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Topic: Toba catastrophe theory

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	Toba catastrophe theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The theory was proposed by Stanley H. Ambrose of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
		According to the Toba catastrophe theory, a massive volcanic eruption changed the course of human history by severely reducing the human population.
		Some geological evidence and computed models support the plausibility of the Toba catastrophe theory, and genetic evidence suggests that all humans alive today, despite their apparent variety, are descended from a very small population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory (377 words)

	Lake Toba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake Toba is a large lake, 100 km long and 30 km wide, in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
		In 1949 the Dutch geologist Rein van Bemmelen reported that Lake Toba was surrounded by a layer of ignimbrite rocks, and was a large volcanic caldera.
		Oceanographers discovered Toba ash on the floor of the eastern Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Toba (339 words)

	Toba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The city of Toba in the Mie prefecture, Japan.
		Lake Toba, a lake in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and site of a devastating volcanic eruption 75,000 years ago; and the Toba catastrophe theory, according to which modern human evolution was affected by this event.
		Toba, a Java-to-C translator developed in University of Arizona, which supports Java 1.1 and no later versions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toba (149 words)

	Toba catastrophe theory
		The Toba catastrophe theory is a theory of how modern humans evolution has been affected by a recent large volcanic event.
		According to the Toba catastrophe theory a massive volcanic eruption changed the course of human history by severely reducing the human population (called a 'bottleneck').
		According to this theory, after Toba, and when the climate and other factors permitted, humans once again fanned out from Africa migrating first to Indochina, and Australia.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/toba_catastrophe_theory (355 words)

	Toba catastrophe theory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to the Toba catastrophe theory, modern (additional info and facts about human evolution) human evolution was affected by a recent large (additional info and facts about volcanic) volcanic event.
		Within the last three to five million years, after human and (Any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all) ape lineages diverged from the (A primate of the family Hominidae) hominid stem-line, the human line produced a variety of human species.
		According to the Toba catastrophe theory, a massive volcanic eruption changed the (additional info and facts about course of human history) course of human history by severely reducing the human population (called a ' (A narrowing that reduces the flow through a channel) bottleneck').
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/to/toba_catastrophe_theory.htm (306 words)

	Toba catastrophe theory: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Toba catastrophe theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Toba catastrophe theory is a theory of how modern humans evolution has been affected by a recent supervolcanic event.
		According to the Toba catastrophe theory a massive volcanic eruption changed the course of human history by severely reducing the human populations (called a bottleneck'): Around 75,000 years ago the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia errupted with a force three thousand times more powerful than Mount Saint Helens.
		Some Geological evidence and computed models supports the plausibility of the Toba catastrophe theory, and genetic evidence shows that humans, despite their apparent variety all are related to a very small population.
	www.encyclopedian.com /to/Toba-catastrophe-theory.html (299 words)

	lake toba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Toba eruption, dated at 75,000 years ago, was the most recent eruption of a "supervolcano." Bill Rose and Craig Chesner of Michigan Technological University deduced that the total amount of erupted material was about 2800km
		There is some evidence, based on mitochondrial DNA, that the human race was reduced to only a few thousand individuals by the Toba eruption (see Toba catastrophe theory).
		A large area collapsed after the ejection of that amount of subsurface material, forming a caldera, which filled with water creating Lake Toba.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /lake_toba.html (412 words)

	Talk:Toba catastrophe theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stevertigo's peculiar theories of races and human history have no currency in the scientific community.
		Not sure what you mean, as right now the article is still at Toba catastrophe theory, where I moved it to.
		Using the average rates of genetic mutation, some geneticists have estimated that this population lived at a time coinciding with the Toba event." At the end of the first sentence, the reference (see Mitochondrial Eve) should be edited to (see Y-chromosomal Adam).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Toba_catastrophe_theory (1211 words)

