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	Tin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tin is also used in solders for joining pipes or electrical/electronic circuits, in bearing alloys, in glass-making, and in a wide range of tin chemical applications.
		Tin (anglo-Saxon, tin, Latin stannum) is one of the earliest metals known and was used as a component of bronze from antiquity.
		Tin is produced by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tin (1076 words)

	Tin pest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tin pest is an allotropic transformation of the element tin, which causes deterioration of tin objects at low temperatures.
		The cause of the empty tins is unknown.
		The tin is alloyed with small amounts of antimony or bismuth, which prevent the decomposition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tin_pest (444 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Tin
		Tin has been found in the tombs of ancient Egyptians and was exported to Europe in large quantities from Cornwall, England, during the Roman period.
		Because of the mottled appearance of tin objects undergoing this decomposition, the action is commonly referred to as tin disease or tin pest.
		Tin is a widely sought metal and is used in hundreds of industrial processes throughout the world.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563439__1/Tin.html (707 words)

	Tin -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tin is obtained chiefly from the (Solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition) mineral (A hard heavy dark mineral that is the chief source of tin) cassiterite where it occurs as an (Any compound of oxygen with another element or a radical) oxide.
		Tin forms Sn when it is heated in the presence of (A mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of) air.
		Tin foil was once a common wrapping material for foods and drugs; now replaced by the use of (A silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite) aluminum foil, which is commonly referred to as tin foil.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/ti/tin.htm (2261 words)

	AllRefer.com - tin, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		Tin exhibits allotropy; above 13.2°C it is a lustrous, silver-white, highly crystalline metal with tetragonal structure.
		Industrially useful compounds of tin include stannous chloride, important as a reducing agent, as a mordant in dyeing, and for weighting silk; stannic chloride, for the last two purposes and to stabilize perfume and color in soap; stannic oxide, for the preparation of white porcelain enamelware; and sodium stannite, a reducing agent.
		Tin very rarely occurs uncombined in nature; the dioxide, which occurs as cassiterite, or tinstone, is the only ore of commercial importance.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/tin.html (514 words)

	Tin - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The word tin is often used to mean a can, even if it does not contain any tin metal.
		Window glass is most often made via floating molten glass on top of molten tin (float glass) in order to make a flat surface (this is called the Pilkington process).
		Tin foil is a common wrapping material for foods and drugs; hence one use of the slang term "tinnie" or "tinny" for a small retail package of a drug such as cannabis.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Tin (994 words)

	Encyclopedia: Tin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bell metal ore is a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron; the mineral stannite.
		Phosphor bronze is an alloy of copper with 3.
		Tin dioxide, SnO2, also stannic oxide, is an oxide of tin, with tin in oxidation state +4.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tin (6189 words)

	Lead, Tin and Lead Alloys
		) or to a loose powdery gray tin, commonly referred to as 'tin pest,' by allotropic modification The alteration compounds of tin in a marine environment have not been adequately studied; it is known, however, that sodium chloride stimulates the corrosion of tin.
		Ingots of tin that were completely oxidized to tin oxide were recovered from a Bronze Age shipwreck off the coast of Turkey (Bass 1961).
		Since lead, tin, and pewter are susceptible to attack by strong alkalies, a sodium carbonate electrolyte is safer for use in electrolysis than a sodium hydroxide electrolyte.
	nautarch.tamu.edu /class/anth605/File14.htm (2207 words)

	Tin
		It is obtained from the reduction of the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
		Tin is a silvery-white lustres metal, with a bluish tinge.
		Grey tin, or a tin (having a cubic crystal structure) changes at 13.2°C into white, or b tin (having a tetragonal crystal structure), which is considered the ordinary form of the metal.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=615 (348 words)

	Tin
		Tin is soluble in dilute mineral acids, and in hot potassium hydroxide, but is not attacked by food acids and alkalies.
		The interruption of tin supplies early in World War II led to panicked construction of a tin smelter at Texas City, Texas, the Longhorn Smelter, to use low-grade ore from Bolivia that was less subject to interception.
		Tin plate is used in many ways, such as roofing and as the "tin" or telltale in a squash court.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/tin.htm (5152 words)

	Tin
		Tin: a soft, faintly bluish-white or silvery-white, crystalline metallic element exceedingly rare in the native state; principal use is as one of the major components of bronze.
		Tin was a rare metal in the East, and had to be brought from the misty Cassiterides by sailors from Atlantic shores.
		Tin, or tin ore, was brought across the North Sea to the coast of Amoriica, thence to Gaul or Iberia [France or Spain] by very brave seamen in very small, leather-hulled row boats.
	www.ancientroute.com /resource/metal/tin.htm (3233 words)

	The Hendrix Group - Tin
		Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure.
		Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action.
		Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings.
	www.hghouston.com /elements/50.html (507 words)

	Physical and Chemical Properties of Tin - Periodic Table of the Elements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tin has a melting point of 231.9681°C, boiling point of 2270°C, specific gravity (gray) of 5.75 or (white) 7.31, with a valence of 2 or 4.
		Tin is resistant to attack by sea, distilled, or soft tap water, but it will corrode in strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts.
		Tin is obtained by reducing its ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
	chemistry.allinfoabout.com /periodic/sn.html (335 words)

	ELEMENT: TIN
		Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
		Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known.
		Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts.
	www.radiochemistry.org /periodictable/elements/50.html (493 words)

	A Periodic Table of the Elements From Mineral Information Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, was a vital metal during the Bronze Age.
		Gray tin can be converted to white by heating it past 55 degrees F. White tin returns to gray tin as it cools below 55 degrees F. This transformation between gray and white tin is known as the tin pest.
		Tin is used as a coating for other metals and in alloys, such as solder, pewter and bronze.
	www.mii.org /periodic/Sn.htm (323 words)

