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Topic: Tokamak

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Magnetic confinement fusion

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Large Helical Device

	Spherical Tokamak advantages
		A spherical tokamak or ST (sometimes called spherical torus) has a much tighter ring shape, more like a cored apple (illustrated by the inner shape in the figure).
		The START (Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak) experiment at Culham provided the world's first experimental results on hot spherical tokamak plasmas, achieving electron temperatures of more than 10 million °C. Keeping the plasma stable is vital for the efficiency of a fusion machine.
		The toroidal magnetic field (supplied by the current flowing in the central column) needed to keep the plasma stable can be a factor of 10 less in a spherical tokamak than that of a conventional tokamak carrying the same plasma current.
	www.fusion.org.uk /st/advantages.html (352 words)

	Newswise Science News \| Improved Controls for Advanced Tokamak Fusion Reactor
		Researchers at UCSD, General Atomics, and dozens of university and government laboratories around the world are collaborating on a variety of fronts to improve the efficiency of the current generation of tokamaks, which use magnetic fields to confine the ionized hydrogen fuel, or plasma, in a circular cloud called a torus.
		Nuclear fusion occurs in tokamaks when a mixture of deuterium, and tritium -- isotopes of hydrogen with two and three times the mass, respectively, of ordinary hydrogen atoms -- fuse into helium.
		Several years ago tokamaks demonstrated the ability to produce more power than they consume, an important milestone, but the first commercial fusion reactors are estimated to be 30 years away.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/512920/?sc=dwhp (751 words)

	Intro
		Tokamak Game Physics SDK is a high performance real-time physics library designed specially for games.
		With Tokamak, game developers and designers are empowered to produce the next generation of interactive games.
		Stacking Tokamak is specially optimized for stacking large number of objects; one of the most frequently requested features by game developers.
	www.tokamakphysics.com /intro.htm (216 words)

	Tokamak Plasma Spectroscopy at LLNL
		However, the emission that is observed from the tokamak plasma is integrated along the line of sight of the spectrometer and may sample a large range of temperature and density conditions.
		This spectrum was measured by Sugar, Reader and Rowan in the TEXT tokamak [17]; also seen in the spectrum are several 3d - 4s E2 lines from Co-like Mo The reason the the E2 lines are bright, despite their relatively slow decay rates, is that the levels from which the transitions proceed are highly populated.
		Investigations in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak [16] have shown that the MoXV ion achieves equilibrium in a plasma with an electron temperature near 100 eV, thus the contribution of the resonances to the excitation of the E2 transitions must be taken into account.
	www-phys.llnl.gov /Research/Tokamak (8969 words)

	Tokamak
		In a Tokamak, two superimposed magnetic fields enclose the plasma: this is the toroidal field generated by external coils on the one hand and the field of a flow in the plasma on the other hand.
		Apart from the toroidal field generated by the external field coils and the field generated by the flow in the plasma, the Tokamak requires a third vertical field (poloidal field), fixing the position of the flow in the plasma container.
		The fusion research plant JET is built according to the Tokamak principle.
	www.euronuclear.org /info/encyclopedia/t/tokamak.htm (218 words)

	NESC0873: COAST-4, Design and Cost of Tokamak Fusion Reactors
		The tokamak engineering calculations account for poloidal and toroidal magnetic field coil assemblies (both superconducting and copper conductors are possible), neutral beam injectors, blanket/shield assemblies, plasma fueling, divertors, heat dissipation systems, and related power supplies.
		The reactor cell containing the tokamak device, the turbine-generator plant and facility, and balance-of-plant systems are taken into account.
		As each component is added to the tokamak it is specified to be consistent with the plasma requirements, the components previously sized, and the engineering ground rules and assumptions supplied as input data.
	www.nea.fr /abs/html/nesc0873.html (1235 words)

	ippex online
		To get a feel of how magnetic fields are used to contain a plasma in a tokamak, try out the Plasma Drift Applet.
		The newest version of the Virtual Tokamak, this Java applet lets you plug in waveforms for all three parameters.
		of the Virtual Tokamak allows you to type in the parameter values as well as use the slider bars.
	ippex.pppl.gov /tokamak (146 words)

