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	The Token and Medal Society Frequently Asked Questions
		The most common form of token is a metal disc, similar to a coin, on which is inscribed the value and the issuer.
		Tokens tend to be made of brass, zinc, aluminum, fiber, wood, or plastic.
		In general, however, tokens and medals were made in fractions of the quantity of even the rarest of coins, but their market value is much less.
	www.tokenandmedal.org /FAQ.htm (539 words)

	Telesphere Numismatics Token and Medal Collecting Books
		Considered the preeminent cataloger of American tokens, author Russell Rulau has assembled the most complete reference ever of the coin substitutes, merchant counterstamps and satirical scrip from the era of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren.
		In this comprehensive volume, researched by two of the most highly respected authorities on medals and tokens, you will find detailed descriptions, clear photographs and values for up to three grades for Washington coins, medals, tokens, plaques and badges issued around the world from 1783 to the publication date.
		Thousand of tokens - mostly workplace tallies - were issued throughout Latin American during the era of haciendas, mines, mills and docks.
	www.telecoins.com /books/tokens.html (429 words)

	Token (Numismatics) - guideofcasinos.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the study of numismatics tokens are coin-like objects used instead of coins.
		Tokens are used in place of coins and either have a denomination shown or implied by size or shape.
		The study of tokens used in a town, state or region can be a life-long endeavor, and is where a lot of the serious study of history occurs in numismatics.
	www.guideofcasinos.com /Token_%28Numismatics%29.html (301 words)

	Tokens of Ceylon by Lowsley
		Token B is double the weight of token A, and represents double the amount or quantity of coffee-picking performed.
		Token C is nearly four times the size of token A, and nearly double the token B, and was issued for quantities of work accordingly.
		The copper token, as above described, was given of late years the value 12 1/2-cents, which is 1/8th of a rupee, and I am told that this was due to the altered conditions of coinage as brought about by the issue of the copper cent, &c., series of date 1870.
	lakdiva.org /coins/coffee/lowsley_token_notes.html (3884 words)

	US and Foreign Tokens Index Page1
		The tokens passed as currency and were of two basic types, the so-called "patriotic" tokens which contained no sponsor's name who would redeem them for cash, and the "store cards" which did name a redeemer.
		The widespread use of Civil War tokens, most of which were of pure copper and measured 19 to 20 mm in diameter, actually led the United States government to imitate certain features of the tokens in the legal tender coinage.
		The tokens include mementoes for nickel beers, nickel cigars, band concerts in the park, reunions of the Grand Army of the Republic, bustles and bowler hats, and the dawn of American imperialism with quick victory in the Spanish-American War of 1898.
	metaldetectingworld.com /06_finds_tokens_index.shtml (941 words)

	Boston T tokens: Almost the currency of the past - Boston.com
		Transit tokens have jingled in the pockets of Bostonians since 1837 -- from the silver-colored coins of the horse-drawn Roxbury Coach, to the worn brass discs that have been plunked into MBTA turnstiles since 1951.
		"Tokens were as revolutionary a technology change in their day as electronic fare collection is today," said Clarke, who has written nine books on public transportation.
		Since 1837, there have been 10 distinct tokens minted in Boston, from the cutout B on the coins for the old elevated railway, to the gold-finished commemorative millennium tokens pressed by the MBTA in 2000, Clarke said.
	www.boston.com /news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/01/08/boston_t_tokens_almost_the_currency_of_the_past (650 words)

	Perspectives in Numismatics - English Merchant Tokens
		These tokens proclaimed (and indeed fostered) technological changes in coinage itself: the screw press was yielding place to a steam-powered apparatus, which would soon be employed for orthodox coinage as well.
		Municipal tokens were therefore struck as a standard against which other people's money might be judged, in addition to their roles in poor relief and as substitutes, along with private tokens, for regal coinage.
		Not all of these tokens were as elaborate as the Birmingham and Worcester pieces: the Yorkshire town of Bradford provided for the monetary needs of the inmates of its workhouse by simply overstriking other people's penny tokens with the words "Bradford Workhouse." The Crown recognized the usefulness of this branch of nineteenth-century token issues.
	www.chicagocoinclub.org /projects/PiN/emt.html (9142 words)

	Definition of Token (Numismatics)
		Tokens are used in place of coins and either have a denomination shown or a denomination implied by size or shape.
		Tokens have been used for centuries when governments did not issue enough small denomination coins: for control, for discounts (pay in advance, get something free or discounted), or for other reasons.
		In the United States, the most well-known token is the Wooden Nickel, a five-cent piece distributed by local governments during the Great Depression and perhaps in former times of economic stress.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Token_(Numismatics) (352 words)

