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	Tirthankara statues at Shatrunajaya
		The word Tirthankara is a title given to the (mostly mythical) enlightened sages of Jainism; it means 'ford maker' and indicates a being or deity who has bridged, or forded, the mundane and spiritual worlds and can thereby assist human beings in the same realization.
		Tirthankaras are similar to the Avatars of Hinduism in that their function is to instruct and inspire humankind while protecting the world from demonic forces.
		The primary Siddha-kshetras of the Jains are the five sacred mountains of Shatrunajaya in Gujarat, Girnar in Saurashtra, Sametshikhara in eastern Bihar, Mt. Abu in Rajasthan, and Astapada, a mythical mountain of the center of the universe.
	www.sacredsites.com /asia/india/shatrunajaya.html (762 words)

	Jain Tirthankara you may already know this but.... (message 00269)
		Jain Tirthankara you may already know this but....
		Subject: Jain Tirthankara you may already know this but....
		A Tirthankara is a person who has reached spiritual perfection, in the
	aboutstone.org /conversa/arc011/msg00269.html (265 words)

	Significance of Jainism
		Tirthankara Mahavira recognized the division of society into four classes but based them on the nature of activities carried out by the people and not on the basis of their birth.
		Thus Tirthankara Mahavira's opposition was to the priestly class of Brahmans and to the several tactics employed by them, for the exploitation of the common masses, by managing to keep the masses virtually ignorant and entirely dependent on the favors of the priests.
		Tirthankara Mahavira always showed this attitude of equality towards women and admitted them freely into his ascetic order, no matter whether the candidates for admission were royal consorts, members of the aristocracy, and those belonging to the common run of society.
	www.jainworld.com /jainbooks/antiquity/signjain.htm (4895 words)

	Knowledge King - Tirthankara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In Jainism, a Tirthankara ("Fordmaker") is a human who achieved enlightenment, became a Jina, and whose religious teachings have formed the canon of Jainism; although not Gods, statues of Tirthankaras are found in temples.
		Each Tirthankara is associated with an animal, object, or other such symbol.
		All the Tirthankaras are said to have been princes, who adopted asceticism; except for the 19
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/t/ti/tirthankara.html (121 words)

	Tirthankara -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Each Tirthankara is associated with an (A living organism characterized by voluntary movement) animal, (A tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow) object, or other such (An arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance) symbol.
		Tirthankaras are so-named because they were the founders of "tirtha".
		All the Tirthankaras are said to have been princes, who adopted (Rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint) asceticism; except for the 19
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/ti/tirthankara.htm (215 words)

	HereNow4U Edition 2 - Tirthankara
		Tirthankara (Prakrit: Tirtha = ford), also called Jina (victor, winner or conqueror), literally meaning 'ford-maker', who (re-)establishes the religion and the Sangh (the four fold order/community of ascetics and lay followers).
		The day when a tirthankara was born, got diksha, atteined omniscience and got liberation from the cycle of rebirth, is given in lunar days, so called tithis.
		In Jainism a Tirthankara (he or she) is a liberated soul who has attained omniscience and guides the souls to the opposite shores of the ocean of the world to save them from the cycles of repeated earth existences (rebirth).
	www.herenow4u.de /Pages/eng/Glossary/Tirthankara.htm (168 words)

	JAINISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Tirthankaras, Kulakaras and their loyal followers and believers have been contributing much to the evolution of Indian culture in all significant fields of literature since its inception.
		A Tirthankara is one who built a passage through the ocean of births and founded the four Tirthas, the orders of monks, nuns, male and female followers.
		Tirthankara Parsvanatha is undoubtedly a historic personage who flourished 250 years earlier than Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara of the present evolutionary cycle, or Nigantha Nataputta of Paii literature.
	www.jaintirths.com /general/jainism.htm (2209 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On the pillars are carved the heavenly attendants of the Tirthankaras and mythological figures of the Indian culture.
		You also find the statues of heavenly attendants of the Tirthankara, who encourage the devotees for worship of the Tirthankaras and protect them from devil powers and if they are pleased they are capable of giving the material rewards to the devotees.
		Tirthankara) and Ambika (heavenly attendant of 22nd Tirthankara).
	www.jaincentre.com /temple.htm (1283 words)

