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	TIROS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		TIROS, or Television Infrared Observation Satellite, was a series of early weather satellites launched by NASA, beginning with TIROS-1 in 1960.
		The program was successful in proving the usefulness of satellite weather observation.
		TIROS continued as the ESSA TIROS Operational System, and was eventually succeeded by the NOAA ITOS (Improved TIROS Operational System), or TIROS-M, and then by the TIROS-N and Advanced TIROS-N series of satellites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tiros_program (225 words)

	NASM Space Artifacts: TIROS
		TIROS imaged large swaths of the Earth's surface, allowing forecasters and scientists to see directly for the first time the massive scale of our planet's weather systems.
		Nine TIROS were launched from 1960 to 1965, providing crucial background experience for developing work-a-day systems of satellites to monitor the Earth's weather and atmosphere.
		The development of TIROS and these subsequent systems were closely connected to the separate weather satellite programs of the Department of Defense.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/artifacts/CS-tiros.htm (488 words)

	Early Space Age
		TIROS (Television and Infra-Red Observation Satellite) One of the first planned uses of the new technology of satellites was to observe and study the Earth's weather from space.
		TIROS began continuous coverage of the Earth's weather in 1962, and was used by meteorologists worldwide.
		The follow-up program to TIROS was Nimbus 1, launched from Cape Kennedy on Aug.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec11.html (4059 words)

	Weather Doctor's Weather People and History: TIROS I: First Eye in the Sky
		TIROS I and the follow-up TIROS II were intended only to be research satellites, but it was quickly realized that the photographs could furnish useful information on clouds and ice cover and provide surveillance of the development and movement of storms, particularly in data-sparse regions.
		Among the first uses of the TIROS I photographs was the conformation of the changing state of the pack ice in the Gulf of St Lawrence and St Lawrence River from April 1-3.
		TIROS I also detected a tropical cyclone in the waters of the South Pacific north of New Zealand, an area which had to rely on ship and aircraft reports to indicate the formation and presence of storms at sea.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/history/tiros1.htm (1205 words)

	TIROS
		TIROS spacecraft were the beginning of a long series of polar-orbiting meteorological satellites.
		TIROS was followed by the TOS (TIROS Operational System) series, and then the ITOS (Improved TIROS) series, and later the NOAA series.
		TIROS spacecraft were developed by GSFC and managed by ESSA (Environmental Science Services Administration).
	www.astronautix.com /craft/tiros.htm (678 words)

	Joe Frasketi's Space Covers - Satellites
		Tiros 1 was the first known weather observation satellite (Television Infra-Red Observation Satellite) and was launched into orbit on Apr 1, 1960 by a Thor-Able Rocket.
		Tiros 1 was hailed as ushering in "a new era of meteorological observing".
		Corona was the first photoreconnaissance program, and a precursor of the military and civilian space imaging programs of today.
	www.spacecovers.com /pricelists/categories/category_satellites.htm (1528 words)

	Weather Satellites: Planning for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Program Needs More
		As with the early TIROS polar satellites, the ATS satellites gave NASA and NOAA the opportunity to gain experience in operating meteorological satellites in geostationary orbits and analyzing their observations on an experimental basis.
		The New Millennium Program is a NASA effort to develop and validate revolutionary technologies that will enable the construction of highly capable and agile spacecraft in the 21st century.
		While delaying the start of a follow-on GOES program saves funds in the near term, it also incurs a significant measure of risk, in that NOAA, as a result, may have to procure more of the continuation series type of satellite farther into the future, delaying the opportunity to adopt an improved design.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/report/gao/ai97037.htm (13842 words)

	GOES POES Program :: POES Project History
		TIROS I (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was the first attempt to determine the effectiveness of a meteorological observation satellite system in providing detailed and accurate data that could be used in weather analysis and forecasting.
		The TIROS program was a cooperative effort of NASA, NOAA (known as ESSA, Environmental Science Services Administration, at that time), the United Kingdom, and France.
		The program tested several configurations and the satellites eventually carried a variety of sensors, in addition to the television cameras that served as the main sensors on TIROS I. The success of the program lead to the development of an improved series of satellites called the Improved TIROS Operational System (ITOS).
	goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov /poes/project/history.html (364 words)

	GPN-2003-00028 - Television Infrared Observation Satellite TIROS
		TIROS was NASA's first experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful to study the Earth.
		The first priority of the TIROS program was the development of a meteorological satellite information system.
		The first TIROS was launched on April 1, 1960, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and was operational for 78 days.
	grin.hq.nasa.gov /ABSTRACTS/GPN-2003-00028.html (116 words)

	ch4
		Tiros M was a research and development satellite that paved the way for NOAAs 1 through 5, the improved TOS system.
		Tiros N, representing the third generation, was orbitted in 1978, bringing to eight the number of Tiros satellites launched in 1969-1978.
		The Nimbus program, approved in 1959 as NASA's second-generation meteorology satellite program, was operationally successfully concluded in 1978 with the launch of the last of seven polar-orbiting satellites.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4012/vol3/ch4.htm (10195 words)

