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Topic: Toktamish

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	[No title]
		Toktamish, the son of the murdered man, fled at the news of his father's death and sought refuge at the court of Timur, who received him with honour and at once agreed to espouse his cause.
		Toktamish, though defeated, was not subdued, and in 1395 Timur found it necessary again to undertake a campaign against him.
		They were constantly engaged in wars with the Russians and the Krim Tatars, with whom the Russians had allied themselves, and by degrees their empire decayed, until, on the seizure and death of Ahmed Khan at the beginning of the 16th century, the domination of the Golden Horde came to an end.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=45899&locale=en (12751 words)

	Mongols - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Russian general, who was invited to Toktamish's tent, was there slain and at the same time the signal was given for a general slaughter.
		With better fortune, the inhabitants of Pereslavl and Kolomna escaped with their lives from the troops of Toktamish, but at the expense of their cities, which were burned to the ground.
		Here envoys arrived from Toktamish bearing presents and a message asking pardon for his past conduct; but Timur was inexorable, and, though he treated the messengers with consideration, he paid no attention to their prayer.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MO/MONGOLS.htm (12574 words)

	Timur Lenk
		His conquests to the west and north-west led him among the Mongols of the Caspian sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga; those to the south and south-West comprehended almost every province in Persia, including Bagdad, Kerbela and Kurdistan.
		It was not until 1395 that the power of Toktamish was finally broken.
		In 1398, when Timur was more than sixty years of age, Farishta tells us that, "informed of the commotions and civil wars of India," he "began his expedition into that country," and on the September 12, 1398 "arrived on the banks of the Indus."
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ta/Tamerlane.html (798 words)

	Timurid army organisation, Uzbekistan
		It is about eleven years since this emperor of Tartary, Toktamish, being a great lord, and having a large army, sallied forth from Tartary with a powerful host, invaded Persia,' and entered the province of Tabreez, devastating the land, and pillaging the towns and villages {In 1395}.
		Toktamish and Timur Beg then became friends, and worked together to entrap this Ediguy, to whom Timur Beg sent a message, saying that he loved him and pardoned him, and proposed that he should give one of his daughters in marriage to one of Timur's grandsons.
		The emperor Toktamish had a son who was also driven out of the land of Tartary by Ediguy; and Toktamish fled to a land, bordering on Samarkand, and his son to Caffa, a city of the Genoese.
	www.gardenvisit.com /travel/clavijo/timuridarmyorganisation.htm (648 words)

	Timur and Toktamish,
		During his absence in Persia, Toktamish (or Tokhtamysh or Tokatmish), regardless of the debt of gratitude he owed to his benefactor, made several incursions across the River Jaxartes, and was held in check, with difficulty, by Timur's young son Omar Sheikh.
		He succeeded in discovering their camp, and in May 1391 Timur's army crossed the river Jaick, in 53° north latitude, and found itself face to face with the vast hordes of the Khan of Kapchak, who were greatly superior in numbers to the invaders.
		The conqueror was enchanted with the verdure of the plains between the rivers Volga and Jaik; and was not a little astonished at finding that immediately the sun set, the dawn of day was clearly perceptible in the west.
	www.gardenvisit.com /travel/clavijo/timurandtoktamish.htm (745 words)

	Turkmen tribes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Toktamish is the most numerous and also the senior tribe, but its precedence is purely honorary.
		Kouchid Khan,who commanded the whole nation during its migration to Merv,and in the subsequent war with Persia was hereditary chief of the Toktamish.
		The Toktamish and Otamish tribes are subdivided into four sections, with sub chiefs over each, and still further into twenty-four yaps or clans.
	www.mertebe.org /English/Turkmens/persons/turkmen_tribes.html (1682 words)

	The Mongols in the West
		Though in 1382 a campaign led by Toktamish, de facto ruler of the Golden Horde (1380-1395), resulted in the occupation of Moscow and the reassertion of the Horde's supremacy, the stigma of Kulikovo could not be erased.
		Toktamish was the last major figure in the history of the Golden Horde, a man of considerable political vision who, however, made the fatal mistake of antagonizing his former protector and mentor Tamerlane (Timur).
		It was with the help of Timur that in 1377 Toktamish, himself of uncertain origin, became head of the White (sometimes called Blue) Horde,59 formerly the apanage of Batu's older brother Orda, which occupied the steppes east of the Ural, now part of Kazakhstan.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/sinor1.htm (13535 words)

	Mongol - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Mongol
		The western Kipchaks, known as the Golden Horde, declined in influence until they were united, under Toktamish in 1378, with the eastern Kipchaks, or White Horde.
		Shortly after, Toktamish fought against Tamerlane, a Mongolian chieftain who had conquered Samarkand in 1369.
		By the 18th century the Manchu dynasty of China overcame the Mongolian groups of central Asia.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Mongol (499 words)

