middle and late Interplanetary age.
		Today, Fusion Pulse, like continous Fusion drive, is a cheap and robust, relatively low tech system that does not require advanced AI piloting, and hence is widely used by a number of biotist, anthropist, and human supremacist clades and factions throughiout the galaxy.
	www.orionsarm.com /ships/fusion-pulse.html (717 words)

	Cold Fusion
		Fusion is the reaction responsible for the power of hydrogen bombs and the magnitude of the energy released by the sun.
		A serious drawback to fusion reactions as they are normally understood is the exorbitant amount of energy required to start the reaction, making it hard to contain and sustain the reaction, thus impractical given the current level of our technology, even as of the year 2000.
		Timeline structure, formatting, personalization and timeline association of events with timeline subject's age are copyright © 1994-2005 Charles Benjamin Blish, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED under the Pan American Conventions.
	www.ourtimelines.com /zcoldf.html (367 words)

	Timeline of nuclear fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Combining a field-reversed pinch with an imploding magnetic cylinder resulted in the new Magnetized Target Fusion concept in the U.S. In this system a "normal" lower density plasma device was explosively squeezed using techniques developed for high-speed gun research.
		Sandia National Laboratories began fusion experiments in the Z machine.
		International Fusion Research Council, Status report on fusion research, Nuclear Fusion 45:10A, October 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion (1700 words)

	Nuclear Files: Timeline of the Nuclear Age: 1957
		The stimulus for the gathering is the 1955 Manifesto issued by Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein.
		The first commercial use of nuclear power occurs when a test reactor in Santa Susana, California transmits power to the Southern Californian grid.
		The implications are profound, decreasing the warning times of a nuclear launch from hours to minutes.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/timeline/1950/1957.htm (400 words)

	Disarmament and Peace Education > Timeline
		Eisenhower calls for the nuclear weapons states to give part of their nuclear stockpiles to a United Nations-supervised bank of fissionable materials in an attempt to strip nuclear energy of its military casing and adapt it to the arts of peace.
		Although the threats are generally regarded as a bluff (and did not specify a nuclear attack against the targets), the overall danger of a Cold War escalation influenced the United States to pressure France and Britain to accept a cease-fire.
		June 4: A nuclear power source atop a Thor rocket booster falls into the Pacific Ocean when the booster has to be destroyed.
	www.gsinstitute.org /dpe/timeline.html (3203 words)

	ITER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		ITER will run in parallel with a materials test facility, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility or IFMIR, which will develop materials suitable for use in the extreme conditions that will be found in future fusion power plants.
		ITER will produce approximately 500MW of fusion power in a steady-state (compared to JET's peak of 16MW over less than a second), utilising super-conducting magnets and ion-cyclotron heating.
		See also JET, nuclear fusion, plasma physics, magnetic fusion energy, timeline of nuclear fusion.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/i/it/iter.html (266 words)

	Directors: Edward Teller
		Teller was best known to the public for his work on the development of nuclear explosives and for his advocacy of a strong defense for America.
		Prior to 1939, and the announcement to the scientific community of the discovery of fission, Teller was engaged as a theoretical physicist working in the fields of quantum physics, molecular physics, and nuclear physics.
		In 1941, his interest turned to the use of nuclear energy, both fission and fusion.
	www.llnl.gov /timeline/directors/teller.html (605 words)

	Timeline of nuclear fusion
		shortly after World War II and the success of the Manhattan Project the hydrogen bomb was built, which released large amounts of fusion energy from a reaction ignited by a fission trigger
		Both report detections of neutrons, which are later explained as non-fusion in nature.
		March 1989 - two Utah physicists, Pons and Fleischmann, announced that they achieved cold fusion - causing fusion to occur at room temperatures.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/t/ti/timeline_of_nuclear_fusion.html (785 words)

	Timeline of the Nuclear Age [1950s] \| atomicarchive.com
		Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted and sentenced to death for passing information on atomic weapons to the U.S.S.R. September - A second U.S. nuclear weapons laboratory is established in Livermore, California.
		November 22 - The first true fusion device test is acheived by the Soviet Union; it has a yield of 1.6 megatons.
		The agency inspects nuclear reactors and plants to ensure they are being run for peaceful purposes.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Timeline/Time1950.shtml (460 words)

