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Topic: Tiwanaku

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	Tiwanaku, Photo Gallery and Articles
		Tiwanaku influence is notable in the ceramic arts of a large portion of the Andes.
		Tiwanaku, one of the first empires in the Andes, displaced Pukara as the largest urban center in the basin.
		The Tiwanaku case study, with a very dynamic relationship between landscape and a complex society, presents a useful framework for modern questions regarding the relationship of changes in climate and environment and the survival and collapse of a significant and prosperous agrarian state and subsequent social reorganization.
	www.jqjacobs.net /andes/tiwanaku.html (9592 words)

	Ancient Tiwanaku - Cambridge University Press
		Nearly a millennium before the Inca forged a pan-Andean empire in the South American Andes, Tiwanaku emerged as a major center of political, economic, and religious life on the mountainous southern shores of Lake Titicaca.
		Tiwanaku influenced vast regions of the Andes and became one of the most important and enduring civilizations of the pre-Columbian Americas.
		In the first major synthesis on the subject in nearly fifteen years, John Wayne Janusek explores Tiwanaku civilization in its geographical and cultural setting, tracing its long rise to power, vast geopolitical influences, and violent collapse.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521016622 (209 words)

	Tiwanaku and Andean Archaeology Page - SAA96
		Cochabamba is an extremely important region in the analysis of Tiwanaku's expansion in the south central Andes.
		In this region I have analyzed the prehistoric spatial relationships between human settlement and agricultural lands in the maize-producing Cochabamba region, from the Formative to the period of Tiwanaku style material occurrence in the region, the Intermediate Period.
		However, if Tiwanaku were not intensifying maize production I did not expect to see major settlement shifts in comparison to the Early Intermediate period and expected the distribution of Tiwanaku style materials to bear no relationship to good farming areas.
	www.tiwanakuarcheo.net /1_main/saa96txt.html (1269 words)

	Research: Tiwanaku (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tiwanaku is a magnet for Atlantis hunters and a variety of new agers.
		The idea that Tiwanaku is 14,000 years old is based on a rather faulty study done in 1926.
		The prehistory of the Titicaca basin is well documented, and we have been able to chart the local development of several interesting civilizations around the shores of the lake with Tiwanaku being the largest and most complex before the arrival of the Inka.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Americas/tiwanaku/questions.shtml (1414 words)

	Turismo Bolivia :: :: Heritage - Tiwanaku (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The archaeological site of Tiwanaku, which was the spiritual and political center of this fantastic culture, was included by The Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) in the list of “Mankind’s Cultural Heritage” in 2000.
		Tiwanaku was the most important ceremonial center of the zone; it eventually became an Imperial Estate and conquered a large portion of land, which included several types of ethnic groups.
		The Empire of Tiwanaku surfaced in the middle of what today is Bolivia, it eventually expanded towards the South of Peru and the Northern portion of Argentina and Chile.
	www.turismobolivia.bo /loader_en.php?n1=3&n2=3&n3=6&n4=0 (512 words)

	Tiwanaku: la capital de una civilización perdida - Viajeros.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Según estudios coincidentes de varios especialistas, Tiwanaku, cuya edad se remontaría a catorce o quince mil años, quedó abandonado a raíz de un cataclismo que habría destruido esa civilización.
		Los orígenes de Tiwanaku son tan misteriosos, su situación está en un lugar tan desolado y su construcción es tan inexplicable, que algunos investigadores, después de profundizar estos misterios, han llegado a las más diversas conclusiones sobre esta enigmática y asombrosa ciudad.
		Muchos arqueólogos sostienen que Tiwanaku, es un puerto actualmente alejado de las aguas del lago Titicaca, profundo lago con fauna oceánica, y que antaño se hallaba sobre el nivel del mar. Este lago fue elevado a una altura de casi 4.000 metros durante un terremoto que también formó la Cordillera de los Andes.
	www.viajeros.com /article555.html (1792 words)

	Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco): the ideographic system of the Gateway of the Sun
		TIWANAKU phase IV A working hypothesis by Cesare Berrini relating to the ideographic representation in bas-relief of the Annual Solar Cycle carved on the
		For this reason the term "Tiwanaku" is used in preference to "Tiahuanaco", the latter coming from the Quechua language.
		An iconographic study of the pre-Inca civilisation of Tiwanaku IV, reveals in the figurative complex carved in bas-relief on the frontal of the Gateway of the Sun, an ideographic system that describes with astronomical precision the course of the Annual Solar Cycle.
	www.astrofilitrentini.it /mat/puerta (637 words)

	Archaeological Sites
		Tiwanaku was a society in south Peru on the Altiplano about 12,500 feet above sea level.
		This society was a great empire from about 2400 B.P. to 1000 B.P. The Tiwanaku Empire developed through military conquests, rather than advantages due to the location of the city.
		The name of the Faith of Tiwanaku remains unknown due to the fact that there was no written records from that time.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/south_america/tiwanaku.html (373 words)

