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Topic: Tinto River

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	Minesite Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Midway through 2005, though, River Diamonds achieved what may evolve to be something of a coup, when it established a partnership with global mining behemoth Rio Tinto for the exploration of River Diamonds’ concessions in Brazil.
		At the Panguma project, River Diamonds intends to drill around a group of already identified kimberlite dykes and then to procure a bulk sample, the results of the latter of which should provide key insight with regard to the area’s mining potential.
		River Diamonds share price has declined more or less steadily over the past year or so, and now seems to have levelled out, disappointing rather severely those who bought on the announcement of the Rio Tinto partnership.
	www.minesite.com /storyFull.php?storySeq=3225 (802 words)

	The Origin of Life: An Astrobiology Field Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From far away, Rio Tinto blends well with the surrounding countryside, so it may be easier to find Rio Tinto using a pseudo color view.
		Once it was thought the mine caused the river's unique characteristics, but it has been determined that this occurred naturally.
		The bacteria in the river are actually the cause of the high acid levels.
	learn.arc.nasa.gov /oz/riotinto.html (191 words)

	NAI: News Stories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Mining activity at the Tinto River dates back at least 5,000 years, and while it has altered the river it is not solely responsible for the river’s conditions.
		The Tinto River runs through the Iberian Pyritic Belt, one of the biggest complex sulfide formations in the world (pyrite, or iron sulfide (FeS2), is also known as ‘fool’s gold’).
		For instance, the Tinto River may be a real-life model for Proterozoic life (2.5 billion to 544 million years ago), since aerobic algae first appeared during the Proterozoic.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /news_stories/news_detail.cfm?ID=51 (1502 words)

	Red River Drills for Mars :: Astrobiology Magazine ::
		The highly acidic, wine-colored river is inhospitable to most microbes except the most robust that can live off the iron and sulfur minerals which give Rio Tinto its unusual tint.
		Scientists say bacteria that are present in the very acidic Rio Tinto play a role in producing acid in the river, a byproduct of the metabolism of iron and sulfur minerals in the region.
		Scientists say evidence suggests the chemistry of the Rio Tinto and its biology may be the result of an underground biologically based chemical reactor fueled by organisms that do not need oxygen gas to survive.
	www.astrobio.net /news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=620&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 (1094 words)

	Life Under A Spanish Red River :: Astrobiology Magazine ::
		As part of the search for Mars analogs, the blood-red river is an expedition target to drill for core samples and test satellite links in preparation for remote robots that might survey the red planet.
		Similar bacteria are in the very acidic Rio Tinto, and these microbes may play a role in producing acid in the river.
		MARTE scientists propose that such a system may exist in the subsurface of the Rio Tinto area, according to Ricardo Amils Pibernat, a biologist at the Centro de Astrobiología and a specialist on the biology of the Rio Tinto.
	www.astrobio.net /news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=424 (1255 words)

	Rio Tinto\| Minerals and Metals for the world \| Investor centre \| (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Rio Tinto and Nippon Steel have signed a 15 year contract to supply up to 30 million tonnes of Hail Creek product, at a price to be agreed between the two parties on an annual basis.
		Rio Tinto and Nippon Steel have also agreed to increase cooperation to improve utilisation of raw materials in the context of steel industry requirements.
		Robe River is an unincorporated joint venture and is owned by Rio Tinto (53 per cent), Mitsui Iron Ore Development (33 per cent), Nippon Steel Australia (10.5 per cent) and Sumitomo Metal Australia (3.5 per cent).
	www.riotinto.com /investor/media.aspx?id=743 (1005 words)

	PHYSICAL SCIENCES: Research on the Rio Tinto (Inside Brown of May 2005)
		The Rio Tinto is a foul, oozing trickle of a river that muddles its way through mining country in southwestern Spain, has the pH of gastric juice, and is awash with pollution and heavy metals.
		Though people long assumed Rio Tinto was dead due to a dearth of visible life, scientists now know the water actually teems with odd microscopic organisms called extremophiles which thrive in conditions that would kill most organisms.
		The Rio Tinto may be a good analogue for Mars because the river is unusually acidic and also iron and sulfur rich.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/InsideBrown/2005/050605h.html (907 words)

	The Mineral Policy Institute - Rio Tinto's Shame File
		This mine operates fifty metres from the nearest watercourse, a tributary of the enormous Mahakham River on which thousands of people rely for their subsistence lifestyles.
		The first five kilometres of the river near the mine has been artificially diverted without taking into consideration the biological aspects, leaving the previous watercourse devoid of life.
		In addition to Kelian, Rio Tinto is a part-owner of the infamous Freeport Mine in Papua Province, a mine described as having the world's worst record of human rights violations and environmental destruction.
	www.mpi.org.au /campaigns/rights/shame_file (953 words)