	Lake Toba -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There is some evidence, based on (additional info and facts about mitochondrial DNA) mitochondrial DNA, that the human race was reduced to only a few thousand individuals by the Toba eruption (see (additional info and facts about Toba catastrophe theory) Toba catastrophe theory).
		Such uplifts are common in very large calderas, apparently due to the upward pressure of unerupted (Molten rock in the earth's crust) magma.
		There have been no historic eruptions at Toba, but large (Shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane of from volcanic activity) earthquakes have occurred, the most recent in 1987 along the southern shore of the lake.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/La/Lake_Toba.htm (465 words)

	Toba: Super Volcano in Sumatra - Above Top Secret Conspiracy Community
		I remember one of their programs in the series was called Catastrophe and the global impact a volcanic eruption in the area of Sumatra had on the whole planet sometime during the 6th century.
		The Toba caldera is a fascinating subject to me, especially the aspect of its last eruption theoretically causing a population bottleneck and nearly eradicating the human race.
		Toba is on a much larger scale than Krakatoa, which is a huge volcano to begin with.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /forum/thread109035/pg1 (1683 words)

	Encyclopedia: Toba catastrophe theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A population bottleneck (or genetic bottleneck) is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing, and the population is reduced by 50% or more, often by several orders of magnitude.
		View of Lake Toba Lake Toba is a large lake, 100km long and 30km wide, in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
		A volcanic winter is the reduction in temperature caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the sun, usually after a volcanic eruption (hence the name).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Toba-catastrophe-theory (1059 words)

	Tsunami: More Fulfillment, Volcano Patterns and More Dates
		Toba erupted on, and perhaps caused, the original Flood of Noah.
		The realization that the Toba eruption correlates with a human die off where only one man's genetics survived is called the Toba catastrophe theory for obvious reasons.
		The Toba catastrophe theory adds the detail that Toba is responsible for making Noah the common male ancestor to all current male members of the human race.
	www.bibletime.com /news/log/2005/01/14/TsunamiII?BV=asv (3725 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lake Toba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Toba eruption (the Toba event) was the largest volcanic eruption on Earth in the last 28 million years.
		The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) was devised by Chris Newhall of the U.S. Geological Survey and Steve Self at the University of Hawaii in 1982 to provide a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions.
		Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of ethnic tribes found in the highlands of North Sumatra Indonesia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lake-Toba (967 words)

	Toba catastrophe theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to the Toba catastrophe theory a massivevolcanic eruption changed the course of human history by severely reducing the human population (called a ' bottleneck ').
		Some geological evidence and computed models support the plausibility of the Tobacatastrophe theory, and genetic evidence suggests that all humans alive today,despite their apparent variety, are descended from a very small population.
		According to this theory, after Toba, and when the climate and other factors permitted, humans once again fanned out from Africa migrating first to Indochina,and Australia.
	www.therfcc.org /toba-catastrophe-theory-265830.html (292 words)

	Population bottleneck
		In evolution theory, a population bottleneck is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing, and the population is reduced by 50% or more, often by several orders of magnitude.
		A graph of this change resembles the neck of a bottle, from wide to narrow; hence the name.
		In evolutionary theory, population bottlenecks are thought to accelerate the processes of natural selection and genetic drift.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bo/Bottleneck_effect.html (156 words)

	Toba catastrophe theory - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Toba catastrophe theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Toba catastrophe theory - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Toba catastrophe theory.
		Here you will find more informations about Toba catastrophe theory.
		According to Ambrose, this led to a decrease in the average global temperatures by 3 to 3.5 degrees centigrade for several years.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Toba-catastrophe-theory.html (448 words)

	Toba volcano Information
		Toba Volcano are great for when you're looking to get better at toba volcano for selfish purposes.
		Toba Volcano - John Seach Sumatra, Indonesia 2.58 N, 98.83 E summit elevation 2157 m Caldera The eruption of Toba in 72 000 BC was one of the largest in the last few hundred thousand years.
		coldest temperatures of the Late Pleistocene, apparently caused by the eruption of the Mount Toba volcano.
	volcano.11intershare8.info /mexico-volcano/toba-volcano.html (324 words)