	Revealing Ancient Bolivia
		Even after its abandonment, Tiwanaku continued to be an important religious site for the local people and the Inka Empire, and it is still an integral part of the religious lives of Andean people in the turbulent present of modern Bolivia.
		Although dozens of national and international projects began to unlock Tiwanaku's secrets during the last century, we are just now beginning to piece together the puzzle behind the origin of this architectural marvel and the people who built it.
		The Landmarks Foundation was invited to Tiwanaku this past fall to assess the situation at Tiwanaku.
	www.geocities.com /characea/Tiwanaku_2.html (1248 words)

	Research: Tiwanaku (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The prehistoric city of Tiwanaku is located on the southern shore of the famous Lake Titicaca along the border between Bolivia and Peru.
		Tiwanaku remains an integral locale in the religious lives of Andean people in the turbulent present of modern Bolivia.
		Although dozens of national and international projects began to unlock Tiwanaku's secrets during the last century, we are only recently beginning to piece together the puzzle behind the origin of this architectural marvel and the people who built it.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Americas/tiwanaku/index.shtml (336 words)

	Day 12: Tiwanaku (Bolivia)
		Tiwanaku is a set of pre-Inca ruins that resides on the altiplano (high plateau) of Bolivia at a height of around 12,500 feet.
		Some believe that Tiwanaku was a great religious center and place of pilgrimage, to which people journeyed from the four corners of the Earth.
		I have heard that Puma Punku and Tiwanaku were contemporaries of each other, and yet whatever laid waste to Puma Punku did not seem to have affected Tiwanaku, even though they were only separated by a mile's distance.
	members.cox.net /ancient-sites/inca/day12_Tiwanaku.htm (2020 words)

	Andean and Tiwanaku Archaeology Page - SAA97
		In the core area the current hypothesis of a central bureaucracy for Tiwanaku, supported by arguments for complex labor organization involved in vast drainage works, is now challenged by the model of "nested hierarchies" for the social and political organization of Tiwanaku's society.
		Variation in the political economy strategies of the Tiwanaku polities is supported by differences in the composition and distribution of the material evidence in Moquegua and San Pedro (and perhaps Azapa), and in land use and settlement patterns on the western shore of the Titicaca Basin and in Cochabamba.
		Tiwanaku style material occupation, highly dominant in this period, is not clustered intensively on the most productive agricultural soils in either area, and there is no synchronic coexistence of local styles with Tiwanaku style materials in single or coeval settlements.
	www.tiwanakuarcheo.net /1_main/saa97txt.html (1879 words)

	Research: Tiwanaku (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Approximately in the middle of the valley are a series of large mounds and small platforms marking the center of the city of Tiwanaku, occupied ca.
		In a slight twist to mythic history, the ruins of Tiwanaku were turned from a potential liability into further proof of the divine nature of the Inka.
		Arthur Posnansky is one of the more important figures in Tiwanaku studies, producing one of the most detailed studies of the ruins after decades of investigations.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Americas/tiwanaku/background.shtml (743 words)

	Tiwanaku: Ancestors of the Inca by University of Nebraska Press
		This book displays a number of gorgeous textiles that were produced by the Tiwanaku and Wari peoples - these textiles, most of them today in private collections, on display here for the first time in one place, are one of the main reasons to get this book.
		By 500 Tiwanaku had become the capital of an expanding empire in the Andes that endured until approximately AD 1000, when extended drought caused water levels to fall and agriculture to fail.
		Tiwanaku introduces American audiences to the striking artwork and fascinating rituals of this highland culture through approximately one hundred works of art and cultural treasures.
	www.hudson-river-fishing.com /us/0803249217.html (566 words)

	Beaker (kero): [Peru; Tiwanaku] (1978.412.214) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		Cylindrical beakers with flaring sides, called keros, are a vessel form popular when the cities of Wari and Tiwanaku dominated the central and southern Andes.
		Its abstract carving style, distortion of the figures, and dense ornamentation are characteristic of Tiwanaku art.
		The cup was probably found in the coastal desert region where preservation conditions for organic materials such as wood are best due to the lack of moisture in the soil in which it was buried.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/ho/06/sac/hod_1978.412.214.htm (253 words)

	Interactive Dig Tiwanaku - Q&A
		Tiwanaku is not an isolated example of this kind of behavior by the Inka.
		Tiwanaku, however, does occupy a special place among these sites, because it is was singled out in some Inka creation stories as the place where Viracocha created the first couples of the Andean peoples before he sent them forth to their homelands across the Andes.
		Tiwanaku is a magnet for Atlantis hunters and a variety of new agers.
	www.archaeology.org /interactive/tiwanaku/qanda.html (2622 words)

	TIWANAKU (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tiwanaku refers to both the cultural horizon and the ceremonial center and settlement of Tiwanaku.
		Tiwanaku is thought to have been the center of religious worship and mercantile trade from circa 200 AD to its collapse between 1000 and 1200 AD.
		The people of Tiwanaku constructed huge irrigation canals and raised fields that guaranteed the allotment of water to fields that were designed to resist drought in the harsh Andean environment.
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/museum/laarch/tour/tiwan/tw1.html (224 words)

