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	Tissue engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering materials, and suitable biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
		Probably the first definition of tissue engineering was by Langer and Vacanti who stated it to be "an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ".
		Usually the tissue is minced, and then digested with the enzymes trypsin or collagenase to remove the extracellular matrix that holds the cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tissue_engineering (2428 words)

	Tissue Engineering
		Tissue engineering uses synthetic or naturally derived, engineered biomaterials to replace damaged or defective tissues, such as bone, skin, and even organs.
		Among the potential economic benefits from advanced tissue engineering technologies, reduced costs due to the availability of less expensive treatments for major medical problems is obvious, but indirect savings and dramatic improvements in treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients may prove to be even more important.
		An "artificial pancreas" created by tissue engineering that reproduces the instantaneous response of the normal pancreas to changing glucose levels would dramatically lower the occurrence of these secondary illnesses and, not incidentally, dramatically improve the lives of diabetes sufferers.
	www.atp.nist.gov /focus/tissue.htm (1194 words)

	Tissue engineering involves the use of living cells to develop biological substitutes for tissue replacements
		Tissue engineering involves the use of living cells to develop biological substitutes for tissue replacements.
		Loss of human tissue or organ is a devastating problem for a patient and family.
		The term ‘tissue engineering’ was officially coined at a National Science Foundation workshop in 1988 to mean the application of principles and methods of engineering and life sciences toward fundamental understanding of structure-function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissues and the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain or improve tissue function.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Projects00/tissue/tissue.htm (604 words)

	Frontiers of Tissue Engineering
		A new era of tissue engineering, rooted in the fusion of material science, stem cell biology, and micro- and nanotechnology, is fostering fundamental advances that will enable applications in trauma medicine and implantable medical devices, as well as improve capabilities for developing replacement organs.
		Engineered cells and tissues are being used in drug target discovery and validation in vitro; their development is also furthering knowledge in physiology, morphogenesis, and cell biology.
		In conjunction with the “Frontiers of Tissue Engineering” symposium, there will be a poster session designed for students and postdoctoral fellows of Harvard University labs and research groups to present their work to an audience of science and medical experts and scholars from Harvard, area hospitals, and other universities and institutions.
	www.radcliffe.edu /events/conferences/2006_tissue.php (604 words)

	Bob Dennis Muscle Tissue Engineering
		Though muscle tissue performs many functions for the body, some arising from the emergent properties of muscle cells organized into whole muscle organs, such as heat generation and protein synthesis, the most basic definition of muscle tissue function is the generation of controlled force, work, and power.
		For chronic stimulation in a bioreactor, or for use in a robotic or prosthetic application, the tissue excitability will be the dominant term when calculating the electrical power consumption during electrical stimulation of the tissue.
		Thus, it is critical to improve the excitability of engineered skeletal muscle tissue if the tissue is ever to be exposed to chronic electrical stimulation in culture, or if it is to function as a robotic or prosthetic actuator.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bobden/muscle_tissue_engineering.html (1324 words)

	Tissue Engineering
		Tissue engineering integrates discoveries from biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, genetics, material science and biomedical engineering to produce innovative three dimensional composites having structure/function properties that can be used either to replace or correct poorly functioning components in humans or animals or to introduce better functioning components into these living systems.
		When used in vitro, tissue engineered composites will be useful for required safety and efficacy tests of potential new drugs and also may contribute to an understanding of genetic or environmental factors which may be responsible for the onset of diseases.
		Tissue Engineering seeks to replace damaged or non-functioning tissues and organs with human and animal equivalents.
	www.atp.nist.gov /press/97-07ts.htm (4114 words)

	Engineering Human Tissues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		George posed many questions concerning as to why engineer tissues, what a tissue is, and the concept of a tissue engineered lung.
		Another aspect of why engineering tissues could increase the quality of life is that we would then be able to create artificial skin, a living skin equivalent, which would be of interest to burn patients.
		The conclusion to his research was that we would be able to use an in-vitro tissue engineered model to study ECM modeling and to understand epithelial-fibroblast interactions.
	www.unr.edu /chemengr/che101/tissues.htm (473 words)

