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Topic: Togaviridae

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	Introduction to Togaviridae
		Dubbed Togavirus because of the "loose envelope" displayed in electron micrographs, the togaviridae were later shown to have envelopes that are quite tightly bound to the nucleocapsid.
		The family Togaviridae was then split into three in 1984, joined by its cousins Flaviviridae and Pestiviridae (often not considered a true viral family).
		Surprisingly, Togaviridae is less known for its arthrpod borne infectivity than for the single member of the Rubivirinae, Rubella.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/toga/intro.html (699 words)

	Encyclopedia: Togaviridae
		The Togaviridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera: A virus is a small particle that infects cells in biological organisms.
		The genome of the Togaviridae viruses is a linear, single-stranded RNA of positive sense that is 10,000-12,000 nucleotides long.
		Togaviridae make use of a subgenome strategy to synthesize viral proteins.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Togaviridae (464 words)

	eMedicine - Eastern Equine Encephalitis : Article Excerpt by: Mohan Nandalur, MD
		This infection is caused by an arthropod-borne alphavirus of the Togaviridae family.
		The disease is uncommon in humans and is likewise associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality.
		EEE is a member of the antigenically similar family of viruses known as Togaviridae, which also includes western equine encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/eastern-equine-encephalitis.htm (588 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 54
		Alphavirus is one of two genera in the family Togaviridae; Rubivirus (rubella virus), the other togavirus genus, is discussed in Chapter 55.
		Alphavirus is one of the two genera in the family Togaviridae; the other genus (Rubivirus) has rubella virus (Chapter 55) as its only member.
		Flavivirus, once classified in the Togaviridae, now constitutes one of three genera in the family Flaviviridae; the other two genera are Pestivirus and "Hepatitis C-like viruses".
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch054.htm (6602 words)

	TOGAVIRIDAE
		Specialty definitions using "TOGAVIRIDAE": Alphavirus, Alphavirus Infections, Arterivirus ♦ Encephalitis Viruses &diams; Rubivirus, Rubivirus Infections ♦ Togaviridae Infections.
		Non-English Usage: "TOGAVIRIDAE" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses.
		Eastern equine encephalitis virus, member of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /To/Togaviridae.html (318 words)

	Ockelbo virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) neutralizing antibodies in experimentally infected Swedish birds -- Lundstrom ...
		Ockelbo virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) neutralizing antibodies in experimentally infected Swedish birds -- Lundstrom and Niklasson 32 (1): 87 -- Journal of Wildlife Diseases
		Ockelbo virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) neutralizing antibodies in experimentally infected Swedish birds
		The ability of native Swedish birds to produce and maintain production of Ockelbo virus neutralizing (Nt) antibodies were evaluated experimentally between 6 June 1990 and 27 July 1991.
	www.jwildlifedis.org /cgi/content/abstract/32/1/87 (252 words)

	Trocara virus: a newly recognized Alphavirus (Togaviridae) isolated from mosquitoes in the Amazon Basin -- Travassos da ...
		Trocara virus: a newly recognized Alphavirus (Togaviridae) isolated from mosquitoes in the Amazon Basin -- Travassos da Rosa et al.
		Biological, antigenic and genetic characteristics of the new virus are given.
		Results of these studies indicate that Trocara virus is the first member of a newly discovered antigenic complex within the family Togaviridae genus Alphavirus.
	www.ajtmh.org /cgi/content/abstract/64/1/93 (242 words)

	www.virology.ca - Biochemistry and Microbiology - VBRC
		Togaviridae is a family of tightly enveloped viruses, consisting of two genera: Alphavirus and Rubivirus.
		The resource including Genbank files and fasta files is available for viewing or download for complete Togaviridae genomes.
		Subscribe to keep informed of the latest developments at this website or enter your information in DoV, please click Members Login at DB of Virologists (Dov) site to create yourself an account.
	athena.bioc.uvic.ca /database.php?db=togaviridae (166 words)

	ALPHAVIRUS
		A genus of Togaviridae, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae.
		Specialty definitions using "ALPHAVIRUS": Alphavirus Infections ♦ Chikungunya Virus &diams; Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine, Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine ♦ Ross River Virus &diams; Semliki Forest Virus, Sindbis Virus &diams; Togaviridae.
		WEE virus was isolated from field collected larvae of Ae.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Al/Alphavirus.html (344 words)