	Resource Investor - Diamonds - Big Time Partnership Breaths New Life in Small Time Miner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The announcement of the agreement with Rio Tinto seems to have abruptly reversed the downward trend in River Diamonds’ share value, which has set in since the start of the year after the company’s valuation peaked amid its staking of new licences in Brazil and optimism regarding its Melgueira alluvial project in the country.
		River Diamonds has negotiated an earn-in right to 51% of the Panguma project in the West African country, in return for expenditure of $1.5 million.
		The key benefit of the option agreement is essentially that it will allow River Diamonds to do proper justice to its properties, which might have the magnitude of potential that such a small company is unlikely to be able to realise alone.
	www.resourceinvestor.com /pebble.asp?relid=12328 (951 words)

	SPACE.com -- Mars Underground: Digging Deep for Life
		The river is the color of red wine, hence the name, explained Carol Stoker, principal investigator of the three-year project and a scientist at NASA Ames Research Center in Californias Silicon Valley.
		The reddish tint to the river is caused by iron being dissolved in the highly acidic water.
		A second objective is to perform a simulation of a Mars drilling mission, to hone the technologies and mimic measures to be taken in a hunt for subsurface biology on Mars.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/mars_caves_030905.html (1486 words)

	Microbial Ecology of an Extreme Acidic Environment, the Tinto River -- González-Toril et al. 69 (8): 4853 -- ...
		on the hydrological regime of the river (20, 34).
		The Tinto ecosystem seems to be under the control of iron.
		Geomicrobiological model of the Tinto River showing the roles of the different microorganisms identified in the ecosystem.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/8/4853 (5606 words)

	RIO TINTO LTD - RTNTF Report of Foreign Issuer (6-K) EXHIBIT 99
		Rio Tinto is a foreign issuer in the US and so we are obliged to comply with of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in particular section 404.
		Rio Tinto is benefiting from a very strong business environment as developing countries ramp up their demand for metals and minerals and mature economies enjoy relatively solid economic growth.
		Rio Tinto is unique among the world's large scale producers of rough diamonds in that it concentrates on mining and has no involvement in diamond cutting, jewellery manufacture or retailing.
	sec.edgar-online.com /2005/03/17/0001021231-05-000222/Section3.asp (11909 words)

	La Moskitia Ecoaventuras - Whitewater Rafting in Honduras
		We begin in the river's mountainous headwaters and conclude at its outlet at the Caribbean, we will marvel at the exuberant tropical vegetation, navigate exciting Class III rapids, and enjoy the pleasure of floating through pristine rainforest jungle.
		Three species of monkeys, river otters, blue morpho butterflies and a multitude of parrots and macaws will be our constant companions, and with luck, we may cross paths with a tapir or jaguar.
		We will navigate down the river six hours a day and camp at a different place every night, until we reach Sico village where we will end our rafting journey and then ride in a dug-out motorboat, known as tuc-tuc, for four hours to Palacios, a Mestizo village.
	www.honduras.com /moskitia/rafting.html (1641 words)

	History Of The San Juan River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		1787-Spanish Decree to repopulate the Tinto River (Honduras), Cape Gracias a Dios, Bluefields, and the San Juan River.
		The Mora-Martinez Treaty is entered into between Costa Rica and Nicaragua for the construction of a canal through the San Juan River in favor of France, without the Knowledge of the latter’s government.
		The Rio Indio Lodge, located on the banks of the San Juan River, is a gateway to the wild and virtually unexplored Rio Indio Maix biological reserve in located on the border of Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
	www.ecotourismresorts.com /history.php?PHPSESSID=8744ed7796126da46829a42d4e26f284 (1979 words)

	From Genes to Genomes: Beyond Biodiversity in Spain's Rio Tinto -- Amaral Zettler et al. 204 (2): 205 -- The Biological ...
		Geomicrobiology of the Tinto River, a model of interest for biohydrometallurgy.
		Bioleaching and interrelated acidophilic microorganisms from Rio Tinto, Spain.
		Microbial community composition and ecology of an acidic aquatic environment: the Tinto River, Spain.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/204/2/205 (1768 words)

	NASA - NASA Ames Research Center Public Affairs Office
		Carol Stoker: "The significance of the color of the river is that the river is carrying a huge burden of dissolved metals in particular iron –; also things like copper, gold, arsenic.
		The reason it’s significant is that the process by which the river is carrying this huge amount of dissolved metals is because the river is – has a very low pH, that is the acidity of the river.
		So, the river is a very acid –; ah, high acid composition, and the acidity is being produced by a microbial ecosystem that essentially is metabolizing these iron sulfide minerals or sulfides in particular, and excreting sulfuric acid as a byproduct.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/ames/multimedia/audio/tinto/ast3.html (338 words)

	WALHI - WALHI report on Freeport-Rio Tinto
		Legal breaches: A key finding of this report is that Freeport-Rio Tinto has failed to comply with government orders to amend its dangerous waste management practices despite years of official findings that the company is in breach of environmental regulations.
		Besides its conservation value, the biodiverse lowland river, rainforest and wetland area destroyed by tailings deposition was a vital hunting, fishing and gardening area for the Kamoro traditional landowners.
		Bioavailability and toxicity investigations have shown that much of the dissolved copper in river water affected by Freeport-Rio Tinto’s operations is indeed bioavailable and present at toxic levels.
	www.eng.walhi.or.id /kampanye/tambang/frpt-report-may-06 (2437 words)