	[No title]
		Demetrius then formed a league of all the Russian princes against the Tatars and in 138o encountered them on the plain of Kulikovo, between the rivers Nepryadvaya and Don, where he completely routed them, the grand khan Mamai perishing in his flight from the field.
		But now Toktamish, the deputy of Tamerlane, suddenly appeared in the Horde and organized a punitive expedition against Demetrius.
		Moscow was taken by treachery, and the Russian lands were again subdued by the Tatars (1381).
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=19798&locale=en (338 words)

	Timur and Timurids
		Khorasan and all eastern Persia fell to him in 1383-85; Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mesopotamia and Georgia all fell between 1386 and 1394.In the intervals, he was engaged with Toktamish, then khan of the Golden Horde whose forces invaded Azerbaijan in 1385 and Transoxonia in 1388,defeating Timur's generals.
		In 1391 Timur pursued Toktamish into the Russian steppes and defeated and dethroned him; but Toktamish raised a new army and invaded Caucasus in 1395.
		The revolt that broke out all over Persia while Timur was away on these campaigns, were repressed with ruthless vigor; whole cities were destroyed, their populations massacred and towers built of their skulls.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5246/Timur.html (1012 words)

	page7
		The period of mint issued coinage with the mean weight near 1.40 grams, established in the beginning of the rule of Toktamish, ended with the rebellions of XIV-XV centuries with the monetary reforms of Shadi Beg, lowering the specific weight of silver dirhams to a norm of about 1.12 grams.
		The durability of this union for the entire extent of Toktamishs rule excludes the possibility that some khan of the Ak-Horde having independent power at this time, was able to mark his coins with his own tamgha.
		After the death of Toktamish, some khan of the house of Ordu ruled in the Golden Horde or struggled for the khans throne.
	216.15.211.67 /byzantinebronzes.ancients.info/page17.html (2851 words)

	Adshead, Tamerlane
		Sedentary infantry formed part of the expedition against Toktamish in 1391 and fought in the great battle of Kanduzcha on June 18, though this was primarily a victory of heavy cavalry over light.
		It is tempting to ascribe these developments to Tamerlane's defeat of Toktamish, and in particular to his devastation of the central Horde cities and the northern land route on which their prosperity and its stability depended.
		On the defeat of Toktamish, Tamerlane replaced him with Timur-Kutlugh, grandson of Urus Khan, a former ruler of the Blue Horde or eastern half of the ulus of Jochi.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/tamerlane.html (8519 words)

	Lords of the Earth Campaign 31, Turn 3, 1409-1412 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Smiling, Toktamish enquired as to his guest's home address, as a gift would be sent.
		Toktamish quietly said he regretted that Sforza had taken food in his tent, and that Oghul should invite the visitor to his tent.
		Oghul raised his eyebrows, Toktamish nodded, and the guardsman smiled, showing strong white teeth and the cold blue eyes of a wolf.
	www.throneworld.com /lords/lote31/L31-4.htm (5127 words)

	14th Century Islamic History
		1380: In the Golden Horde empire, Power is captured by Toktamish, a prince of the White Horde of Siberia.
		Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Qara Othman established the rule of the White Sheep Turkomans in Diyarbekr.
		1395: In the Golden Horde empire, Amir Temur defeated Toktamish and razes Serai to the ground.
	www.angelfire.com /ak4/Archive1/14Century.html (2226 words)

	page12
		The suggestion by me of dating the copper coins with such images to the time of Toktamish, despite the definite stylized nearness to some of the types of coins from the time of Uzbeg, rests on the stratigraphical evidence of finds of similar coins.
		From the terrible destruction of the Lower Povolzhye by Timur in the Winter of 1395-1396, Sarai al-Jedid, in general, did not recover37, and the mint of Sarai rose again to mint coins only in the beginning of the XV century.
		What is important about these coins, having this counterstamp and clipped under the weight norm of the XV century, is, as noted above, that we have a situation with a second use of a countermark on already countermarked coins.
	216.15.211.67 /byzantinebronzes.ancients.info/page22.html (2516 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - NAMES (PERSONAL): (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The kings of the Chazars, so far as their names are known, wavered between pure Biblical names, like Obadiah, and local names, like Bulan.
		The Karaites in the same neighborhood adopted Tatar names, one of them being known as Toktamish; but elsewhere Karaite names are mostly Arabic and Persian.
		The custom of calling one of the sons, generally the eldest, after the paternal (sometimes the maternal) grandfather, of which only nine instances are known during the Talmudic period, became more popular, especially in European states.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=51&letter=N (5176 words)

	Tamerlane Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		To punish a revolt in Isfahan, he ordered a general massacre of the population, and the heads of 70,000 people were built up into minarets.
		In 1387 an invasion of Transoxiana by Toktamish, the ruler of the Golden Horde, obliged Tamerlane to interrupt his operations in western Asia, and the repulsion of the invader, followed by expeditions into Moghulistan, was to keep him occupied for the next 4 years.
		It was not until 1392 that he resumed the conquest of western Asia in what is known as the Five Years' Campaign.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/tamerlane (842 words)

