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Topic: Titrant

	Titration
		A reagent, called the titrant, of known concentration and volume is used to react with a measured volume of reactant.
		Using a calibrated burette to add the titrant, it is possible to determine the exact amount that has been consumed when the endpoint is reached.
		If the concentration of the titrant is not known as mole/litre, it is better to convert it first.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ti/Titration.html (511 words)

	Titration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is classically a point at which the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in di- or tri- protic acids).
		In a titration, both titrant and analyte are required to be aqueous, or in a solution form.
		In monoprotic acids, the point halfway between the beginning of the curve (before any titrant has been added) and the equivalence point is significant: at that point, the concentrations of the two solutions (the titrant and the original solution) are equal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Titration (2606 words)

	Titrant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The titrant is the solution involved or used in a titration to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
		The titrant is usually the solution of known concentration that is delivered by a burette into a known quantity of the solution of unknown concentration.
		The volume of titrant used to reach the end point is termed the titre.
	www.monashscientific.com.au /Titrant.htm (58 words)

	Performing Titrations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The buret should be held nearly horizontally and rotated so that all of the inside surfaces are contacted by the titrant.
		Use a beaker with a spout or funnel to reduce the possibility of spilling titrant.
		Titrant should be added dropwise very close to the endpoint.
	acpcommunity.acp.edu /Facultystaff/genchem/GC2/lab/titrate/titrate3.htm (350 words)

	3
		Coulometric titrations are in many ways similar to volumetric titrations: the concentration of the titrant is equivalent to the generating current, and the volume of the titrant is equivalent to the generating time.
		The most straightforward options are those in which the titrant is produced as a result of (i) dissolution of electrode material or (ii) decomposition of the solvent at an inert electrode.
		The flux of the titrant at the counter electrode is rendered virtually zero on the basis of geometric and kinetic considerations.
	www.tau.ac.il /~advanal/CoulometricTitrations.htm (3069 words)

	1
		The titrant can be added (a) volumetrically, with a glass or automatic burette or with a low flow-rate pump, or (b) coulometrically, with an electrochemical generation from a proper electrolyte.
		The first few additions of titrant may be rather large, and when the potential begins to change rapidly, the size of the additions should be decreased.
		The exact amount of titrant used in a titration is calculated upon the value of flow rate of the pump and the time of titration.
	www.tau.ac.il /~advanal/TitrimetricMethodsOfAnalysis.htm (2692 words)

	Multitrator - Titration Excellence - thermometric titration enthalpimetric enthalpy titrimetry titrimetric analytical
		For every c molecules of titrant C added, p molecules of product P are produced as long as molecules of A are present in the system, and the kinetics of the reaction and the free energy change are such to allow the reaction to proceed immediately to completion.
		If the reaction of titrand A with titrant C is not complete near the endpoint, less heat will be evolved or consumed per unit of titrant C added, no matter how high the heat of reaction.
		The dilution of the titrant is usually the largest single contributor to the combined heats of dilution of the titrant and sample.
	www.multitrator.com /Thermometrictheory.htm (1448 words)

	Section 6.6.4
		Suggested combinations of titrant normality and sample volume for various ranges of alkalinity or ANC values are given in table 6.6-2.
		Purge the titrant through the delivery tube to ensure that no air bubbles or water are in the tube by holding the titrator with the cartridge tip up and turning the delivery knob to force a few drops of titrant through the end of the delivery tube.
		The actual inflection point is before the titrant volume corresponding to the maximum change in pH per unit volume of acid added; therefore, the correct value lies between 8.95 mL and the previous value, 8.90 mL.
	water.usgs.gov /owq/FieldManual/Chapter6/6.6.4.html (3309 words)

	Titrations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Usually the titrant is a known compound of known concentration while the titrand is an unknown.
		The titrant is placed in the buret and the volume noted on the graduations.
		Since the titrant and titrand are present in stoichiometric amounts one can calculate the quantity of titrand from the titrant by a stoichiometric conversion.
	home.att.net /~v.d.singleton/genchem/titratns.htm (3968 words)

	Performing the Titration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Again, you are concerned with the volume of titrant added to the flask, not the total volume of the flask, so the added water will not affect your calculations.
		Resume delivery of the titrant from the buret one drop at a time until you think you have reached the endpoint.
		If the volume of titrant needed in each case is not sufficiently close, more titrations can be performed until the desired precision is reached.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/lab/techniques/titration/perform.html (480 words)

	ChemLab - Techniques - Titration
		Use a wash bottle to rinse the sides of the flask and the tip of the buret, to be sure all titrant is mixed in the flask.
		Use this, the concentration of the titrant, and the stoichiometry of the titration reaction to calculate the number of moles of reactant in your analyte solution.
		Titration with a pH meter follows the same procedure as a titration with an indicator, except that the endpoint is detected by a rapid change in pH, rather than the color change of an indicator.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~chemlab/techniques/titration.html (497 words)

	CHP - Titration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The reagent is called the titrant and must either be prepared from a primary standard or be standardized versus a primary standard to know its exact concentration.
		The number of moles of analyte is calculated from the volume of reagent that is required to react with all of the analyte, the titrant concentration, and the reaction stoichiometry.
		The amount of titrant used in the titration is found by reading the volume of titrant in the buret before beginning the titration and after reaching the endpoint.
	www.chem.vt.edu /chem-ed/titration/titratn.html (429 words)

	Demonstration of the ChemEquilibria Applet: Curve-Fitting Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		and the molar concentration of ethylenediamine in the titrant.
		The first equivalence point occurs at 10.865 mL of titrant, indicating the concentration of the ethylenediamine is 0.01799 mole/L. Bear in mind that the en is doubly protonated at the first equivalence point.
		The titration object must also be created (to establish the correct titrant and sample solution), and it is necessary to establish that the titration data consists of the pH of the sample solution.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemEquilibria/CurveFit1.html (2089 words)

