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	Edo period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa Shogunate which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
		Instrumental in the rise of the new bakufu was Tokugawa Ieyasu, the main beneficiary of the achievements of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
		From the outset, the Tokugawa attempted to restrict families' accumulation of wealth and fostered a "back to the soil" policy, in which the farmer, the ultimate producer, was the ideal person in society.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edo_period (4268 words)

	Japanese history: Edo Period
		The most important philosophy of Tokugawa Japan was Neo-Confucianism, stressing the importance of morals, education and hierarchical order in the government and society: A strict four class system existed during the Edo period: at the top of the social hierarchy stood the samurai, followed by the peasants, artisans and merchants.
		Even though the Tokugawa government remained quite stable over several centuries, its position was steadily declining for several reasons: A steady worsening of the financial situation of the government led to higher taxes and riots among the farm population.
		In 1867-68, the Tokugawa government fell because of heavy political pressure, and the power of Emperor Meiji was restored.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2128.html (722 words)

	Tokugawa shogunate - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868.
		The Tokugawa period, unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
		The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868, with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" ('Taisei Hōkan') of imperial rule.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Tokugawa_shogunate (2125 words)

	Edo period -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The arts also flourished during the Edo Period, exemplified by the school of art best known in the West is that of the (additional info and facts about ukiyo-e) ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints of the demi-monde, the world of the (additional info and facts about kabuki) kabuki theater and the brothel district.
		From the outset, the Tokugawa attempted to restrict families' accumulation of wealth and fostered a "back to the soil" policy, in which the (A person who operates a farm) farmer, the ultimate producer, was the ideal person in society.
		Despite these efforts to restrict wealth, and partly because of the extraordinary period of (The state prevailing during the absence of war) peace, the standard of living for urban and rural dwellers alike grew significantly during the Tokugawa period.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ed/edo_period.htm (2287 words)

	Colin Barker: Origins and Significance of Meiji Restoration (Part 2)
		The pattern of social relations in the Tokugawa period was of great significance in shaping the form in which Japan, from the last third of the nineteenth century, was to industrialise.
		By the end of the Tokugawa period, in the mid-nineteenth century, some ten per cent of the population were living in cities and towns with a population of over 10,000.
		Throughout the Tokugawa period, there was a steady groundswell of complaint about the barriers to talent, which mixed in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with new issues – especially those concerning Japan’s relations with the West, and the relationship between the Emperor and the shogunate –; to form a truly explosive mixture.
	www.marxists.de /fareast/barker/pt2.htm (8813 words)

	ugc112.lecture nineteen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Meiji period was inaugurated with the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.
		The Tokugawa period (1600-1868) was a period of decentralized military rule.
		Economically, the Tokugawa period was prosperous and urban (Edo, Kyoto, Osaka).
	wings.buffalo.edu /courses/sp00/ugc/112k/lectures/l19.html (569 words)

	Tokugawa Period’s Influence on Meiji Restoration
		During the first half of the Meiji period, from 1868 to 1890, the Meiji oligarchs instituted numerous reforms to achieve domestic stability, promote industrialization, improve education, and establish an effective government structure, including the promulgation of a constitution in 1889.
		The second part of this essay analyzes the possible causes of three significant disturbances that arose in the Meiji Reform period: (1) dissatisfaction of the samurai, (2) development of Japan as a nation-state, and (3) the extent of Japan's borrowing from the West.
		During the Tokugawa period, Nativism (kokugaku) and the Mito School examined the unique aspects of Japanese culture and promoted the importance of the emperor as the symbol uniting the nation.
	wgordon.web.wesleyan.edu /papers/jhist1.htm (1491 words)

	Japan's sustainable society in the Edo period (1603-1867) \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Energy and Peak Oil News
		In the history of Japan, the 265-year period between 1603 (when Tokugawa Ieyasu became the generalissimo or great "shogun" of the Tokugawa shogunate) and 1867 (when Tokugawa Yoshinobu formally returned political authority to the emperor) is called the Edo Period.
		These are some of many kinds of collectors and recyclers of the Edo Period who made it possible for the society to use all of its goods and materials for long periods of time and to reduce the amount of new materials needed.
		During the Edo Period, about 80 percent of daily commodities was made from the solar energy of the previous year and 95 percent was derived from solar energy received in the past three years.
	www.energybulletin.net /5140.html (3074 words)