	Tiwanaku.html (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tiwanaku is a unique record of Aymara culture, the product of a people who had a unique understanding of the relationship between the spiritual and the natural world.
		Today, however, the main temple of Tiwanaku lies in ruins, its stones carted off to construct the great cathedrals, and its gold treasures consigned to museums and to the coffers of the Emperor of Spain.
		One of the main set of figures in the Kalasasaya (the “inner sanctum” of Tiwanaku) was a group of Yaya-Mama statues, each with the features of a woman on one side and a man on the other side.
	www.globaltravelwriters.com /Tiwanaku.html (241 words)

	Rocks of Famous Monuments - Guillermo Rocha, P.G.
		Legend has it that Tiwanaku was created overnight by a race of giants, and the size lends credence to that myth.
		The site at Tiwanaku is still under exploration, though many of the monoliths have been moved to the Museo Nacional de Arqueología in La Paz for preservation and easier viewing.
		The Tiwanaku civilization was agrarian, and supported a large population.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /geology/grocha/monument/tiwanaku.html (316 words)

	Tiwanaku
		The Tiwanaku were settled by 400 B.C. on the Bolivian side of Lake Titicaca.
		Kolata excavated an area near the court yard and found the remains and artifacts of what appeared to be some elite members of their society.
		The individuals were seated and one had a ceramic vessel depicting a Puma, or American lion, a sacred animal to the Tiwanaku.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/south/cultures/tiwanaku.html (563 words)

	Morales - 'Condor' in Tiwanaku, President in La Paz
		As a sign of respect for his ancestral culture, on Saturday the president-elect will walk barefoot and clad in a cap and poncho knitted from sheep's wool, amid the smoke of incense and offerings of llama foetuses, sweets and aromatic herbs amongst the half-buried archaeological ruins.
		Tiwanaku is surrounded by the Altiplano and mountains, and the ruins are characterised by the precisely cut coffee-coloured stones and monolithic figures representing Tiwanakan gods.
		Their percussion and wind instruments, made out of hollow canes, wood and sheepskin, and their dress and typical choreography can only be seen at traditional festivals.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/americas/bolivia/3740.html (918 words)

	The Tiwanaku “Empire”
		After AD 400 the major symbols of Tiwanaku dominant ideology as seen in the sculpture of the ceremonial center diffused throughout the areas of Tiwanaku influence showing the spread of the prestige of central ideology.
		Evidence of this practice is seen in the presence at Tiwanaku of stone plaques carved with the iconography of Pukara, the center that dominated the northern Titicaca Basin in its early period prior to the rise of Tiwanaku.
		Evidence for Tiwanaku expansion comes from the coastal valleys of Northern Chile, the middle valleys of southernmost Peru and the valleys of the Cochabamba Valley of eastern Bolivia.
	www.unm.edu /~gbawden/324-TEmp/324-TEmp.htm (1229 words)

	Interactive Dig Tiwanaku - Revealing Ancient Bolivia
		The prehistoric city of Tiwanaku is located on the southern shore of the famous Lake Titicaca along the border between Bolivia and Peru.
		Tiwanaku remains an integral locale in the religious lives of Andean people in the turbulent present of modern Bolivia.
		Although dozens of national and international projects began to unlock Tiwanaku's secrets during the last century, we are only recently beginning to piece together the puzzle behind the origin of this architectural marvel and the people who built it.
	www.archaeology.org /interactive/tiwanaku/index.html (521 words)

	InVirMet - Projects: Tiwanaku, Bolivia and Machu Picchu, Peru
		Settled high in the Bolivian mountains along a flat uprising of land referred to as the altiplano, the city of Tiwanaku was settled around from A.D. The Tiwanakan people constructed large mounds, platforms, and stone structures to form the core of their city whose influence stretched across the altiplano and into the Andes.
		Settled before the time of the Inca, Tiwanaku was recognized as a birthplace for the people of the Andes when the site was rediscovered by Incan conquests in the 1500's.
		While the prospect of mounting the scanner on scaffolding was considered, given the lack of time to test such methods first, it was decided to obtain the rest of the scans from the ground.
	www.cast.uark.edu /invirmet/projects/machuPicchu_tiwanaku/project_details.htm (2333 words)

	Tiwanaku
		Tiwanaku, conocida como la "Ciudad del sol" o "Ciudad de los Dioses", era una antigua ciudad preincaica, situada en el sureste del lago Titicaca, a un altura de 3844 metros sobre el nivel del mar, y a unos 70 kilómetros de la ciudad de La Paz.
		Si bien hay diferentes teorías, a Tiwanacu se lo considera un centro ceremonial y un populoso centro urbano sustentado por un sofisticado sistema de agricultura en terrazas, bien adaptado para producir grano a gran altitud.
		El monolito tiene unos 1.700 años y pertenece a la denominada “Cuarta Época” de Tiwanaku, la primera ciudad planificada de América Latina y que se extinguió a raíz de un cataclismo antes del surgimiento del imperio inca.
	www.redboliviana.com /elpais/patrimonios/Tiwanaku.asp (912 words)

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