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Topic: Tocopherol

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	Tocopherol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There is an alpha, beta, gamma and delta form of both the tocopherols and tocotrienols, determined by the number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring.
		Synthetic vitamin E, usually marked as d,l-tocopherol or d,l tocopheryl acetate, with 50% d-alpha tocopherol moiety and 50% l-alpha-tocopherol moiety, as synthesized by an earlier process is now actually manufactured as all-racemic alpha tocopherol, with only about one alpha tocopherol molecule in 8 molecules as actual d-alpha tocpherol.
		Because only alpha tocopherols were officially counted as "vitamin E" in supplements, refiners and manufacturers faced enormous economic pressure to esterify and methylate the other natural tocopherol isomers, d-beta-, d-gamma- and d-delta-tocopherol into d-alpha tocopheryl acetate or succinate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tocopherol (2771 words)

	Le Magazine, April 2006 - Report: What Makes Gamma Tocopherol Superior To Alpha Tocopherol
		While the alpha tocopherol form of vitamin E has long been valued as a potent antioxidant, its little-known cousin, gamma tocopherol, may be equally important in promoting health and protecting against disease.
		Unlike alpha tocopherol, gamma tocopherol is a potent defender against disease-provoking compounds in the body known as reactive nitrogen oxides.
		Gamma tocopherol has distinctive chemical properties that differentiate it from alpha tocopherol and may explain the observed differences in the biological effects of these two forms of vitamin E. One of these differences makes gamma tocopherol a more effective trap for reactive nitrogen oxides,15,16 toxic compounds that must be removed from the body.
	www.lef.org /magazine/mag2006/apr2006_report_gamma_01.htm (1413 words)

	Tissue Engineering Research Center
		However the chemical instability and poor solubility of tocopherol probably result in the loss of significant amounts of the vitamin when it is aseptically processed and stored.
		Tocopherol slowly oxidizes in the presence of oxygen, and the rate of oxidation accelerates in the presence of light and ferric iron.
		In each case, the poor solubility of tocopherol in water requires it to be complexed with another molecule such as a lipoprotein or added in a way that facilitates its rapid incorporation into a lipid moiety, such as the cell membrane.
	www.etes2005.org (516 words)

	VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS)
		The four tocopherols and the four tocotrienols have an alpha, beta, gamma and delta form -- named on the basis of the number and position of the methyl groups on the chromanol ring.
		There are actually three asymmetric carbon atoms in tocopherol, one at the 2-position of the chromanol ring, and the other two on the aliphatic chain, at the 4' and 8' positions -- all being locations of methyl groups.
		Tocopherol has the potential to act as a pro-oxidant rather than an anti-oxidant when co-antioxidants such as Vitamin C are not available to neutralize the tocopherol radical and when oxidative stress is mild.
	www.benbest.com /nutrceut/VitaminE.html (2351 words)

	Soft-E-Care - Benefit of Vitamin E for Serious Skin Care
		Therefore, it is disturbing that alpha tocopherol acetate is the form of vitamin E used in most commercial skin lotions and creams while the active mix of alpha tocopherol, beta tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, and delta tocopherol are not being utilized.
		Additionally, alpha tocopherol in its free or blocked form is the main ingredient of choice due to its popularity in dietary supplements, while it is well known that gamma tocopherol and delta tocopherol have the highest in vitro antioxidant activity of the mixed tocopherol family.
		Alpha tocopherol acetate was not metabolized to the free form of alpha tocopherol in plasma or skin in this study (1).
	www.softecare.com /Ingredients/benefits_of_vitamin_e.cfm (922 words)

	Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
		Alpha-tocopherol is the only form of vitamin E that is actively maintained in the human body and is therefore, the form of vitamin E found in the largest quantities in the blood and tissue (1).
		Tocopherol esters are more resistant to oxidation during storage than unesterified tocopherols.
		The amounts of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol vary in mixed tocopherol supplements, so it is important to read the label to determine the amount of each tocopherol present in the supplement.
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /infocenter/vitamins/vitaminE (3692 words)

	Vitamin E
		The esterified forms of vitamin E such as alpha tocopherol acetate, alpha tocopherol succinate and alpha tocopherol nicotinate are made in the laboratory and are also sold commercially.
		Alpha tocopherol is the most active form and the side chain is essential for full biological activity of vitamin E. Vitamin E has more than one mechanism in the body.
		Since the maximum level of alpha tocopherol in the blood appears 4 to 6 hours after vitamin E is ingested and drops to a basal level in about 12 hours, the maintenance of higher blood levels of vitamin E requires taking it twice a day (morning and evening).
	www.springboard4health.com /notebook/v_e.html (3782 words)