	ChemLab - Chemistry 3/5 - Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids - Procedure Overview
		Your titration of acetic acid will be done with a pH meter and a large volume of titrant, to observe the entire titration curve.
		Titrant can be added in larger aliquots between pH measurements.
		Add titrant in smaller portions in these regions, so you measure the titration curve as accurately as you can.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~chemlab/chem3-5/acid1/overview/procedure.html (541 words)

	SBU Chemistry Intro Lab Other Links
		This would seem to require emptying the buret completely (including the tip) to insure that the material with which the buret is subsequently filled is not diluted by any residual distilled water.
		Rinsing the buret with the titrant is a way to accomplish the same condition.
		In any even, it is essential that the titrant be mixed thoroughly with the solution being titrated throughout the titration.
	www.ic.sunysb.edu /Class/che133/techniques/buretuse.html (1225 words)

	Field & Laboratory Protocols: Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The titration time is minimized by the manual addition of titrant by the operator until the color of the sample is a very light yellow (almost clear).
		Our primary standard is about 0.025 N and the titrant about 0.05 N so you would need to add 400-600 µl of primary standard to equal the added titrant, plus approximately 100 µl to reach the manual addition end point.
		Record as V2 the sum of the volume at the equivalence point and the residual titrant from the first titration (this is equal to the total amount of titrant added minus the volume of titrant at the equivalence point).
	hahana.soest.hawaii.edu /hot/protocols/chap5.html (3481 words)

	[No title]
		In this case an appropriate detection system shall provide quantitative information on the amount of titrant bound to its target (analyte), thus allowing measurement of the binding isotherm, which represents the dependence of concentration of bound titrant on the concentration of tritrant in solution.
		Then titrant (ligand) is injected stepwise in the solution and the reference cell filled with a similar solution, but without analyte.
		Ultrasonic parameters of the solution are constantly monitored and the contribution of the titrant is subtracted using the reference cell data.
	www.ultrasonic-scientific.com /Products/TKA.htm (1123 words)

	unit02-sect03-les01-lessona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Recall that the equivalence point of a titration occurs when the amount of titrant added is just enough to neutralize the sample - neither the titrant nor the sample is in excess.
		An alternative to using an indicator during a titration is to measure the pH of a sample using a pH meter as the titrant is added in careful increments.
		A rise in the curve indicates that the titrant is a base while a decline shows that the titrant is an acid.
	www.cdli.ca /courses/chem3202/unit02/section03/lesson04/3-lesson-a.htm (1240 words)

	Experiment 5b
		One may purchase a standard titrant (at considerable expense) or one may prepare the titrant.
		If the titrant is prepared by the student, then the titrant must be standardized (analyzed to determine its concentration accurately and precisely).
		The "primary standard" used to standardize the titrant may be a solid or liquid.
	core.ecu.edu /chem/chemlab/exper5b/procedures.htm (632 words)

	Titration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Titration is a laboratory technique by which we can determine the concentration of an unknown reagent using a standard concentration of another reagent that chemically reacts with the unknown.
		Generally we know the Normality of the titrant since it is a standard solution.
		We then titrate with the standard from a buret into the container with the measured unknown and the chemical indicator until the indicator either turns color or a precipitate indicates that the end point or the equivalence point has been reached.
	members.aol.com /profchm/titrate.html (260 words)

	KODAK: H-24 Module 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The concentration of the analyte(s) being determined by titration can be calculated based on the volume of titrant used to reach the endpoint (also referred to as the equivalence point or break) of the titration.
		This situation is avoided in several bromide methods by the addition of more chloride to the sample before titration, to pull the chloride break away from the bromide break.
		When measuring titration blanks for a potentiometric analysis, the blank value to be subtracted from the sample titration should correspond to the volume of titrant required to titrate the titration matrix (containing everything except the analyte of interest being measured).
	kodak.com /US/en/motion/support/processing/h243/h2403ulm0003-1.shtml (2109 words)

	Quiz #5 Solutions Winter 1999
		In titrations, this is the other type that is commonly done: the standardization of the titrant against a primary standard.
		This then is the moles of titrant and from the known volume of titrant we can determine the concentration.
		The titration can't be of A or B, since the strong acid titrant at a concentration of 0.1 M would have started at pH = 1.
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /educmat/ips1200/quiz5_sol.html (635 words)

	Volumetric Analysis Simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The titrant chemical material, composing another liquid or solution is used to meet the objective above, by means of a chemical reaction that will present at least one observable change.
		Generally the burette is filled with the titrant, while the titrate is in the conical flask.
		Experimentally approximations are acceptable, they depend on the precision of the analytical balance used to prepare the solutions, on the precision of the volumetric vessels and on the stability of the temperature on the surroundings.
	www.tele.ed.nom.br /buret.html (418 words)

	Redox Titration and Animation
		The titrant solution in the buret is added to the sample solution in the flask.
		Now we are at the end point of the titration where enough titrant has been added from the buret to react with all of the reactant in the flask and the solution's color has changed slightly due to a slight excess of titrant.
		When any more titrant is added the color changes slightly and we are at the end point.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA3/MAIN/TITREDO/PAGE1.HTM (414 words)

	unit02-sect03-les01-lessona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In this example, the unknown will be the titrant, and the primary standard will be the sample.
		Add titrant to the sample by opening the stopcock of the buret while swirling the flask.
		and use the volume of titrant, the amount of the sample and the mole ratio to calculate the molar concentration of the titrant.
	www.cdli.ca /courses/chem3202/unit02/section03/lesson02/3-lesson-a.htm (912 words)

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