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	Todor Zhivkov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Todor Hristov Zhivkov (Bulgarian: Toдор Xpиcтoв Живков; pronounced /ˈtɔdɔr ˈhristɔv ˈʒivkɔv/; (September 7, 1911–August 5, 1998) was the Communist leader of Bulgaria from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
		Zhivkov was born in the small village of Pravets.
		Zhivkov was also head of state (Chairman of the State Council) of Bulgaria from July 7, 1971 to November 17, 1989.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Todor_Zhivkov (686 words)

	Todor Zhivkov, 1911-1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Born at Pravets, near Botevgrad, Bulgaria, Todor Zhivkov was First secretary of the ruling Bulgarian Communist Party's Central Committee (1954-89) and president of Bulgaria (1971-89).
		From 1962 to 1971 Zhivkov served as premier of Bulgaria and in the latter year was elected president of the State Council formed by Bulgaria's new constitution.
		Zhivkov proved to be a competent economic manager, and under his leadership industrialization proceeded steadily in Bulgaria and the living standards of its people rose substantially.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/zhivkov.html (392 words)

	1975, June 27. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Todor Zhivkov's talk with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican resulted in an agreement that led to the appointment of a Roman Catholic bishop and a vicar-apostolic for the first time in more than 20 years.
		Todor Zhivkov, the longest-serving leader in Eastern Europe, was forced to resign on Nov. 10.
		Zhivkov and his second-in-command, Milko Balev, were indicted on Dec. 7, 1990, on charges of “gross embezzlement” and abuse of power.
	www.bartleby.com /67/3239.html (473 words)

	Todor Zhivkov - The longest serving authoritarian - People news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although party liberalisation was stalled by 1956 uprisings in Hungary and Poland, the April Plenum identified Zhivkov as the leader of the Politburo.
		Zhivkov's political position had deteriorated because his grandiose, failed plans for industrialisation and agricultural collectivisation had evoked strong social protests between 1959 and 1961, but he succeeded Yugov as prime minister in 1962.
		In 1966 a strong resurgence of the conservative wing of the BCP at the Ninth Party Congress curtailed Bulgarian diplomatic and economic overtures to the West and to its Balkan neighbours.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/todor-zhivkov---the-longest-serving-authoritarian/id_6972/catid_30 (1223 words)

	Bulgaria - GOVERNMENT
		In the 1980s, however, the Zhivkov regime was overtaken by the wave of political liberation that swept all of Eastern Europe, and by the lethargy and corruption of an administration totally without opposition for nearly thirty years.
		Zhivkov also raised the official status of the Orthodox Church to codefender of the Bulgarian nationality, and restrictions on religious observances were eased.
		Zhivkov made this stability a model for the overall Balkan cooperation that was a centerpiece of his foreign policy in the 1980s.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/bulgaria/GOVERNMENT.html (17458 words)

	BBC News \| Europe \| Bulgaria's ex-communist leader dies
		Todor Zhivkov, who ruled Communist Bulgaria for a record 35 years, has died in a Sofia hospital on Wednesday, at the age of 86.
		Zhivkov was born into a poor peasant family in September 1911 in a village not far from the Bulgarian capital, Sofia.
		Todor Zhivkov was sometimes said to bear a physical resemblance to the man who oversaw his rise to power, Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/146406.stm (381 words)

	Todor Zhivkov
		Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria's longtime Communist ironman, dead at 86
		Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria's long-time Communist ironman, dies at 86
		Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria's former Communist dictator, dies at 86
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0764339.html (117 words)

	Bulgaria.com - History, Rulers of Bulgaria - Todor Zhivkov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By 1951 Todor Zhivkov had become a member of the Politbureau and three years later was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party.
		Zhivkov was the first Bulgarian politician to realize the profoundness of the changes in Moscow after Stalin's death.
		Todor Zhivkov and his associates were never lacking in ideas about Bulgaria's economic development.
	www.bulgaria.com /history/rulers/zhivkov.html (683 words)

	videofact
		Zhivkov daily received a highly classified report and transcript of Radio Free Europe broadcast prepared by DS, "Directorate for Struggle Against the Ideological Subversion".
		Todor Zhivkov also knew of Georgi Markov's plans to publish a book of these interviews and other material included in his Radio Free Europe program series.
		Todor Zhivkov and the fall of the Communist government in Bulgaria in 1989.
	www.videofact.com /english/defectors_33_en.html (1655 words)

	Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria's Communist dictator for 35 years, from 1954 to 1989, has died
		Zhivkov had fallen into a coma after being hospitalized July 8 with a respiratory infection, hospital officials were quoted by the official BTA news agency as saying.
		Zhivkov held the record among his eastern European peers for time in office -- from 1954 until his fall in the anti-communist revolutions of 1989.
		Zhivkov was born into a poor family in Pravets, near Sofia, on Sept. 7, 1911.
	www.ishipress.com /zhivkov.htm (588 words)

	Todor Khristov Zhivkov, Dictator of the Month December 2003
		Todor Khristov Zhivkov (Cyrillic: Toдор; Xpиcтoв Живков) (September 7, 1911 - August 5, 1998) was the leader of Bulgaria (as First Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party) from March 4, 1954 until he was ousted by the party on November 10, 1989.
		For the first two years of Zhivkov's tenure as first secretary, the Stalinist Vulko Chervenkov remained the country's real leader, but the latter was forced out of power in 1956 in the wave of Eastern European destalinization that followed Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Joseph Stalin.
		Zhivkov also collectivised farms, whereby farmers were not permitted to grow food for themselves.
	www.dictatorofthemonth.com /Zhivkov/Dec2003zhivkovEN.htm (554 words)

	Todor Zhivkov Biography / Biography of Todor Zhivkov Biography
		Todor Zhivkov (1911-1998) was the leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party and the head of the Bulgarian government for 35 years, from 1954 to 1989.
		Todor Zhivkov was born on September 7, 1911, in the village of Pravets, 40 miles northeast of Sofia, in the Balkan mountains of Bulgaria.
		Zhivkov fell in with the Communists, becoming a member of the party's youth league in 1930.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-todor-zhivkov (241 words)

	Petur Mladenov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mladenov served as foreign minister for nearly two decades under the communist dictator Todor Zhivkov.
		Mladenov became foreign minister in 1971 and served in that position until November 1989 when he participated in a successful effort within the Politburo to overthrow Zhivkov.
		Mladenov then took over both of Zhivkov's main positions, becoming general secretary of the communist party and chairman of the council of state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Petur_Mladenov (246 words)

	NATO Research Fellowships 1994-1996
		The very "conquests of socialism" became both the basis and backbone of party infighting: apparatchiks vs "comrades-in-arms," technocrats vs ideologues, mavericks vs dogmaticists etc. That is why the scales increasingly tipped in favour of the exponents of the new tendencies regardless of the degree of self-awareness of innovation.
		Unlike the Todor Zhivkov type, the "socialist type of social structure" was popular with the public.
		The extreme political reactionary nature and social inefficiency of the Zhivkov regime, which encroached upon fundamental vital interests of the entire people (the lies about Chernobyl, the domestic environmental situation, the foreign debt, upset everyday life, the inspiring of the ethnic conflict) made his ousting problem-free.
	www.nato.int /acad/fellow/94-96/dimitrov/04.htm (818 words)

	[ RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY ]
		Zhivkov was stripped of his post as Communist Party secretary-general by the Central Committee on November 10, 1989 -- just one day after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
		Zhivkov supporters were removed from the Central Committee, the Politburo, and the State Council.
		One key issue that alienated Zhivkov from Mladenov and other reformist members of the party was his decision in the spring of 1989 to speed an assimilation program for Bulgaria's ethnic-Turkish population.
	www.rferl.org /specials/communism/10years/bulgaria1.asp (1004 words)

	History of Modern Bulgaria : Communist Regime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zhivkov, who had been premier since 1962, became president.
		During most of the Communist period, under the leadership of Todor Zhivkov-secretary of the Communist Party from 1954, the country's premier from 1964 to 1971, and head of state from 1971 to late 1989-Bulgaria was one of the most restrictive societies among the former Soviet satellites.
		Late in 1989, Zhivkov was ousted from power and expelled from the Communist Party; replacing him as general secretary was the foreign minister, Peter T. Mladenov.
	www.megaone.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/history5.htm (828 words)

	Bulgaria - THE ZHIVKOV ERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zhivkov was able to weather the social unrest of 1962 by finding scapegoats, juggling indicators of economic progress, and receiving help from abroad.
		In the early 1960s, Zhivkov improved ties with the Bulgarian intelligentsia by liberalizing censorship and curbing the state security forces (see Zhivkov and the Intelligentsia, ch.
		Zhivkov used the plot as a reason to tighten control over the army and move security functions from the Ministry of the Interior to a new Committee of State Security, under his personal control.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-1891.html (306 words)

	AllRefer.com - Todor Zhivkov (Bulgarian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Todor Zhivkov[tO´dOr zhivkOf´] Pronunciation Key, 1911–98, Bulgarian political leader.
		A printer, and a Communist party member from 1932, he rose to prominence as a partisan leader during World War II and headed the coup against the monarchy in Sept., 1944.
		On Nov. 10, 1989, Zhivkov was ousted from the presidency following a revolt against him within the Communist party that was backed by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and his supporters in the politburo were purged.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Z/Zhivkov.html (255 words)