	Exclusive: NASA Researchers Claim Evidence of Present Life on Mars
		Stoker told SPACE.com in 2003, weeks before leading the expedition to southwestern Spain, that by studying the very acidic Rio Tinto, she and other scientists hoped to characterize the potential for a “chemical bioreactor” in the subsurface – an underground microbial ecosystem of sorts that might well control the chemistry of the surface environment.
		Making such a discovery at Rio Tinto, Stoker said in 2003, would mean uncovering a new, previously uncharacterized metabolic strategy for living in the subsurface.
		Stoker told her private audience Sunday evening that by comparing discoveries made at Rio Tinto with data collected by ground-based telescopes and orbiting spacecraft, including the European Space Agency’s Mars Express, she and Lemke have made a very a strong case that life exists below Mars’ surface.
	www.infowars.com /articles/science/nasa_life_on_mars.htm (600 words)

	SPACE.com -- Mars, Once Warm and Wet, Left Some Clues
		Scientists think there used to be more, in part because of pictures that show what appear to be shorelines, river beds and tremendous gorges carved by flowing water.
		But it was a river on Earth that caused the new idea to flow forth.
		"Life is highly diverse in the Tinto system, allowing us to suggest comparable ancient acidic aquatic habitats hosting a putative early biosphere on Mars," Fairen and his colleagues write in the journal.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/mars_fizz_040922.html (767 words)

	Geological record of an acidic environment driven by iron hydrochemistry: The Tinto River system
		Two different aspects place the Tinto River inside the boundaries of a natural extreme system: its high level of biological diversity and the presence of fluvial rocks formed in the same acidic conditions as in the modern system, which could predate the Tertiary.
		The modern and recent parageneses contrast with the ancient Tinto River terrace mineral associations, which show dehydrated and desulfated iron oxides.
		If this dehydration process is considered, these Tinto River ironstones may be a key for knowing some aquatic habitats, which may have hosted a part of the early Mars biosphere.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001918.shtml (408 words)

	Robe River
		Robe River, a member of the Rio Tinto Group, is one of the world's leading suppliers of iron ore. A significant Western Australian resource company, Robe currently exports over 40 million tonnes of iron ore a year to the highly competitive global steel industry.
		Robe is one of the world's most cost effective, consistent and reliable suppliers of iron ore. It operates as a long-standing and highly successful international joint venture, between Rio Tinto, an Anglo-Australian resources group, Mitsui, a Japanese trading company, and two Japanese steel companies, Sumitomo Metal Industries and Nippon Steel Corporation.
		Robe River was named Australia's Minerals and Energy Exporter of the Year at the 2003 Australian Export Awards.
	www.roberiver.com (129 words)

	William Walker
		President Buchanan declined to recognize Walker as a prisoner, on the ground that his arrest on foreign soil was illegal.
		He reached Trujillo and issued a proclamation against the government; but his arrest was demanded by the commander of the British man-of-war " Icarus," and he was forced to retreat to Tinto river, where he surrendered on 3 September, 1860.
		The commander of the "Icarus" delivered him to the Honduras authorities on their demand, and he was tried by court-martial and shot.
	www.famousamericans.net /williamwalker1 (752 words)

	Geological Society - News - NASA seeks Spanish Martians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		"The Rio Tinto area is an important analogue to searching for life in liquid water, deep beneath the subsurface of Mars" says Carol Stoker, principal investigator of the three-year project and a scientist at NASA Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley.
		That is why we are testing the life search strategy in the Rio Tinto, where subsurface water and chemical energy are expected to support life".
		Scientists say evidence suggests the chemistry of the Rio Tinto and its biology may be the result of an underground biologically based chemical reactor fuelled by organisms that do not need oxygen gas to survive.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=MarsAttack (856 words)

	Rio Tinto, River Diamonds sign 20 mln usd deal to explore Brazilian prospects - Forbes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Under the deal, Rio Tinto -- through wholly-owned unit Rio Tinto Desenvolvimentos Minerais Ltda -- will earn a 60 pct stake in the project by investing at least 10 mln usd in each of the property over the next four years.
		Rio Tinto will also have the option to increase its stake to 80 pct once it completes the required feasibility study.
		River Diamonds, in turn, will pay Rio Tinto 150,000 usd for the data it gathered from the study.
	www.forbes.com /technology/feeds/afx/2005/08/18/afx2184622.html (396 words)

	Costa Rica Rain Forest Fishing Lodge on Nicaragua Border
		1787- Spanish Decree to repopulate the Tinto River (Honduras), Cape Gracias a Dios, Bluefields, and the San Juan River.
		The Clayton-Bulwer treaty (april19) between United States and England renounces to the exclusive rights over a future interoceanic canal through the San Juan River and stipulates neither the non occupation nor the fortification of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the Moskita.
		The Mora-Martinez Treaty is entered into between Costa Rica and Nicaragua for the construction of a canal through the San Juan River in favor of France, without the Knowledge of the latter’s govemment.
	www.rioindiolodge.com /lodge_eng/sanjuanhistory.htm (1765 words)

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