	Token (numismatics) - guideofcasinos.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the United States, a well-known type is the Wooden Nickel, a five-cent piece distributed by cities to raise money for their anniversaries in the 1940s to 1960s.
		Railways and public transport agencies used fare tokens for years, to sell rides in advance at a discount (for example, pay for 10 and get 11 rides).
		Churches used to give tokens to members passing a religious test prior to the day of communion, then required the token for entry.
	www.guideofcasinos.com /Token_%28numismatics%29.html (301 words)

	Love Tokens
		In the American tradition, the love token was given to a sweetheart as a token to be carried at all times.
		Love tokens are known to be made from half dimes, quarters, silver dollars, gold dollars, gold $2.50 quarter eagles and even $20 double eagles.
		The LTS states love tokens must be made from coins from circulation and must be hand engraved to meet their definition.
	www.encasedcollectorsinternational.org /love_tokens.htm (660 words)

	Perspectives in Numismatics - Collecting U.S. Tokens
		Many general store tokens were sold at a discount from face value to induce the farmer to trade at the store, and some modern tokens actually state that they are good for a discount, either a percentage or a fixed amount ($5 on a suit, $25 on a player piano, etc.).
		Many "tokens of appreciation" of various kinds have been issued over the years, and token collectors have ordered the striking of a full spectrum of tokens for this purpose, from personal tokens giving their specialties and membership affiliations to artificial rarities (mulings and off-metal strikings of genuine trade tokens) for purposes of exchange.
		Amusement tokens were introduced around the turn of the century to play early slot machines (and legalize them in some localities by avoiding payoff in currency) and became very common during the 1930's before virtually dying out in the 1950's.
	www.chicagocoinclub.org /projects/PiN/cut.html (5587 words)

	Token (Numismatics) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tokens were originally issued by traders from the 1700s in remote regions when local or colonial governments did not issue enough small denomination coins for circulation.
		They were later used to create a monopoly; to pay their labour; for discounts (pay in advance, get something free or discounted); or for a multitude of other reasons.
		In 1932 trade tokens in South Africa were outlawed by the government as the problem with the shortage of official circulating currency was overcome - even in the remotest parts of Africa.
	www.guideofpills.com /Token_%28Numismatics%29.html (554 words)

	North Carolina Collection-Carolina Elephant Token
		One repeated assertion is this copper token, due to chronic shortages of coinage in England's American colonies, was used and generally accepted in its day as halfpennies by settlers in the Carolinas and elsewhere in the “New World.” This statement, however, is not supported by any references to period records.
		Although some specimens of the Carolina token and of other types of “elephant tokens” found their way to North America, likely nestled among the possessions of English immigrants, there is no evidence that the pieces were ever intended for widespread commercial use or employed on this continent for purchases of prescribed goods or services.
		Carolina tokens, depending on their condition and whether they are of the “ER” or “OR” variety, usually fall in between the New England and London types with respect to their rarity ratings and market values.
	www.lib.unc.edu /ncc/gallery/eleph.html (1440 words)

	ANS COAC 1994 - INTRODUCTION
		This is appropriate if overdue: the token frequently served as the linchpin of the lower portions of the nation's monetary system, and it is presentations and studies such as the ones contained herein which are serving to bring a recognition of the importance of America's "other money" into the wider numismatic community.
		Jules Reiver's paper shows that investigations into the American token need not be confined to original specimens: in his discussion of struck copies of early tokens, he has provided a signal service to researchers and collectors of early materials, by pinpointing and describing those enigmatic products of earlier American collectors, scholars and rogues.
		Their wares were tokens in two senses of the word: not only were they replicas of real tokens, but—as stand-ins for the genuine article, meant to fill holes in a collection until the real items could be procured—they were tokens in a second sense.
	www.numismatics.org /coac/c94intr.htm (1243 words)

	Coin Club - Medals & Tokens
		The Civil War Token Society - A national, non-profit organization dedicated to research and education in the field of Civil War Token collecting (including Sulters, CW encased postage).
		The Token and Medal Society - TAMS is the largest educational non-profit organization devoted to furthering the exonumia field, consisting of tokens, medals, badges and other related items.
		Token Trading - Primarily for trading arcade, batting cage and amusement type tokens but other types of tokens (transportation, carwash) are available.
	www.coinclub.com /links/tokens.html (320 words)

	page5.doc
		These uniface tokens are made of copper, brass, pewter, zinc, and white medal, and many are odd shaped and have cutouts.
		Other miscellaneous fantasy tokens exist, but are not likely to be mistaken as being valuable, so they are not listed here.
		There are about 40 Nevada trade tokens that are believed by many collectors to be questionable, or fantasies, or fakes.
	home.pacbell.net /tokenbob/page5.html (647 words)

