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Topic: Titer

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	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Titer
		A titer is a measurement of the amount or concentration of a substance in a solution.
		It usually refers to the amount of medicine or antibodies found in a patient's blood.
		Antibody titers can tell the doctor if the patient has immunity to diseases such as measles, small pox, and hepatitis.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/002328.htm (218 words)

	TITER TEST
		When testing vaccine titers in dogs, a veterinarian takes a blood sample from a dog and has the blood tested for the presence and strength of the dog’s immunological response to a viral disease.
		If the dog demonstrates satisfactory levels of vaccine titers, the dog is considered sufficiently immune to the disease, or possessing good “immunologic memory,” and not in need of further vaccination against the disease at that time.
		Dodds emphasizes that titer testing is not a “guess” at immunological response in a dog; when dealing with CDV and CDP, there is absolute correlation between certain high titer values and what is frequently referred to as “protection” from the diseases in question.
	www.canine-epilepsy-guardian-angels.com /titer_test.htm (2468 words)

	More on Vaccine Titer Testing
		Furthermore, protection as indicated by a positive titer result is not likely to suddenly drop-off unless an animal develops a medical problem such as cancer or receives high or prolonged doses of immunosuppressive drugs.
		The positive titer test result is fairly straightforward, but a negative titer test result is more difficult to interpret, because a negative titer is not the same thing as a zero titer and it doesn't necessarily mean that animal is unprotected.
		This is an important distinction, because for the clinically important distemper and parvovirus diseases of dogs, and panleukopenia of cats, a negative or zero antibody titer indicates that the animal is not protected against canine parvovirus and may not be protected against canine distemper virus or feline panleukopenia virus.
	www.kerryblues.info /HEALTH/TITERS.HTML (779 words)

	Raskattenclub
		In multi-cat households the "background" titer level is likely to be higher in a cat for FIP than it is is a one or two cat household, since exposure to coronavirus (the type of virus that causes FIP and other enteric infections in cats) is going to be more likely.
		A rising titer would be meaningful and a falling titer in the face of the illness worsening may be indicate a very bad short term prognosis.
		Titer levels above 1:3200 are usually considered to be sufficient to suspect FIP so you do have to take the titer seriously but this test is inaccurate enough that you should almost never base a diagnosis on titer alone.
	groups.msn.com /Raskattenclub/bloodtypes.msnw (1903 words)

	Titers
		A titer test does not and cannot measure immunity, because immunity to specific viruses is reliant not on antibodies, but on memory cells, which we have no way to measure.
		You can use a titer test about two weeks after vaccination to determine if the vaccination was effective in stimulating an immune response (in other words, if the animal was successfully immunized from the vaccine), but testing that same animal's titer years down the road doesn't really tell you anything new.
		The only other uses for titer tests in my opinion are to check immunization status on dogs with an unknown history, to provide documentation for legal purposes such as travel, or licensing in areas that accept rabies titers in lieu of rabies vaccination, to satisfy curiosity, or to provide peace of mind for pet owners.
	www.caberfeidh.com /Titers.htm (603 words)

	Titer Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When testing vaccine titers in dogs, a veterinarian takes a blood sample from a dog and has the blood tested for the presence and strength of the dog’s immunological response to a viral disease.
		If the dog demonstrates satisfactory levels of vaccine titers, the dog is considered sufficiently immune to the disease, or possessing good “immunologic memory,” and not in need of further vaccination against the disease at that time.
		Dodds emphasizes that titer testing is not a “guess” at immunological response in a dog; when dealing with CDV and CDP, there is absolute correlation between certain high titer values and what is frequently referred to as “protection” from the diseases in question.
	www.mountainsidedesigns.com /titer_test.htm (2476 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Health Illustrated Encyclopedia - Antibody titer
		In some situations your health care provider may check your antibody titer to see if you had a natural infection in the past (e.g., chickenpox) or to decide which immunizations you need.
		If your health care provider is testing to see if your immunization brought your antibody titer up to a preventive level, then that would be a given value determined by that immunization.
		If your health care provider is testing to see if your immunization brought your antibody titer up to a preventive level, an abnormal result would indicate that your body has not mounted an adequate response against the immunization, and you are not adequately protected from the disease.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003333.html (651 words)

	Discovery Health :: Medical Tests :: antibody titer
		The antibody titer detects and measures the amount of antibodies in the blood.
		One common function of the antibody titer is to detect antibodies that the body has made to fight off a certain disease.
		Another common function of the antibody titer is to see if the immune system is creating antibodies to a person's own body.
	health.discovery.com /encyclopedias/illnesses.html?article=1039 (817 words)

	Antibody Titer - Health Centers
		In some situations your health care provider may check your antibody titer to see if you had a natural infection in the past (e.g., chickenpox) or to decide which immunizations you need.
		If your health care provider is testing to see if your immunization brought your antibody titer up to a preventive level, then that would be a given value determined by that immunization.
		If your health care provider is testing to see if your immunization brought your antibody titer up to a preventive level, an abnormal result would indicate that your body has not mounted an adequate response against the immunization, and you are not adequately protected from the disease.
	www.wsoctv.com /encyclopedia/6865564/detail.html (874 words)

	Antech Diagnostics - Vaccine Titer Testing Information
		Titers do not distinguish between immunity generated by vaccination and/or exposure to the disease, although the magnitude of immunity produced just by vaccination is usually lower (see Notes below).
		Rechecking antibody titers can be performed annually, thereafter, or can be offered as an alternative to pet owners who prefer not to follow the conventional practice of annual boosters.
		With respect to rabies, titers are only accepted on a case-by-case basis, where a dog or cat has had a documented adverse reaction to previous vaccination or has some serious debilitating disease where vaccination would be unwise or unsafe.
	www.antechdiagnostics.com /petOwners/ownerNews/vacTiter.htm (454 words)