	TIROS (Television Infrared Observation System)
		It began with 10 experimental spacecraft, TIROS 1 to 10, launched between 1960 and 1965, which represented the first generation of American weather satellites.
		This gave way to the ITOS (Improved TIROS), beginning with TIROS-M and continuing with five satellites of the same design with the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) designation-NOAA having by this time absorbed ESSA and taken over management of the TIROS program.
		TIROS 1-10, ESSA 1-2, and ESSA 9 were launched from Cape Canaveral, while ESSA 3-8, TIROS-M, TIROS-N, and NOAA 1-16 were launched from Vandenberg.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/TIROS.html (262 words)

	GEO World - Apr 2003 - NASA Explores Our Ever-Changing Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Although the effectiveness of satellite observations was still unproven, TIROS was a success, providing the first accurate weather forecasts based on data gathered from space.
		TIROS began continuous coverage of Earth's weather in 1962, and meteorologists soon used it worldwide.
		Moreover, the program's groundbreaking research with myriad instrument types and orbital configurations led to the development of more sophisticated meteorological observation satellites.
	www.geoplace.com /gw/2003/0304/0304nsa.asp (725 words)

	Spaceflight :Meteorological Satellites
		TIROS II was the first meteorological satellite to have infra-red sensors as well as television cameras.
		Named “TIROS” for Television Infrared Observation Satellite, this was NASA's first experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth and whether they could continue operating for an extended period of time.
		The first series of TIROS satellites was followed by a series that began with the October 1978 launch of TIROS-N, an experimental spacecraft that served as a model for the operational follow-on series: NOAA-6 through NOAA-17.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/metsats/SP35.htm (1769 words)

	SAT SEASONS -- TIROS
		Between 1960 and 1965, nine more satellites were launched in the TIROS program.
		ITOS (Improved TIROS Operational System) satellites were the second series of TIROS operational satellites.
		Their predecessors, the TOS (TIROS Operational System) satellites represented a step up from a research and development phase into a fully operational program.
	www.nasm.si.edu /exhibitions/lae/script/sv_tiros.htm (341 words)

	Overview and History of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
		Within the year, the program was transferred to the newly formed National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), with the U.S. Weather Bureau designated to provide satellite instrumentation, data reduction, and analysis of observations.
		TIROS was placed into orbit in April 1960, and TIROS-2 followed soon thereafter.
		From the time that DMSP was declassified in 1973, proposals were periodically made to merge the program with the civilian meteorological satellite program managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2005/02.html (2480 words)

	NOAA History - NOAA Legacy/Agency History/NOAA History
		The history of weather satellites like TIROS actually trace their history back to the 1950's when scientists like the Weather Bureau's Dr. Harry Wexler began to push for the development of satellites for weather studies and measurements.
		This "TIROS" program was transferred to NASA in April 1959.
		Additional polar-orbiting TIROS research satellites were launched over the next several years to test new camera lenses and transmission techniques.
	www.history.noaa.gov /legacy/noaahistory_6.html (1450 words)

	[10.0] Foundations Of Unmanned Space Technology
		TIROS 1 returned images for two and a half months from low polar Earth orbit, too short a time to make it a useful operational system, but long enough to prove the concept.
		Of course, there was no way that TIROS as it stood at the time would have been particularly useful for reconnaissance: the program was rooted in military studies, and if the technology had actually been useful for reconnaissance at the time, NASA would have never got their hands on it.
		The committee concluded that the Air Force was leaking information on the Samos and Corona programs to help further their status as a "space force", and that the program should be assigned to a new office that reported directly to the Secretary of the Air Force, a civilian.
	www.vectorsite.net /tamrc_10.html (7364 words)

	APOD: 2000 April 1 - Planet Earth From TIROS 1: First TV Image (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		equipped with two TV cameras, TIROS 1 was operational for only 78 days but demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring planet Earth's cloud cover and weather patterns from space.
		TIROS satellites eventually began continuous coverage in 1962 and enabled accurate worldwide weather forecasts and alerts.
		Above is the first TIROS TV image, taken from an altitude of about 700 kilometers.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap000401.html (147 words)

	A History of U.S. Spacecraft: Studying other planets and the sun
		The Viking’s program’s objective was to place two spacecraft into orbit around the planet Mars, and then release a vehicle to land on the surface from each.
		The Voyager program was developed to conduct a scientific investigation of Jupiter and Saturn.
		TIROS 1 was launched in 1960 and TIROS 10 was launched in 1965, with 8 TIROS spacecraft launched between the two.
	www.davesite.com /spacecraft/planets.shtml (359 words)