	Edige Mustafa Kirimal (1911-1980) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He served as the editor of Dergi, one of the publications of the Institute for the Study of the USSR in Munich, and was among the first scholars to explore the fate of ethnic minorities living in the Soviet Union.
		Edige's father Mustafa Shinkievich, who came from a Lithuanian Tatar (also known as Polish Tatar) family, had moved to Crimea before World War I. He was a descendent of soldiers under the command of the Golden Horde Khan Toktamish who had fled to Lithuania in the late 14th century.
		Born in Bahçesaray in 1911, Edige received his early education in Dereköy, near Yalta and graduated from the Russian gymnasium in Yalta.
	www.iccrimea.org /historical/edigekirimal.html (613 words)

	Guide to Teke / Tekke Rugs & Carpets
		The Toktamish were the senior Uymaq and the Otamish were the lesser.
		Kouchid Khan, who commanded the Merv Tekke nation during its migration to Merv,and in the subsequent war with Persia was hereditary chief of the Toktamish.
		The Toktamish Tekke live east of the Murghab river.
	www.spongobongo.com /tekke.htm (2337 words)

	Chufut-Kale, Crimea. Cave towns of Crimea, Uspenski cave monastry. Chufut-Kale cave town. History of Chufut-Kale. ...
		Octahedral form of the building is taken over from Asia Minor architecture.
		A tomb with inscription is set up inside the mausoleum, which says that this is the tomb of Junik-Hanim, dauter of Khan Toktamish.
		Under the stone floor of the mausoleum there was a funeral vault.
	www.infoukr.com /frames/otdyh/crimea/chufut_eng.htm (1218 words)

	Welcome to tatarworld.com !
		The Turkic-Islamic identity underlied the Crimean and other khanates descending from Golden Horde, and it stimulated the development of closer relations with the Ottomans.
		The Golden Horde began to weaken in 1430s because of the internal struggles for power, and dissolved in 1490s after the defeat of Toktamish Khan by Timur(Tamerlane).
		With the death of Toqtamish, the Golden Horde declined and eventually fragmented.
	www.tatarworld.com /history.htm (1466 words)

	Jozan: Rug articles (1) BABA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		...,and in the subsequent war with Persia was hereditary chief of the Toktamish.
		His personal character was not sufficiently distinguished for the Turkomans to continue his father's authority in him, and the Otamish Khan...
		Pankratov, Turkmen Tribes In 1855-6 Kouchid Khan leader of the Merv Tekke moved the Tekke to the Merv Oasis.
	www.jozan.net /Rad/Oriental-rug-articles.asp?keywords=BABA (564 words)

	Islam Is Great Religion Part 3 - Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		1380-84 Toktamish, a prince of the White Horde of Siberia, captures power [1380] and becomes ruler of Golden Horde of Khanate.
		1382 Toktamish marched to Moscow and reduced it to submission.
		Abu Hallaj Yusuf II, ruler of Granada [1391-1392, poisoned], carried a pro-Castile policy and annoyed the ruler of Morocco.
	maxpages.com /umarkhan/islam_is_great_part_3 - !http://www.maxpages.com/umarkhan/islam_is_great_part_3 (2553 words)

	chastising work nata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		the invader; and the desire of chastising Toktamish was the primary...
		He flew to repel the invader; and the desire of chastising Toktamish was the primary...
		He flew to repel the invader; and the desire of chastising Toktamish was the...
	chastising-work-nata.ghme.info (2560 words)

	The History
		Cyprian, on the petition of Michael prince of Tver, who was his friend, consecrated in the room of Euphemius bishop of that city, who had been deprived, St.Arsenius, a man distinguished for his piety, who founded near Tver the Jeltikoff monastery, where his uncorrupted body still lies.
		Oleg, the prince of Riazan, had been at length reconciled to the Great Prince after the invasion of Toktamish by the entreaties of St. Sergius, who softened completely and forever the enmity of his heart.
		Both the illustrious rivals of Demetrius (1392), Michael and Oleg, ended their days about the same time, as monks, and in alliance with his son; and with them the glory of their principalities was extinguished.
	www.holytrinitymission.org /books/english/history_russian_church_mouravieff.htm (11767 words)

	DP Zine: 34th Special Edition -- Sevastopol \|
		Russia finally gained her Black Sea port, but never did manage to gain unfettered access to the Med.
		Chersonesus was destroyed during the war between Tamerlane and Toktamish in 1399, and it was almost 400 years before another port was built on that site.
		Finally, after the signing of the Kuchuk - Kainardzhiysky treaty, which granted the Crimean Khanate independence from the Ottoman Empire and placed it under Russian protection, the fortress - port - city of Sevastopol was founded in 1783 by order of Catherine the Great.
	www.diplom.org /Zine/S2003M/Hunter/Sevastopol.html (1529 words)

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