	Todor Zhivkov - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Todor Khristov Zhivkov (Cyrillic: Toдор Xpиcтoв Живков; pronounced TO-dor KHRIS-tov ZHIF-kof) (September 7, 1911–August 5, 1998) was the Communist leader of Bulgaria from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
		During World War II, Zhivkov rose up in the Party, and he helped organise a resistance movement against the German occupiers, the People's Liberation Insurgent Army.
		An ill-advised campaign to Bulgarise the names of the ethnic Turks in the country (which led to their mass exhodus from Bulgaria to Turkey in 1985) contributed to his downfall.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Todor_Zhivkov (719 words)

	Zhivkov, Todor Hristo
		In 1990 he was charged with embezzlement during his time in office and in 1992 sentenced to seven years under house arrest.
		Zhivkov, a printing worker, joined the BCP in 1932 and was active in the resistance 1941–44.
		As BCP first secretary, Zhivkov became the dominant political figure in Bulgaria after the death of Vulko Chervenkov in 1956.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0018940.html (269 words)

	Former leader of Bulgaria is dead at 86 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Todor Zhivkov, the Communist ruler of Bulgaria from 1954 until his ouster in 1989, died Wednesday night at a hospital in the capital, Sofia.
		Zhivkov was a conventional party apparatchik and this, more than anything else, may have enabled him to endure the turmoil of Balkan politics and the periodic upheavals in the Kremlin, to which he paid fealty throughout his long career.
		During Zhivkov's long tenure, he authorized a forced assimilation drive against Bulgaria's 1 million ethnic Turks in which more than 100 were killed and 310,000 forcibly expelled.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/98/08/07/zhivkov.2-0.html (289 words)

	HELSINKI.BOU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On December 29, 1989, the government reversed Zhivkov's assimilation policy and announced that everyone in Bulgaria would be free to choose his or her name, religion and language.
		No trials were held in 1990 of those responsible for human rights abuses under the Zhivkov regime, even though several newspapers and independent groups collected information on the sites of mass graves and on labor camps to which political opponents were sent from the 1940s to the 1960s.
		Zhivkov himself has been the focus of a criminal investigation into his role in the unlawful imprisonment of political opponents.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1990/WR90/HELSINKI.BOU-01.htm (3454 words)

	[No title]
		The paper quotes in a headline one of the orators who said that now "the national wealth is being managed by Gipsies and Jews." "Sega" reports that the police arrested a man with a knife who tried to enter the cemetery area.
		Zhivkov's funeral turned into an opiate for the people and revived past memories, writes "Pari".
		Otherwise, it is difficult to account for the fact that those who used to tell jokes about him [Zhivkov], now stood in long lines in the heat to bid him last farewell," says a commentary in the same paper.
	www.b-info.com /places/Bulgaria/news/98-08/aug10d.bta (1518 words)

	The Economy and Economic History of Bulgaria
		In 1956, a young (42) communist, Todor Zhivkov, was chosen to replace Chervenko as head of the BCP.
		Todor Zhivkov articulated some grandiose goals for growth which were called Zhivkov's Theses.
		The irony is that while Zhivkov was carrying out these mandated purges he was, in addition to eliminating his political rivals, he was moving toward a more nationalistic stance within his own regime.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/bulgaria.htm (5592 words)

	Leonid Brezhnev - Todor Zhivkov Crimean meeting, 7 August 1981 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On 7th of August, 1981, in Crimea a traditional meeting of Comrade Todor Zhivkov and Comrade Leonid Brezhnev was held.
		ZHIVKOV: Yes, you said this as early as at the meeting in Moscow and you were absolutely right… The so-called course of "renovation" is actually a course of capitulation.
		ZHIVKOV: There is nobody in Poland to take the lead and to initiate the struggle against the counter-revolution… Now PUWP has to act decisively and firmly.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /php/documents/collection_16/docs/8-engl.htm (1830 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Atanasov was prime minister at the time of Zhivkov's ouster in November 1989 and continued in the post until the first post- communist elections in early 1990.
		Zhivkov first deported thousands of alleged ringleaders to Turkey and then gave ethnic Turks the right to emigrate to Turkey.
		Zhivkov's refusal to consult the Politburo before accelerating assimilation in 1989 is often cited as a major factor contributing to his ouster in the so-called palace coup of November 1989.
	www.kurdmedia.com /printarticles.asp?id=855 (1028 words)

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