	Tokamak forum guidelines
		Tokamak reserves the right to reproduce comments or feedback that appears in the forum (no names or contact details will be quoted without the writer's express permission)
		Tokamak encourages users of the library to exchange information with other users.
		By releasing the PC library as freeware, we are hoping to encourage a community of developers of freeware, shareware or commercial applications to adopt Tokamak and play a part in its ongoing development.
	www.tokamakphysics.com /guideline.htm (422 words)

	Tokamak Summary
		The name tokamak is an acronym for "toroid camera with magnetic field." In a tokamak, nuclei are trapped in the middle of a magnetic field that has the shape of a torus, a hollow, doughnut-shaped figure.
		The tokamak is characterized by azimuthal (rotational) symmetry and the use of the plasma current to generate the helical component of the magnetic field necessary for stable equilibrium.
		The tokamak continues to be the most promising device for generating net power from nuclear fusion, reflected in the design of the next generation ITER device.
	www.bookrags.com /Tokamak (1961 words)

	EFDA – European Fusion Developement Agreement
		A tokamak is a device able to produce and confine a large volume of high temperature plasma - a mixture of electrons and ions - in a toroidal shape by means of strong magnetic fields.
		The original principle of the tokamak was developed at the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow in the 1960s and, due to its ability to maintain the temperature in a confined plasma, the tokamak has become the most advanced magnetically confined fusion concept in the world.
		In order to achieve steady state operation, in a future power plant based on the tokamak principle, at least part of the current has to be driven continuously by means of high-frequency waves or the injection of fast particles.
	www.efda.org /the_iter_project/industry_brochure/the_tokamak_concept.htm (352 words)

	Mathematical Road and Rubber
		The tokamak generates a magnetic field to contain the high-temperature plasma inherent in the fusion process.
		The shape of the tokamak is of extreme importance.
		An “intuitive” solution to this problem is a sphere, as a sphere has the least surface for its volume, and in principal the magnetic field would need not be too complex.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /~anguyen/tokamaks.html (197 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: TOKAMAK (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Texas Experimental Tokamak is the second major device built at the University of Texas at Austin for fusion research.
		Tokamaks, doughnut-shaped devices with a special configuration of magnetic fields as developed by the Russians in the 1960s, have proven to be the most successful technique for reaching fusion conditions.
		The basic tokamak occupies the space of a carnival carousel; together with ancillary equipment, the $15 million facility fills a laboratory the size of a large gymnasium.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/TT/spt1_print.html (346 words)

	EFDA - European Fusion Development Agreement
		In tokamaks, plasma is confined in a torus-shaped vessel by a magnetic field with two main components.
		In a tokamak, the poloidal field is generated by a strong electrical current which flows through the plasma, and which is also used to heat the plasma.
		The Tore Supra tokamak in the French Association Euratom-CEA, for example, is one of the largest tokamaks operating in Europe today and the first one to use a series of superconducting coils to generate a permanent toroidal magnetic field.
	www.efda.org /eu_fusion_programme/r-tokamaks_and_alternatives.htm (1369 words)

	Researchers devise improved controls for advanced tokamak fusion reactor
		Researchers at UCSD, General Atomics, and dozens of university and government laboratories around the world are collaborating on a variety of fronts to improve the efficiency of the current generation of tokamaks, which use magnetic fields to confine the ionized hydrogen fuel, or plasma, in a circular cloud called a torus.
		Nuclear fusion in tokamaks occurs when a mixture of heavy hydrogen, also called deuterium, and tritium -- isotopes of hydrogen with two and three times the mass, respectively, of ordinary hydrogen atoms -- fuse into helium.
		Several years ago tokamaks demonstrated the ability to produce more power than they consume, an important milestone, but the first commercial fusion reactors are estimated to be 30 years away.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-07/uoc--rdi070105.php (760 words)

	Tokamak Open Source Physics Engine
		Tokamak Physics Engine is now released as Open Source Software under the BSD license.
		It can be download from Tokamak's SourceForge project page.
		If you are using Tokamak, either for commercial or non-commercial projects, we would like to hear from you!
	www.tokamakphysics.com (97 words)

	Virtual Tokamak
		And for those of you who know the basics of our Virtual Tokamak and would like to play physicist for awhile, try these exercises.
		Dwight Bashore, Irv Zatz (PPPL engineers), and Caroline Davis (summer intern at PPPL) for the tokamak graphic.
		I've got a separate detailed information page if you really want to find out what I did or are interested in the source code.
	w3.pppl.gov /~dstotler/SSFD (190 words)

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