	Shubhlabh.net - Shri Samet Shikhar Tirth
		Twenty Tirthankaras of the preset group of twenty- four tirthnkaras and a number of Tirthankaras of the past groups of twenty- four Tirthankaras, attained salvation on this holy land.
		With blessings of the goddess, Khushaldas built small temples of foot idols of these twenty Tirthankaras, a large temple named jalmandir, the Kothi dharmashala at the Madhuvan foot of the hill, the temple of Bhomiyadev and the seven temples of shamaliyaji Parshvanath and others.
		In the temples, there are foot-idols of twenty- four Tirthankaras and Gautam Swami attained salvation on the fifth hill in the city of Rajagrahi.
	www.shubhlabh.net /sametshikhar.html (2031 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - Jain History
		Tirthankaras were not founders of any religion, but great omniscient teachers who lived at various times in man's cultural history.
		Each new tirthankara preaches the same basic Jain philosophy, but they give the Jain way of life subtly different forms in order to suit the age and the culture in which they teach.
		Svetambara Jains believe that tirthankaras can be men or women, and say that Malli began her life as a Princess; but Digamber Jains believe that women can't be tirthankaras and that Malli was a man.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/religions/jainism/history/index.shtml (805 words)

	HERE-NOW4U :Bruhn :Jaina Ethics - Avashyaka II
		The Tirthankaras ("they who created the tirthaor path toward release from worldly existence") or Jinas ("the victors") are the founders of the Jaina religion.
		The last or twenty-fourth Tirthankara is known under the name or rather title of "Mahavira" ("Great Hero"); he was a contemporary of the Buddha (both men were teaching between 450 and 350 AD and both lived in Bihar in Northern India).
		According to the church authorities, a Tirthankara was never more than a spiritual guide, and even this was limited to his mundane existence.
	www.here-now4u.de /eng/avashyaka2.html (397 words)

	Chapman University - Schweitzer Institute - Reverence for Life - Jainism and Ethics
		The tirthankara is one who has discovered for all humans the place to ford the stream — the stream of unending striving, suffering and reincarnation.
		The absolute self-sufficiency of the tirthankara is the result of an intentional withdrawal from the world, physically as well as psychologically, into a state of total imperturbability.
		The Sthanakavasi reformers declared that statues of the tirthankaras were idolatrous, and condemned the ornateness of the Jain temples and rituals.
	www.chapman.edu /schweitzerInstitute/revRead/jainism.asp (8163 words)

	[No title]
		Twenty-four Tirthankaras are born during this descending part of the time cycle (Avasarpini Kaal) of this region (Bharat Kshetra) of the universe.
		Generally a Tirthankara is born when the religion is at its depression state.
		All Tirthankaras and ordinary-kevalis destroy their remaining Aghati karmas, and attain liberation at the end of their present life.
	www.angelfire.com /co/jainism/jaingods.html (821 words)

	Jain History
		Mahavira is considered the founder because he is the tirthankara that has come in an age closest to our own.
		Mahavira, the tirthankara of the current age had come to teach the way to enlightenment.
		The word for word teaching of Mahavira was recorded in the sacred text known as the Purvas which was lost after the death of the ascetic Badrabahu, the last of the scripturally omniscient ones.
	religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu /nrms/world/jains/history.htm (880 words)

	[No title]
		Lord Mahavir was the twenty-fourth and the last Tirthankara of the Jain religion.
		According to Jain philosophy, all Tirthankaras were born as human beings but they have attained a state of perfection or enlightenment through meditation and self realization.
		The idols of twenty-four Tirthankaras in the temple are the same because they represent the quality and virtues of Tirthankaras not the physical body.
	www.angelfire.com /co/jainism/mahavir.html (1115 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Seeing the Divine at the Met
		This work is a seated Jain Tirthankara, who, like Buddha originates in India, but the Jain faith has some pretty significant differences from the teachings of Buddhism.
		The founder of Jainism, Mahavira, was born in 599 B.C. and was an elder contemporary of Siddhartha Guatama (the Buddha), and in Buddhist scriptures he is referred as Nataputra.
		The purposes of the Jain Tirthankara and Rodin's "Hand of God" are significantly different, yet offer the viewer some commonalities like the usage of white marble.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-10-17/23817.html (1362 words)

	Historicity of the Jaina Tradition
		In the fourth age, the conditions greatly deteriorated since nature was not benevolent as before and conflicts among men had begun to appear and the Kulakaras, in succession, as the earliest leader of men, tried to improve the conditions in their own simple ways.
		Thus it is now an accepted fact that Mahavira (599-527 B.C.) was the last Tirthankara or prophet of Jaina religion and that he preached the religion which was promulgated in the 8th century B.C. by his predecessor Parsvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara.
		Parsvanatha, the son of king Viavasena and queen Vamadevi of the kingdom of Kasi, led the life of an ascetic, practiced severe penance, obtained omniscience, became a Tirthankara propagated Jaina religion and attained nirvana or salvation at Sammed Shikhar, i.e., Parsvanatha as a historical personage and a preacher of Jaina religion.
	www.jainworld.com /jainbooks/antiquity/thojntrad.htm (796 words)