	Alternatives for Animal Health \| The Fallacy of Titer Tests
		A titer is a blood test that measures the amount of antibody in the blood to a given disease agent.
		So, for example, a parvo titer would show the amount of antibody against parvovirus that a dog has in her blood.
		And these antibodies are measurable as a "rising titer." In fact, the diagnosis of distemper is often confirmed by a titer that rises at least four-fold from the beginning of the disease process to several weeks later.
	alt4animals.com /vacc_fallacy.htm (947 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Antibody titer
		Antibody titer is a laboratory test that measures the presence and amount of antibodies in blood.
		The antibody level in the blood is a reflection of your past exposure to an antigen or to something that the body does not recognize as belonging to itself.
		If your health care provider is testing to see if your immunization brought your antibody titer up to a preventive level, an abnormal result would indicate that your body has not mounted an adequate response against the immunization, and you are not adequately protected from the disease.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003333.htm (705 words)

	Alternatives for Animal Health \| The Fallacy of Titer Tests
		A titer is a blood test that measures the amount of antibody in the blood to a given disease agent.
		So, for example, a parvo titer would show the amount of antibody against parvovirus that a dog has in her blood.
		And these antibodies are measurable as a "rising titer." In fact, the diagnosis of distemper is often confirmed by a titer that rises at least four-fold from the beginning of the disease process to several weeks later.
	www.alt4animals.com /vacc_fallacy.htm (947 words)

	AllRefer Health - Antibody Titer (Serum Antibodies, Titer - Antibodies) - Test/Medical Exams/Tests
		A test to measures the presence and amount of antibodies in blood against a particular type of tissue, cell, or substance.
		This leads to an immune response against that tissue type, cell, or substance that is part of the body.
		Levels of antibodies in the blood (also known as the antibody titer) are measured to determine:
	health.allrefer.com /health/antibody-titer-info.html (437 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Antibody Titer
		The antibody titer detects and measures the amount of antibodies in the blood.
		One common function of the antibody titer is to detect antibodies that the body has made to fight off a certain disease.
		The antibody titer also is useful in following the course of known or suspected infections or conditions.
	www.healthopedia.com /antibody-titer (574 words)

	ASO Titer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		High ASO titer means that the patient may not have gotten over strep, rheumatic fever, bladder infection, endocarditis, or scarlet fever.
		The titer is a laboratory assay for testing blood that looks for antibodies to ASO.
		Further diagnostic tests that may be helpful for evaluation of patients with elevated ASO titer would be an echocardiogram and/or x-ray of the chest.
	wghs.client.web-health.com /web-health/topics/GeneralHealth/generalhealthsub/generalhealth/immune&allergy/ASO_titer.html (678 words)

	Titer; Baltimore, Maryland MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A titer is a measurement of the amount or concentration of a substance in a solution.
		Antibody titers canï¿½tell the doctor if the patient has immunity to diseases such as measles, small pox, andï¿½ hepatitis.
		Medication titers can tell if a person is receiving too much medication.
	www.unionmemorial.org /14594.cfm (159 words)

	What is a titer?
		The "titer" of an antibody is a way of expressing the concentration of the antibody in your blood.
		The titer of an antibody is related to the number of times you can dilute a sample of blood and still detect the antibody.
		Here is an example of how the titer (concentration) of an antibody is determined.
	www.obfocus.com /questions/qanda5.htm (89 words)

	Vaccine Titer in Cats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A vaccine titer is a blood test that determines the presence of antibodies that develop in response to the vaccine.
		In order to perform a vaccine titer, your veterinarian must draw a blood sample, which is placed in a special glass tube.
		Is Sedation or Anesthesia Needed for a Vaccine Titer?
	www.petplace.com /cats/vaccine-titer-in-cats/page1.aspx (514 words)

	Amazon.com: titer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Effect of infrared treatment on the titers and the serum proteins in vaccinated birds Newcastle disease =: Vliyanie na ichl vrkhu titrite i beltchnite...
		Fluctuation in hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer in chicks inoculated with TCND Newcastle disease vaccine by Y Yamano (Unknown Binding - 1988)
		Action of ecdyson on Carcinus maenas L. and the crustecdyson titer during a cycle of molting (Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=titer&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (461 words)

	Recovery of Low Titer Stocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Amplifying low titer stock can be a little tricky.
		The most important determinant of success is the general vigor of the particular construct that you have.
		The best titer virus stock will be found in the well that grows a confluent or nearly confluent cell layer, but which is clearly inhibited relative to the control.
	www.baculovirus.com /protocols/lo_titer_recovery.htm (519 words)

	Bacteriophage Titer Analysis
		The purpose of this lab activity is to demonstrate a simple method for determining bacteriophage titer.
		By counting the number of plaques, and multiplying by the serial dilution factor, one can determine the titer, which is the number of phage particles in the original phage culture.
		A possible error in the titer can occur when more than one phage adsorbs onto a single bacterium or when two phages adsorb onto bacteria that are very close together and result in one plaque when there should have been two.
	www.waksmanfoundation.org /labs/rochester/bactertiter.htm (1401 words)

	TIter
		In exceptional cases, when the user is 100% sure nothing else is referencing the objects in the collection, one can delete all objects and the collection at the same time using the Delete() function.
		This involves allocating a new TIterator of the right sub class and assigning it with the original.
		This involves allocatiing a new TIterator of the right sub class and assigning it with the original.
	root.cern.ch /root/html/TIter.html (226 words)

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