	Tiros
		As a result the booster was low on velocity and heavy on propellant over much of its flight and ran an incredible 50 seconds longer than the nominal burn.
		The NOAA Advanced TIROS payload was designed with no direct communication with the booster, and unaware of the booster problem, at 375 sec after liftoff attempted to separate with the booster still firing.
		The NOAA polar orbit weather satellite, an Advanced Tiros N with a suite of imaging and sounding instruments.
	www.astronautix.com /project/tiros.htm (1208 words)

	TIROS I and TIROS II Ground Station
		ARPA's sponsorship was later transferred to NASA and when TIROS 1 was successfully launched on I April 1960, it was under the auspices of NASA.
		The Air Force Ballistic Missile Division was in charge of the launching vehicle and the operation of a ground terminal at Hawaii; the Signal Corps was responsible for the payload and the operation of a ground terminal at Fort Monmouth.
		TIROS-I was launched on April 1, 1960 and was operational for only 78 days, but proved that satellites could be a useful tools for surveying global weather conditions from space.
	www.infoage.org /tiros1-2.html (1296 words)

	Wikinfo \| Unmanned space mission
		ESA has, however, launched various spacecraft to carry out astronomy, and is a collaborator with NASA on the Hubble space telescope.
		Mars Surveyor '98 program (Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander)
		Voyager program - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune flyby
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Space_probe (306 words)

	Explanation of Weather Satellites - by Steve W. Woodruff
		TIROS is an acronym for Television Infrared Observation Satellites.
		Originally sent up to replace TIROS, scientists ended up using the NIMBUS satellites to test new remote sensing techniques as well as to sense the radiative surfaces of Earth's land masses, oceans, and atmosphere.
		TIROS set the stage for ESSA series by showing the scientific community that atmospheric observations from space were invaluable to weather prediction, while NIMBUS was paving new ways of collecting data.
	www.piercecollege.edu /offices/weather/satellites.html (1960 words)

	Space Politics: More milspace woes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The article primarily focuses on aviation, not space, programs, but it's clear that space is weighing on the minds of many planners at the Pentagon.
		Looking back at the schedule and for Tiros and other previous weather satellites, one can see why they are shorter and cheaper in that their missions were more direct and focused than NPOESS.
		Although it was a relatively quick development program by today's standards, the early Tiros benefitted from a long technology development program.
	www.spacepolitics.com /archives/000714.html (2002 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 14-4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Greater discussion of the Nimbus program, including a table listing the various instruments used in the series still flying, expounds upon its accomplishments.
		The first eight TIROS maintained orientation by spinning at 12 revolutions/minute, which limited the time during which the camera pointed at Earth.
		Both the TIROS and Nimbus programs were initiated by NASA.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /Sect14/Sect14_4.html (1503 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The TIROS program was very successful and provided the first precise weather forecasts based on data gathered from space.
		In 1964, NASA developed the NIMBUS Program for the research required by atmospheric and earth scientists.
		The NIMBUS satellites were first launched in 1964, and they carried a number of instruments, including one capable of mapping the extent of the ozone hole.
	scope.educ.washington.edu /keystones/timeline/entry.php?ID=52 (652 words)

	[No title]
		The TIROS program is a cooperative effort of NOAA, NASA, the United Kingdom, Canada and France for providing day and night environmental and associated data on a daily basis.
		The primary command and data acquisition (CDA) stations are located in Fairbanks, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Va. The CDA stations transmit command programs to the satellite, acquire and record meteorological and engineering data from the spacecraft.
		The TIROS program is a cooperative effort of NASA, NOAA, the United Kingdom and France to provide day and night global environmental and associated data for operational purposes on a daily basis.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/status/r91-72 (1803 words)

	GIS, CAD, and mapping daily news provided by Spatial News
		TIROS spacecraft provide around-the-clock, global meteorological and environmental data for more than 140 nations and have provided continuous service since the first spacecraft was launched on April 1, 1960.
		TIROS and DMSP data are routinely made available to news outlets and television networks when reporting on hurricanes and other natural disasters.
		The program is led by the Air Force and also serves the Army and Navy.
	spatialnews.geocomm.com /dailynews/2001/may/03/news9.html (2254 words)

	Return to selections:
		The story of TIROS begins with studies done in the late 1940's and early 1950's, both classified and unclassified, that discussed the feasibility of satellites observing the Earth’s weather, also known as meteorological satellites.
		A third station, located at the RCA plant in Hightstown, New Jersey, where the TIROS were built, served as a backup and for engineering.
		The designations may not be in numerical or alphabetical sequence, e.g., TIROS D is also known as A-9.
	www.spacecraftnames.info /t.html (4914 words)

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