	Togaviridae Terms and Definitions at www.MedicalGlossary.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A family of RNA viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of two genera: ALPHAVIRUS (group A arboviruses), and RUBIVIRUS.
		Alphavirus - A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae.
		Rubivirus - A genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE containing only one recognized species, RUBELLA VIRUS.
	www.medicalglossary.org /rna_viruses_togaviridae_definitions.html (175 words)

	US PATENT SUBCLASS 424 / 218.1-- .~.~ Togaviridae or Flaviviridae, except hepatitis C virus (e.g., ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		.~.~ Togaviridae or Flaviviridae, except hepatitis C virus (e.g., yellow fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, dengue virus, equine viral arteritis virus, equine encephalitis virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, flavivirus, etc.)
		Togaviridae or Flaviviridae, except hepatitis C virus (e.g., yellow fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, dengue virus, equine viral arteritis virus, equine encephalitis virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, flavivirus, etc.):
		(under subclass 204.1) Subject matter wherein the virus belongs to the family Togaviridae or to the family Flaviviridae.
	www.patentec.com /data/class/defs/424/218_1.html (175 words)

	Togaviridae- Classification and Taxonomy
		Alphavirinae, which bud through cytoplasmic membranes, are further distinguished from the rubivirinae, which bud through intracytoplasmic membranes.
		The infection cycle of togaviridae begins when the virion is taken up into cellular vessicles by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
		A pH drop caused by the merging of the carrier vessicle with a cellular lysosome digests nucleocapsid proteins and releases the genomic RNA to the cytosol where replication begins.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/toga/class.html (533 words)

	Chikungunya Fever among U.S. Peace Corps Volunteers -- Republic of the Philippines
		The disease was first recognized in epidemic form in East Africa in 1952-1953 (1).
		The etiologic agent, chikungunya virus, is arthropod-borne and has been placed in the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus (2).
		Human infections are acquired by the bite of infected A. aegypti mosquitoes, and epidemics are sustained by human-mosquito-human transmission.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000794.htm (836 words)

	Viral Diseases
		The arboviruses include the Togaviridae (except for the rubella virus), the Bunyaviridae, some of the Rhabdoviridae, some of the Arenaviridae and some of the Reoviridae.
		The Family Reoviridae, members of which contain linear segmented double-stranded RNA as their chromosome, the agents of Colorado tick fever and winter diarrhea.
		The Family Togaviridae, members of which contain linear single-stranded RNA as their chromosome, includes the agents of rubella, eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis.
	www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/VIRAL.HTM (2976 words)

	Bibliography - bugsmart.com.au
		Calisher C H. Chikungunya, O'nyong nyong and Mayaro viruses (Togaviridae).
		Chaudhuri A and Behan P O. Fatigue and basal ganglia.
		Dalgarno L and Marshall I D. Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus (Togaviridae).
	bugsmart.com.au /content/view/46/73 (1872 words)

	RUBELLA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Rubella (German measles) is usually a mild febrile disease caused by a virus of the family Togaviridae, genus Rubivirus.
		This fact sheet covers: the disease and its agent; spread of infection; prevention; surveillance and reporting.
		It usually affects children but can also affect adolescents and adults.
	www.health.gov.au /pubhlth/strateg/communic/factsheets/rubella.htm (535 words)

	Togaviridae - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Togaviridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera:
		This page was last modified 23:49, 15 Jun 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Togaviridae contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Togavirus (69 words)

	Togaviridae -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Togaviridae are a family of ((virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein) viruses, including the following genera:
		Genus Alphavirus; type species: Sindbis virus; others include (additional info and facts about Ross River virus) Ross River virus
		Genus Rubivirus; type species: (A contagious viral disease that is a milder form of measles lasting three or four days; can be damaging to a fetus during the first trimester) Rubella virus
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/to/togaviridae.htm (93 words)

	FSME
		In Asien und im Osten Europas kann durch die Taigazecke (Ixodes persulcatus) die schwerer verlaufende Russische Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis übertragen werden.
		Erreger aus der Gruppe der Togaviridae (Genus Flavivirus).
		Zum ersten Mal wurde die Erkrankung um 1920 in Österreich beobachtet.
	www.gifte.de /Gifttiere/fsme.htm (300 words)