	Jainism Resource Center - Articles
		Neminatha, the 22nd Tirthankara of the Jains, was the son of Samudra Vijaya and grandson of Andhakavrishni.
		The writers of the Jain scriptures say that Tirthankara Neminatha was the master of Krishna.1 Now the question arises whether Neminatha and Ghora Angirasa a are the names of the same individual.
		The length of the life and the height of the Tirthankaras are in proportion to the length of the interval.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/article/antiquity.htm (4982 words)

	Tirthankara -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		His predecessor, Parsvanatha, lived about 250 years earlier; the other Tirthankaras mentioned in the Jaina scriptures cannot be considered historical figures.
		Veneration of the Holy Tirthankaras is viewed in terms of purifying the devotee morally, as these...
		Mahavira is believed to be the last in a series of 24 Tirthankaras in the first age of the world.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9072615 (539 words)

	JAINISM - Hindu Influences
		Popularly, Mahavira who was the last Jaina Tirthankara is confounded to be the founder of this faith.
		The 23rd Tirthankara was Parshwanath who though not as famous as Mahavira is still widely remembered among the Jains.
		One instance of such worship is that of the image of the Bahubali who was the son of Rishabha Deva, the first tirthankara.
	www.hindubooks.org /sudheer_birodkar/hindu_history/jainism.html (1862 words)

	WELCOME: WWW.JAINSAMAJ.ORG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This first Tirthankara (literally "maker of the river-crossing") is said to have invented cooking, writing, pottery, painting, and sculpture, the institution of marriage and ceremonies for the dead.
		All of the Tirthankaras were Kshatriyas, and Arishtanemi was the son of King Ashvasena of Varanasi (Benares) and cousin of Krishna, who is supposed to have lived during the great Bharata war probably about 900 BC.
		However, when Arishtanemi discovered the great number of deer and other animals to be sacrificed at his wedding, he changed his mind to prevent their slaughter, brooded over the cruelty and violence of human society, and soon renounced the world to seek and find enlightenment.
	jainsamaj.org /literature/sutra.htm (3353 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Tirthankaras are those who have achieved enlightenment and their teachings form the basis of Jain belief.
		It is said that all of the Tirthankaras were princes who adopted asceticism (the renunciation of joy, sorrow, and worldly pleasures), but the Svetambaras believe that the nineteenth Tirthankara, Malli or Mallinath, was a woman.
		Of the twenty-four Tirthankaras, Mahavira is known as the father of Jainism, but it should be pointed out that he was more of a reformer.
	students.etsu.edu /zdls33/jainism.doc (2614 words)

	Hamara News.com - The best place for latest India news
		He was the twenty-fourth Tirthankara (saint), 'the ones who lead to the other shore'.
		The tirthankaras are jinas (victors) and their followers, the Jains or the sons of victors.
		The 22nd and 23rd tirthankaras were: Nemi and Parshva.
	www.hamaranews.com /jainism.jsp (240 words)

	JAINISM - URDAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Rishabnath is known as Adinath, Pushpadanta is known as Suvidhinath, Mahavir, is known as Vardhamana, Veer, Ativeer and Sanmati.
		It is believed that the 22nd Tirthankara, Neminath was the Lord Krishna's cousin.
		Unlike this, a Tirthankara is any common man who rises to the state of Godliness.
	www.urday.com /jain1.htm (387 words)

	TIRTHANKARA MAHAVIRA
		Among these, the Jaina Tirthankaras of ancient India were the foremost in showing to suffering humanity the 'ahimsa' way of life and peaceful coexistence, not only by precept but by their own practice and conduct.
		And, for the remaining thirty years of his life, like the foregoing twenty-three Tirthankaras, last of them being Parshvanath (877-777 B.C.), he journeyed on foot the length and breadth of the country and with untiring energy incessantly showed to the suffering humanity the Path of liberation both by example and precept.
		At the same time he was one of those great teachers of marking through whom the problem of the perfection of man came to be recognized as the highest achievement for progressive humanity.
	www.jainworld.com /jainbooks/images/21/TIRTHANKARA_MAHAVIRA.htm (1731 words)

	Jainism Literature Center - Articles
		It is an established face that Mahavira’s parents were the followers of Lord Parshva, the 23rd Tirthankara of the Jainas.
		It is also a face that there were some of the followers of Parshva who did not accept Mahavira as their tirthankara in the beginning but later on accepted his authority.
		As regards Mahavira himself, we know from the tradition that he was the last tirthankara of this age.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/article/mahavira3.htm (1094 words)

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