	Caldera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The ecological effects of a volcanic eruption of this size can be seen in the record of the Lake Toba eruption in Indonesia.
		In the late 1990s, archeologist Stanley Ambrose [1] proposed that a volcanic winter induced by this eruption reduced the human population to a few thousand individuals, resulting in a population bottleneck (see Toba catastrophe theory).
		In the Tertiary period of the geologic timescale, intense volcanism in southwest Colorado led to the formation of several large calderas.
	www.esdng5.com /en/wikipedia/c/ca/caldera.html (277 words)

	Casey's Blog
		Toba did coincide with the beginnings of an Ice Age, though we cannot be certain that it caused the Ice Age.
		Toba would have been a horrific environmental shock to animals, particularly the many protohumans running around at the time.
		If the theory is correct, the Toba Catastrophe would stand as the most profound disaster in human history.
	www.caseyzak.com (4473 words)

	Toba catastrophe theory - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Toba catastrophe theory - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This massive environmental change is believed to have created population bottlenecks in the various human species that existed at the time; this in turn accelerated differentiation of the isolated human populations, eventually leading to the end of all the other human species except for the branch that became modern humans (see volcanic winter).
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Toba catastrophe theory contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Toba_catastrophe_theory (414 words)

	3 chaos theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It may not be chaos theory they are studying, but it is a...
		Nancy, who was a stay at home mom hardly ever stayed with their 3 children They...
		One problem with this theory is that Reagan did not...
	theory.247-sale.info /3-chaos-theory (287 words)

	Southerly Buster: 17.04.05
		When Lake Toba erupted 73,000 years ago the world's climate was balanced on the edge of an ice age, Professor Cas said.
		The volcano was definitely still active, influenced by the same movement of tectonics plates that triggered the December 26 and March 28 earthquakes.
		The Lake Toba super eruption measured 8 on the Volcanic Explosivity Scale.
	southerlybuster.blogspot.com /2005_04_17_southerlybuster_archive.html (3310 words)

	Toba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lake Toba, a lake in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and site of a devastating volcanic eruption 75,000 years ago
		Toba catastrophe theory, modern human evolution was affected by a recent large volcanic event
		Toba (computing) was a Java-to-C translator developed in University of Arizona.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Toba (126 words)

	Encyclopedia
		The 1650 BC eruption of Santorini was much larger than Mount Tambora.
		The Lake Toba eruption 73,000 years ago was larger even than Santorini, and is likely to have caused a mass global die-off.
		The Yellowstone Caldera was formed by a massive volcanic explosion some 640,000 years ago that was 2500 times the size of Mount St. Helens.
	www.stylokna.pl /wikipedia/index.php?title=megaton (631 words)

	Population bottleneck - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This would have had the result of limiting the overall level of genetic diversity in the human species, possibly by a large amount.
		One theory about this bottleneck is the Toba catastrophe theory, positing that the human population was reduced to a few thousand individuals when the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia erupted and triggered a massive environmental change.
		Wisent, also called European bison, faced extinction in the early 20th century.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Population_bottleneck (388 words)

	cfny.ca - Lake Toba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Read about lake toba in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		Find results for lake toba and anything else you are looking for instantly!
		Your support is critical to those that have been impacted by this national disaster.
	www.cfny.ca /Lake-Toba/reference/fullview/wikipedia/18318 (194 words)

	Supervolcano -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		(Surf for more about Lake Toba) Lake Toba, (A mountainous island in western Indonesia) Sumatra, (A republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions) Indonesia
		The most recent eruption was at Lake Toba, Sumatra, and occurred around 74,000 years ago, plunging the (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth into a (Surf for more about volcanic winter) volcanic winter.
		Both of these altered the landscape around them, but neither of these had an impact great enough to be considered supervolcanic events.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/su/supervolcano.htm (851 words)

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