	Love Token Society
		The Love Token Society is a group of over 200 collectors of old coins such as this one that have had something special engraved on them.
		Through the years lovers have chosen a variety of different trinkets and charms as "tokens of love" to express their love or affection to someone special in their lives.
		They are referred to as love tokens because most were made for a special occasion and presented to the receiver as a gesture of love and / or affection.
	www.geocities.com /lovetokensociety (247 words)

	About Numismatics
		The United States Mint is the only place that handles redemption of mutilated coins, and they should be sent to the Mint at Post Office Box 400, Philadelphia, PA 19106.
		Collections of Confederate Currency and 19th Century American token collection.
		To view several hundred of our unlinked token images go here.
	www.rrcoins.net /about_numismatics.htm (1149 words)

	The Rev Henry Hart -Times Online
		His interests were in the Hebrew language, the Old Testament and numismatics.
		He was an honorary fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society.
		In the late 1960s he was chairman of the faculty board of Divinity and often had occasion to visit the departmental office — and the departmental secretary, Gillian Barnes.
	www.timesonline.co.uk /article/0,,60-1410663,00.html (1504 words)

	Cybercoins' Tokens
		Tokens are like coins in that they were used in circulation as coins to make change and carry on business.
		Token collecting is the broadest and most active area of numismatics - from parking tokens, to Civil War patriotic tokens, to gambling tokens and more.
		The standard “in depth” reference for this type of token is “The Provincial Token-Coinage of the 18th Century” by R. Dalton and S.H. Hamer but some of the specialized works by R.C. Bell are worth the extra expense.
	store.cybercoins.net /tokensindex.html (309 words)

	Civil War Tokens
		These tokens came to be called store cards.
		All tokens which did not identify a specific merchant came to be called patriotic tokens.
		Approximately 500 dies were used to strike patriotic Civil War tokens.
	mysite.verizon.net /resqje2x/classicnumismatics2/id16.html (273 words)

	eBay - Numismatics
		Numismatics is a term used to refer to coin and currency collecting, and to the study of coins, medals, and currency.
		Aesthetic appeal is an important part of the value placed on a numismatic item, and a nation's collectible money can be considered a living museum.
		Individuals who want more information on taking up numismatics as a hobby can contact organizations like the American Numismatic Association, or check in their area for local coin clubs.
	popular.ebay.com /ns/Coins/Numismatics.html (349 words)

	Reveiws of token books.
		Subway tokens of the ex-USSR, by A. Kokapa
		Tokens are arranged by city, which is reasonable, but sometimes makes it difficult to locate the listing for a tokens if you're not sure what city it is from.
		Tokens listed seem to be mostly amusement, but any token for a coin-operated device seems to be fair game.
	users.pullman.com /fjstevens/tokens/reviewlist.html (4166 words)

	Numismatics: Australia: Internment Camp Tokens
		Perhaps setting a precedent for the WWII camps, the Liverpool token was radically different from any coin in general circulation.
		The 5/- token is by far the scarcest and estimates put the number in existence below 100 specimens.
		The number and positions of the berries in the left branch are clearly different and the gumnuts in the right branch are much larger on the second coin than those on the first.
	www.triton.vg /ict.html (754 words)

	Numismatics and Political Protest
		Political protest in numismatics has not been limited to paper items, however, nor has it been limited to the twentieth century.
		The reverse of this token (top) bears the legend "To Hanover" and shows Prince Ernest on horseback, jumping over a dragon on his way to his new realm.
		Although widely used, these tokens had no legal status and often creative means were found to avoid the laws preventing their production.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~cns/protest.html (758 words)

	Are tokens "coins"?
		American Numismatic Association definition of a coin: Usually a piece of metal, marked with a device, issued by a governing authority and intended to be used as money.
		The fact that the design of the "currency token coin" is simple is no different to the simple design of the Veld Pond which was struck under the most extraordinary of circumstances - a key ingredient behind its value today.
		It is clear that token coins can be considered, in some special cases, as circulating currency as important as any coin of the crown or government.
	www.tokencoins.com /article/tokens.htm (1197 words)

	Traditional Collectibles, Numismatics, Tokens on Trocadero
		This 29mm wide, perforated brass or copper advertising token (2.90HJ) was found by Hank Johnson while metal detecting at the ghosted town of Old Rouse, Colorado in 1988.
		In overall very good condition and heavily patinated, the token is embossed on one side with the image of a crown seated atop of which is a longhaired animal, and the words THE 20TH CENTURY SHOE.
		The full-face view of the lion on the obverse is underlined with the words 'LION BUGGY CO.' 'ANCHOR BUGGY CO.' is raised on the long bar and the hooks of the anchor on the reverse.
	www.trocadero.com /directory/Traditional_Collectibles:Numismatics:Tokens.html (410 words)

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