	Nuclear Files: Timeline of the Nuclear Age: 1953
		Nuclear Files: Timeline of the Nuclear Age: 1953
		Scientists study the impact of a nuclear blast on a fabricated American city during the test Annie at the Nevada Test Site.
		The development of the hydrogen bomb in the US and the Soviet Union is regarded as the start of the Cold War arms race.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/timeline/1950/1953.htm (430 words)

	COLD FUSION TIMES
		Fusion is the process taking place in the Sun's core where, at temperatures of millions of degrees, hydrogen atoms are compressed together by elemental forces to form helium and a massive outpouring of energy in the thermonuclear reaction of the hydrogen bomb.
		Experimental nuclear fusion reactors have historically required large, multibillion-dollar machines, but sonofusion devices might be built for a fraction of the cost and theoretically could be an unlimited source of clean energy.
		World nuclear capacity is projected to rise from 361 gigawatts in 2003 to 438 gigawatts in 2030, with significant declines in capacity projected only for Europe, where several countries have either plans or mandates to phase out nuclear power, or where old reactors are expected to be retired and not replaced.
	world.std.com /~mica/cft.html (15132 words)

	Nuclear Weapons Physics and Technology
		The fact that radium compounds are permanently at a higher temperature than their surroundings, and therefore that radium is constantly emitting heat, was first pointed out by Curie and Lourde [in 1903].
		No chemical or physical process was found that could change the rate of release of that energy (by radioactive decay) until the discovery of uranium fission in 1939.
		He tells the inside workings of nuclear weapons technology and presents an elaborate history of nuclear weapons tests, especially how those tests improved weapons design.
	www.cddc.vt.edu /host/atomic/nuketech/index.html (547 words)

	School of Arts & Sciences - University of Pennsylvania
		Hans Bethe calculates nuclear fusion rates with resulting neutrino production in the solar core required to account for the Sun’s energy output.
		It is classified by the AEC to prevent its use as a potential detector of nuclear submarines.
		Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan, using a nuclear reactor, are the first to detect anti-neutrinos.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /home/news/timeline.html (374 words)

	Nuclear Reactions - Chernobyl
		The disaster that occured at a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl in the former USSR (now Ukraine) plant on April 25th 1986 is an example of the devastation that can occur when a nuclear reaction goes wrong.
		The Chernobyl nuclear power plant located 80 miles north of Kiev had 4 reactors and whilst testing reactor number 4 numerous safety procedures were disregarded.
		The accident killed more than 30 people immediately, and as a result of the high radiation levels in the surrounding 20-mile radius, 130,000 people had to be evacuated.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /ug/eardley/chernobyl.htm (740 words)

	JET the Joint European Torus Torus is a tokamak tokamak and... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		JET, the Joint European Torus Torus, is a tokamak tokamak and is the largest and most powerful nuclear fusion nuclear fusion reactor yet built.
		JET was later equipped with remote handling facilities to cope with the radioactivity produced by deuterium deuterium-tritium tritium fuel, which is the fuel proposed for the first generation of fusion power plants.
		For most of 2004 it will be shutdown for a series of major upgrades increasing total available heating power to over 40MW, enabling further studies relevant to the development of ITER ITER to be undertaken.
	www.biodatabase.de /JET (239 words)

	phorum - Our World Forum at Asiawind - China to Complete World's 1st Artificial Sun
		Scientists recommend the extraction of deuterium from sea water and the ignition of nuclear fusion of this element in temperatures as high as 100 million degrees Celsius.
		In nuclear fusion, deuterium abstracted from one kilogram of sea water will be able to produce as much energy as that of 300 liters of gasoline.
		Invention of a facility that can withstand the temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius and control deuterium and atomic fusion to ensure steady and continuous energy output equals to invention of an artificial sun, which can provide infinite and clean energy like the sun, as sea water is virtually inexhaustible.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=3&i=196298&t=196298 (533 words)

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