	Tissue engineering - Nature Biotechnology
		Tissue and organ failure, produced as a result of injury or other type of damage, is a major health problem, accounting for about half of the total annual expenditure in health care in the US Treatment options include transplantation (human or xenotransplantation), surgical repair, artificial prostheses, mechanical devices, and in a few cases, drug therapy.
		Tissue engineering is emerging as a significant potential alternative or complementary solution, whereby tissue and organ failure is addressed by implanting natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic tissue and organ mimics that are fully functional from the start, or that grow into the required functionality.
		Chondrocytes are constituents of cartilagenous tissue, and the possibility of generating them in a controlled fashion creates possibilities for the development of appropriate cartilage tissue for surgical procedures.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nbt/journal/v18/n10s/full/nbt1000_IT56.html (2344 words)

	Tissue Engineering Designed to Help Spine Surgery Patients
		In tissue engineering, synthetic compounds are used to augment patients' living tissue.
		For example, replacing bone grafts used in spinal fusion surgery with an engineered substance is under study at the biomaterials research laboratory at the Orthopaedic Rehabilitation and Engineering Center (OREC).
		The goal is to engineer bone graft substitutes that stimulate bone healing while performing well from a mechanical and biological standpoint.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/982086399.html (683 words)

	Engineering Human Tissue
		Tissue engineers, the subject of this article, are people that design and build bioartificial organs among other things.
		Robert Langer and Joseph Vacanti, among the visionary fathers of tissue engineering, imagine a future in which severed limbs could be fully regenerated, failed organs could be replaced with living, laboratory generated equivalents, blindness could be cured with microelectronic vision chips, and fetuses could be brought to term in artificial wombs.
		Tissue engineering innovations are regulated frequently as "medical devices" which means they have to be analyzed in terms of the 528 pages of federal guidance which pertain to such devices in the Code of Federal Regulations.
	members.aol.com /salaned/writings/engineer.htm (5044 words)

	Tissue Engineering Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Based on pioneering tissue engineering research currently under way at Massachusetts General Hospital, another option may become available to patients requiring a replacement heart valve in the not-too-distant future: valves grown from the patient's own cells through tissue engineering.
		Tissue engineering, pioneered by Joseph P. Vacanti, MD, Director of Massachusetts General Hospital's Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication Laboratory, is an emerging field in which cells from blood or an organ are used to regenerate new tissue.
		A collaborative research project between the Division of Cardiac Surgery and the Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication Laboratory has led to the creation of a tissue-engineered mitral valve, which is currently being evaluated in animals.
	www.massgeneral.org /cardiac/surgery/surgery/tissue.html (375 words)

	07/27/98 BIOTECH BODIES
		Tissue engineering offers the promise that failing organs and aging cells need no longer be tolerated--they can be rejuvenated or replaced with healthy cells and tissues grown anew.
		Tissue engineering, however, is driven by surgeons and engineers who are, by nature, most interested in a successful endpoint--and less so in how they got there.
		Lab-grown tissues are put through far more rigorous purification processes than donor organs to make sure that they don't carry diseases, but it still is impossible to be completely sure that a replacement organ won't cause as many problems as the original a few years, or decades, down the line.
	www.businessweek.com /1998/30/b3588001.htm (3242 words)

	:: BME :: Research Pathways :: SUNYSB ::
		Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field which applies the principles of biology and engineering to the development of viable substitutes which restore, maintain, or improve the function of human tissues.
		This form of therapy differs from standard drug therapy in that the engineered tissue becomes integrated within the patient, affording a potentially permanent and specific cure of the disease state.
		Tissue engineering integrates discoveries from biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, genetics, material science and biomedical engineering to produce innovative three dimensional composites having structure/function properties that can be used to either replace or correct damaged, missing, or poorly functioning components in living systems.
	www.bme.sunysb.edu /bme/research/path_tissue.html (289 words)

	December 2001: The mechanics of tissue engineering
		Tissues created by these methods might be the patient’s own genetically, or they could be composed of cells from another donor.
		According to a study performed in 1993 by tissue engineers Joseph Vacanti (Children’s Hospital, Boston) and Robert Langer (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 8 million surgeries are performed annually in the United States to treat tissue loss and organ failure.
		According to Vincent Li, a tissue engineering expert and director of the angiogenesis and wound-healing clinic at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Apligraf is a living skin equivalent.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i12/html/12brownlee.html (2197 words)