	Preservation of historical pewter in church and museum collections
		Tin is a shiny grey metal which is rather soft.
		To distinguish pure tin from lead the latter has a duller grey colour, is even softer and much heavier (a specific gravity of 11.37 compared to tin's 7.29).
		There is another deterioration phenomenon that should occur in pure metallic tin, and in tin with a limited amount of lead, at temperatures below 13°C. The metallic tin should change to at grey crystalline powder.
	www.natmus.dk /cons/reports/2002/tinbevaring/pewter.htm (1325 words)

	SMTA - The Surface Mount Technology Association
		There is even historic debate as to whether or not tin pest destroyed the buttons on Napoleon’s army on its disastrous return from Russia in the early 19th century.
		The "normal" white (beta) tin, with a density of 7.31 g/cm2, is slowly converted into gray (alpha) tin with a much lower density of 5.77 g/cm2.
		Some may argue that tin pest is not much of a concern for lead-free soldering since most electrical devices would not see such low temperatures.
	www.smta.org /knowledge/proceedings_abstract.cfm?PROC_ID=1554 (288 words)

	TIN (Sn)
		Tin is highly ductile and malleable at a temperature of 100° C (212° F).
		Tin ranks 49th in abundance of the elements in the earth's crust.
		Tin is important in the production of the common alloys bronze (tin and copper), solder (tin and lead), and type metal (tin, lead, and antimony).
	www.neymetals.com /tin.htm (747 words)

	Business Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tin is remarkably resistant to corrosion under atmospheric condition.
		Tin used at temperatures below the freezing point 32 deg F (0 deg C), the tin deposit may be subject to a failure commonly known as "tin pest." TP describes a phase transformation of white tin to a nonadherent powdery gray form.
		It is essential that a barrier coat of copper or nickel be used between the tin and zinc-containing basis metals.
	www.techsavvy.com /industry/file/zyyz/multireg/030jj/rpc04.html (493 words)

	The Elements: Tin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ON warming, gray or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2 C into white or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal.
		Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or tother chemical action.
		Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings on the glass.
	www.cmbi.kun.nl /~ott/elements/tin.html (487 words)

	Tin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper.
		Tin dioxide is an opacifier used in enamels and paints.
		Tin disease was, on occasion, responsible for the complete disintegration of organ pipes in some of these cathedrals in long, cold winters.
	www.chem.shef.ac.uk /chm131-2001/cha01amc/tin.html (583 words)

	tin
		Block tin is used to coat copper cooking utensils and lead sheet, or to line lead pipe for distilled water, beer, carbonated beverages, and some chemicals.
		Tin, stannous chloride, or stannic chloride can affect the body if they are inhaled or if they come in contact with eyes or skin.
		Tin is concentrated in the nickel-iron core of the earth and appears in the highest concn in igneous rocks.
	www.speclab.com /elements/tin.htm (995 words)

	Tin
		Stannous flouride, a compound of tin and flourine is used in toothpaste.
		Tin is obtained by reducing the ore withcoal in a reverberatory furnace.
		When heated in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides.
	www.corrosionsource.com /handbook/periodic/50.htm (494 words)

	Principal Metals-Tin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On warming, gray, or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2C into white, or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal.
		When tin is cooled below 13.2C, it changes slowly from white to gray.
		When heated in air, tin forms Sn2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides.
	www.principalmetals.com /utilities/50.htm (483 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Tin-Pest
		Tin-pest would be of minor importance were it not for the fact that (church) organ pipes were often made of metallic tin, which is a ductile material with a comparatively low melting point.
		In the colder regions of Europe the metallic tin would slowly 'degrade' to the non-metallic form, which is a worthless and brittle material.
		One is to keep stuff made out of tin in places with temperatures above 13.2°C. The other one, which alchemists figured out via 'trial and error' soon enough, is to add small amounts (0.1-10%) of lead, antimony or silver forming a tin alloy that is stable against tin-pest.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A5167613 (668 words)

	Surface Mount Technology (SMT) - Napoleon's Buttons and Lead-free Soldering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although most scholars consider this tale to be of doubtful authenticity — the expense of tin almost certainly guaranteed that the common soldier had wood buttons for his coat — it is most people's first introduction to tin pest.
		Tin is one of many elements that can exist in different crystal structures, which is called allotropy.
		Since tin-lead eutectic solder is 37 percent lead, tin pest has not been an issue in soldering with traditional lead-based solder paste.
	smt.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Article_ID=214376 (926 words)

	Foundations to Chemistry - adapted from "Chemistry, Matter and the Universe"
		Gray tin, which has the nonmetallic diamond structure, is the stable form below 13°C, and metallic white tin is more stable above this temperature, although the rate of conversion from one to the other is very slow.
		They thought it was a disease of the metal, and called it "tin pest." Actually, it was only the slow conversion of white tin to gray tin at low temperatures.
		Because the change is slow, we ordinarily do not observe it; the tin remains metastable in the metallic form.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /vrchemistry/periodic_table/page11.htm (168 words)

	tin disease and tin pest
		The gradual disintegration of shiny tin metal into a crumbly, gray powder was observed hundreds of years ago on tin organ pipes housed in unheated northern European cathedrals.
		With allotropy unknown, the phenomenon was attributed to the work of the Devil and was variously denoted by the terms tin disease, tin pest, tin blight, or tin plague.
		Tin farthings manufactured in England from 1684 to 1692 are prized by numismatists if they show no tin disease.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa040300a.htm (693 words)

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