	The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae - Books & Textbooks for less at BuyBooksCheap.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae, Schlesinger, Sondra; Schlesinger, Milton J. Welcome to BuyBooksCheap.com.
		You'll find nearly every book you could ever want or need from our huge inventory of discount books and textbooks.
		Many books are available new or used, giving you the choice to save even more.
	www.buybookscheap.com /staticpages/763/0306421763.html (200 words)

	Togaviridae
		One in a series of veterinary virology lectures made available on the Web by Supercourse, an online collection of teaching materials from academic institutions world wide, in the field of epidemiology, the Internet and global health.
		This lecture focuses on togaviridae, flaviridae, and arteriviridae and is prepared by Dr Peter H Russell, from the Royal Veterinary College (RVC).
		This lecture contains 18 slides and is made available on the Web by the University of Pittsburgh.
	vetgate.ac.uk /browse/cabi/4c525ed6e0704b47e9dcb1cc07ddcce5.html (75 words)

	Infections à Togaviridae : sites et documents francophones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Infections à Togaviridae : sites et documents francophones
		Arborescence(s) du thesaurus MeSH contenant le mot-clé infections à Togaviridae [togaviridae infections] :
		Toute utilisation partielle ou totale de ce document doit mentionner la source.
	www.chu-rouen.fr /ssf/pathol/togavirusinfection.html (51 words)

	Indigenous Communities Environmental Health Resources
		Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease is caused by infection with a germ called an arbovirus (arthropod borne virus).
		Barmah Forest virus is an alphavirus that belonging to the family Togaviridae, named after a forest near the Murray River in Victoria where it was first found in 1974.
		This virus is spread between animals and humans by different mosquitoes.
	iceh.uws.edu.au /fact_sheets/FS_barmah.html (1753 words)

	A new Alpha virus isolated - Pura Petspourri
		The virus which has been isolated from Aedes serratus mosquitoes was collected at two widely separated sites in the Amazon Basin.
		It appears that Trocara virus is the first member of a newly discovered antigenic complex within the family Togaviridae genus Alphavirus.
		Interested readers may write to Travassos et al for further details.
	www.petspourri.com /veterinarian09.htm (156 words)

	U.S. Pregrant 20040229336 - Method for in vitro culture of viruses of the togaviridae and flaviviridae families and uses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		U.S. Pregrant 20040229336 - Method for in vitro culture of viruses of the togaviridae and flaviviridae families and uses
		Method for in vitro culture of viruses of the togaviridae and flaviviridae families and uses
		The invention also concerns the uses of viral particles and polypeptides obtained by said method.
	cxp.paterra.com /uspregrant20040229336.html (131 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis : Article Excerpt by: Robert Derlet, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: VEE, encephalitis, equine encephalomyelitis, Togaviridae, Alphavirus
		Please click here to view the full topic text: CBRNE - Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
		Unlike these infections, which are caused by a Flavivirus, VEE is caused by an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus of the Togaviridae family, Alphavirus genus.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---venezuelan-equine-encephalitis.htm (589 words)

	From the Cover: RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O'nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) ...
		From the Cover: RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O'nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae -- Keene et al.
		Articles by Keene, K. Articles by Olson, K. From the Cover
		RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O'nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/101/49/17240 (436 words)

	U.S. Pregrants under US Class 424/218.1 - Togaviridae or Flaviviridae, except hepatitis C virus (e.g., yellow fever ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For more information about RSS newsfeeds from Paterra, visit
		U.S. Pregrants under US Class 424/218.1 - Togaviridae or Flaviviridae, except hepatitis C virus (e.g., yellow fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, dengue virus, equine viral arteritis virus, equine encephalitis virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, flavivirus, etc.)
		Current U.S pregrants under Class 424/218.1 Togaviridae or Flaviviridae, except hepatitis C virus (e.g., yellow fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, dengue virus, equine viral arteritis virus, equine encephalitis virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, flavivirus, etc.) (includes subordinate classifications) (Updated on Thursdays)
	cxp.paterra.com /uspregrantsC424S218100.rss (102 words)

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