	Vitamin E
		It is the hydroxyl group of the chromanol ring that confers antioxidant activity to vitamin E. Tocopherols differ from tocotrienols in that tocopherols have three chiral centers, (at positions 2, 4' and 8') while the tocotrienols have only one chiral center (at position 2) and three double bonds in the tail.
		The various natural tocopherols and tocotrienols are characterized by the number of methyl groups and the pattern of methylation in the chromanol ring.
		Since the tocopherols are present in their unesterified forms, forms which are much more susceptible to oxidation than esterified forms, mixed tocopherols should be stored in a tightly closed, opaque bottle and in a cool, dry place.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0266.shtml (11546 words)

	[No title]
		The major difference between the tocotrienols and the tocopherols is that the tail is saturated in the case of the tocopherols, but is polyunsaturated in the case of the tocotrienols.
		Since gamma tocopherol is most predominant in food sources, when total vitamin E intake was considered, including supplements (presumably supplying solely alpha tocopherol), the risk of breast cancer was reduced by 30%.
		Gamma tocopherol is abundant in nuts such as walnuts and pecans, and in the legume peanuts.
	www.mercola.com /forms/vitamine.htm (2709 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Gamma (γ) tocopherol upregulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) ...
		The structure comparison of the tocopherols A) with troglitazone B) Vitamin E is a generic term that describes a group of lipid-soluble chain breaking antioxidants that exist in nature as eight structurally related forms; four tocopherol and four tocotrienol (α, β, δ, and γ;) isoforms.
		Further plasma concentrations of the tocopherols have been demonstrated to be influenced by other dietary factors including saturated fats [34].
		Higher concentrations of tocopherols are being tested, but have resulted in cell death in three colon cancer cell lines (data to be discussed in detail in a manuscript in preparation).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2407/3/25 (5709 words)

	[No title]
		The tocopherol (considered to be the true vitamin E) and tocotrienol subfamilies are each composed of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and deltaforms having unique biological effects.
		Likewise, the tocopherols influence the activity of several key enzymes that affect pathways involving COX-2, 5-lipooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase, Superoxide dismutase, etc. In living animals, gamma-tocopherol probably is the most active member of its family, but certain important benefits seem to depend upon alpha- and delta-tocopherol, as well.
		There is an overlap between the tocopherols and the tocotrienols, yet the latter members of the E family exert much more powerful signaling functions involving the regulation of total and LDL cholesterol levels and some types of cancers.
	www.mercola.com /2000/nov/5/vitamin_e_heart.htm (2053 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 1, Ch. 3, Vitamin Deficiency, Dependency, And Toxicity
		Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a generic term for compounds that have a 6-chromanol ring, an isoprenoid side chain, and the biologic activity of
		In general, tocopherols act as antioxidants to prevent lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes.
		In humans, plasma tocopherol levels vary with the total plasma lipid levels, which affect the partition between plasma and adipose tissue, the main storage depot for tocopherols.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter3/3f.htm (802 words)

	Gamma E Tocopherol/Tocotrienols Antioxidant Antioxidants Cancer Prevention
		It is actually a family of nutrients that includes tocopherol and tocotrienols, each with their own subfamilies of alpha, beta, gamma and delta substances.
		The full complement of tocopherol and tocotrienols, which include alpha, beta, delta and gamma for both, is what’s needed for full protection.
		Study after study is putting tocotrienols ahead of tocopherol based on this vitamin E fraction’s positive effect on human and animal physiological and biological functions.
	www.health-marketplace.com /Gamma-E-Tocopherol-Tocotrienols.htm (745 words)

	Vitamin E Tocopherol .:. Global Healing Center, Inc.
		Elson M. Haas M.D. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a light yellow oil, a fat-soluble vitamin, that is actually a family of compounds, the tocopherols, found in nature.
		To assist in healing and to minimize clotting, tocopherol is a useful nutrient before and after surgery, but is limited to dosages of 200-300 IUs per day (higher amounts may actually suppress the healing process).
		There is some question as to whether tocopherol ("to bear children") deficiency reduces the ability to carry pregnancy to term and increases the likelihood of premature birth or causes problems in infants.
	www.ghchealth.com /vitamin-e-tocopherol.html (3366 words)

	Facts about Vitamin E
		Vitamin E is defined by chemists as eight naturally occurring forms which can be found in food: four tocopherols (d-alpha-tocopherol, d-beta-tocopherol, d-gamma-tocopherol, and d-delta-tocopherol) and four tocotrienols (d-alpha-tocotrienol, d-beta-tocotrienol, d-gamma-tocotrienol, d-delta-tocotrienol).
		2 Thus, the transport, tissue concentration, and relative biologic functions of the tocopherols and the tocotrienols are disparate and possibly unrelated.
		The d-alpha-tocopherol form of Vitamin E is detectable in blood after three hours, the concentration increases up to the tenth hour then starts declining to a plateau till the 24th hour, afterwards it decreases.
	www.healingedge.net /store/facts_vita_e.html (1044 words)