	Biomaterials&Tissue Engineering Research, BME@Case
		Molecular to cellular to tissue level research allows for an udnerstanding of the underlying biological mechanisms which leads to biomimetic materials development.
		Biomimetic tissue engineering; innovative biomaterials and drug delivery vehicles for functional tissue regeneration and cancer therapy; control of stem cell differentiation; mechanotransduction and the influence of mechanics on cell and tissue function.
		Tissue engineered epithelia; pre-vascularized polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering; directed stem cell differentiation; novel stimuli responsive biomaterials for gene and drug delivery; systems biology approaches to the identification of angiogenic factors.
	bme.case.edu /research/biomaterials.html (304 words)

	ScienceDaily: Self-assembling Proteins Could Help Repair Human Tissue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tissue engineers use hydrogels, which are macromolecular networks immersed in an aqueous environment, to provide a framework or scaffold upon which to grow cells.
		For one thing, tissue engineers would not have to do complex chemistry work to prepare a hydrogel for each specific application; his hydrogels form spontaneously upon mixing with water.
		Tissue engineering -- Tissue engineering can perhaps be best defined as the use of a combination of cells, engineering materials, and suitable biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions in an effort to...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/03/040329080558.htm (1794 words)

	Tissue Engineering -- Biotechnology Stocks
		Tissue engineering can perhaps be best defined as the use of a combination of
		MacArthur and Oreffo (as cited in "References") defined tissue engineering as "understanding the principles of tissue growth, and applying this to produce functional replacement tissue for clinical use." A typical tissue engineering solution consists of a number of parts as alluded to above.
		Biomedical engineering is a closely related (and often regarded as parental) field.
	www.edinformatics.com /biotechnology/tissue_engineering.htm (393 words)

	Standards and Measurement Methods for Tissue Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As part of an initiative on tissue engineering, NIST research chemist Henry Rodriguez examines human cells in a flask containing a special growth medium.
		Tissue engineering is a relatively new field that involves using matrices of synthetic or natural polymers as "scaffolding" for growing human skin or other tissues.
		NIST researchers are working to identify biomarkers and to develop standards and other measurement technologies necessary for the biotechnology and medical industry to ensure the safety and viability of tissue engineered materials.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/gallery/tisseng.htm (138 words)

	PAR-06-504: Enabling Technologies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (R01)
		The overall goal is to engineer functional tissues in vitro for implantation in vivo or to foster tissue regeneration directly in vivo, with the purpose of replacing, repairing, preserving, or enhancing organ function lost due to disease, injury, or aging, or for use as 3D tissue model system for drug development.
		Tissue engineering usually involves a porous scaffold that accommodates cells, guiding their growth and differentiation in 3D.
		Although some advances have been made in developing methodologies, such as imaging, to track stem cell fate and allow the assessment of engineered constructs, in vitro and in vivo, in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner, robust technologies to non-invasively monitor the engineered tissues both in vitro and after implantation in real-time are still lacking.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-06-504.html (9628 words)

	Tissue Engineering - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Tissue Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		To improve those odds, tissue engineers are trying to harness the power of stem cells by designing three-dimensional plastic molds, called scaffolds or matrices, that resemble organs or body parts.
		But engineering complex structures such as arteries and heart valves, which are in great demand in the United States and elsewhere, remains a challenge.
		ROBERT LANGER, a professor of chemical and biomedical engineering at MIT, is one of the two fathers of tissue engineering.
	www.discover.com /issues/oct-05/features/tissue-engineering (1362 words)

	First Textbook on Tissue Engineering Defines Emerging Field at the Convergence of Engineering, Biology and Medicine
		Marking a milestone in the evolution of the field of tissue engineering, bioengineers with the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Jacobs School of Engineering have completed the first textbook on the subject.
		Tissue engineering combines basic biological sciences, engineering fundamentals, medicine and biotechnology in the study of tissue dynamics that coordinate tissue repair, replacement, and reconstruction.
		The book is targeted to instructors teaching senior-level and first-year graduate courses in tissue engineering; and to students researching tissue replacement and restorations as well as those working with primary and complex cell biology.
	ucsdnews.ucsd.edu /newsrel/science/TissueEBook.htm (369 words)

	Tissue-Engineering
		During the course of the last year societies in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine in Europe, North America and Asia have agreed to create one new society TERMIS (Tissue Engineerin...
		A new biotechnology area has emerged: human tissue engineering, which combines various aspects of medicine, cell and molecular biology, materials science and engineering, for the purpose of...
		Tissue engineering approaches for expanding, differentiating and engrafting embryonic or adult stem cells have significant potential for tissue repair but harnessing endogenous stem cell pop...
	www.tissue-engineering.net (173 words)

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