	Vitamin E Skin Treatment for Dry Skin
		> Therefore, it is disturbing that alpha > tocopherol acetate is the form of vitamin E > used in most commercial skin lotions and > creams while the active mix of alpha > tocopherol, beta tocopherol, gamma > tocopherol, and delta tocopherol are not > being utilized.
		> Additionally, alpha tocopherol in its free > or blocked form is the main ingredient of > choice due to its popularity in dietary > supplements, while it is well known that > gamma tocopherol and delta tocopherol have > the highest in vitro antioxidant activity of > the mixed tocopherol family.
		Alpha tocopherol acetate was not > metabolized to the free form of alpha > tocopherol in plasma or skin in this study > (1).
	www.rxlist.com /rxboard/allegra.pl?read=196 (7224 words)

	Tocopherols
		The work of Isler and his co-workers [2-5] provided a description of the configuration of all compounds of this class, but it proved difficult to devise a system for their nomenclature, because some of the important tocopherols are mixtures of diastereoisomers.
		The term tocopherol(s) should be used as a generic descriptor for all mono, di, and trimethyltocols.
		Esters of tocopherols and tocotrienols should be called tocopheryl esters and tocotrienyl esters, respectively (e.g.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/misc/toc.html (1212 words)

	Information and Research on tocopherols and tocotrienols
		This means that it is active and fights the harmful free radicals both on the surface of the skin and in the epidermis and dermis.
		A new high-potency vitamin E oil supplies the full family of tocopherols and tocotrienols in their natural unesterified form in a base of almond and grape seed oil.
		The first study showed that gamma-tocopherol reacts with nitrogen radicals to form 5-nitro-gamma- tocopherol which is elevated in people with coronary heart disease.
	www.vitamine-factor.com (1759 words)

	Vitamin E - Benefits of Vitamin E Supplements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For a long time it has been believed that the whole family of vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) were important to the role of vitamin E. And now the scientific evidence covering the benefits of vitamin E is now almost irrefutable.
		The chemical difference between the various vitamin E molecules, tocotrienols and the tocopherols, is the double bonds on the vitamin E tail.
		A vitamin E clinical study in humans indicates that a mixture of tocopherols and tocotrienols reduces the rate of narrowing of the carotid arteries.
	www.softecare.com /Ingredients/vitamin_e_benefits.cfm (1931 words)

	The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research -- Brigelius-Flohé et al. 76 (4): ...
		The involvement of CYP3A in the degradation of tocopherols is
		The 2 tocopherol molecules have been inserted only by analogy with the 2 octylglycoside molecules bound by the crystal structure of Sec14p (60).
		Different isoforms of tocopherols enhance nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and inhibit human platelet aggregation and lipid peroxidation: implications in therapy with vitamin E. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:155–61.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/76/4/703 (6423 words)

	Vitamin E : by Ray Sahelian, M.D., benefits and risks of vitamin e
		Background: High intake of vitamin E from food (tocopherol), but not from supplements (which usually contain -tocopherol), is inversely associated with Alzheimer disease.
		Results: Tocopherol intake from food was related to the 4-y incidence of Alzheimer disease determined by logistic regression in 1041 participants who were clinically evaluated (n = 162 incident cases) and to change in a global cognitive score determined by mixed models in 3718 participants.
		Higher intakes of vitamin E and -tocopherol equivalents were associated with a reduced incidence of Alzheimer disease in separate multiple-adjusted models that included intakes of saturated and trans fats and docosahexaenoic acid.
	www.raysahelian.com /vitamine.html (5814 words)

	D Alpha Tocopherol - Find, Compare, and Buy at Shopping.com
		Natural Vitamin E as d-alpha tocopherol from purified soy oil is a powerful antioxidant that combats damaging free radicals.
		E-400 with d-alpha tocopherol 100 Liquid VCaps : Vitamin E is a potent well researched and publicized antioxidant necessary in human nutrition.
		D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, an ester of alpha tocopherol, is a......
	www.shopping.com /xGS-D_Alpha_Tocopherol (1210 words)

	Product Abstract: Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol)
		Impact of deprenyl and tocopherol treatment on Parkinson's disease in DATATOP patients requiring levodopa.
		Radial distribution of tocopherols in rhesus monkey retina and retinal pigment epithelium-choroid.
		Alpha tocopherol improves focal glomerulosclerosis in rats with adriamycin-induced progressive renal failure.
	www.lef.org /prod_hp/abstracts/php-ab426.html (2697 words)

	vitamin: vitamin E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Where one tocopherol form may prevent deficiency symptoms, another, with less biological activity may be better at preventing oxidation of LDL cholesterol or lipid membranes and at lowering serum cholesterol, which is the case of g tocopherol.
		The effect of tocopherol was assessed by the patients records, by the physicians examination and interview, and by the amount of analgesics used during the study.
		A good analgesic effect of tocopherol was noted in 52% of the 29 patients, while only 4% of patients reported such an effect during placebo administration.
	www.ibismedical.com /vitamine.html (2722 words)

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