	Japanese Education
		One of the Tokugawa Period's main contributions to modern Japan is the education system.
		The education of the Japanese in these subjects was very important after the Tokugawa Period ended, when Japan began to modernize and communicate with Europe again, because the Japanese had the basic tools to talk with the Europeans.
		Early in the Tokugawa period, these teachers were private tutors or Buddhist monks, but by the end there were professional teachers in Japan.
	www.lakesideschool.org /studentweb/worldhistory/EastAsia1400-1700e/japaneseeducation.htm (1513 words)

	The Tokugawa Shogunate
		Life in Tokugawa Japan was strictly hierarchical with the population divided among four distinct classes: samurai, farmers, craftspeople, and traders.
		Prior to the Tokugawa period there was some movement among these classes, but the Tokugawa shoguns, intent upon maintaining their power and privilege, restricted this movement.
		Furthermore, as the Tokugawa period progressed and the economy gradually shifted from a feudal to a commercial one, merchants as a whole were able to improve their social standing.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/TOKJAPAN/SHOGUN.HTM (926 words)

	Japan: Memoirs of a Secret Empire . Glossary \| PBS
		By edict of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1635, the country's regional lords (daimyo) were required to reside in Edo during alternate years.
		A word coined in the 19th century to refer to the outcast classes known as "eta" and "hinin." During the Edo period, discrimination was based on the warrior-farmer-artisan-merchant-nonperson hierarchical caste system.
		This is the Japanese word for the outdoor footwear in use during the Edo Period, which consisted of a thong attached to a wooden platform with two crosswise supports.
	www.pbs.org /empires/japan/resources_4.html (982 words)

	Tokugawa period -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In contrast to the restraint of the preceding Muromachi, or Ashikaga, period (1338–1573), it was an age of magnificence and ostentation.
		The austere reforms and sumptuary laws passed under Matsudaira Sadanobu in the late 18th century were soon followed by a period of extravagant luxury led by the 11th Tokugawa shogun Ienari and his administration, known for its financial...
		Korin Ogata was a Japanese artist of the Tokugawa period (1603–1868), regarded, along with Sotatsu, as one of the masters of the Sotatsu-Koetsu school of decorative painting.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9072774 (906 words)

	The Tokugawa (Edo) Period in a Nutshell
		Basically, the period of more-or-less peace from 1600 to 1867 is called the Tokugawa Period or the Edo Period (Edo was the Shoguns' capital during this period).
		Thus the history of the Edo period is mostly economic and cultural.
		In international relations, the Edo period is the famous period of seclusion.
	www.openhistory.org /jhdp/intro/node21.html (233 words)

	Samurai artwork- Samurai paintings-Gary Hostallero- Shoguns
		his period is called "Edo" because the Tokugawa clan established the central military government and their residential seat in the town of Edo (now Tokyo).
		It is also call the "Tokugawa" period (or, the "Age of Shoguns") because members of the clad ruled the country as shoguns for three centuries.
		okugawa was posthumously honored as the founder of the Edo period and Tokugawa rule; he was deified and worshipped as To-sho-go, the Sun God of the East.
	www.asianfineart.com /white_horse_shogun.htm (227 words)

	The Ideals of the East: Toyotomi and Early Tokugawa Period: 1600-1700 A.D.
		It was Hideyoshi who, as the greatest general of Nobunaga, succeeded to his influence and completed the subjugation of the rival chiefs, leaving the country again at his death to be consolidated under the strict régime of the wary statesman, Iyeyasu.
		Tokugawa Iyeyasu, who came into power after the second storming of the Osaka Castle in 1615, unified the administrative system throughout the land, and put it, with his wonderful statesmanship, upon a new régime of simplicity and solidarity.
		The architecture of early Tokugawa followed mainly, as said before, the characteristics of Toyotomi, of which fact we find examples in the mausoleums of Nikko and Shiba, and in the palace decorations of the Nijo Castle, and the Nishi Hoganji Temple.
	www.sacred-texts.com /shi/ioe/ioe14.htm (1169 words)

	TopicText (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Tokugawa period, which in Japan begins in 1600 and ends in 1868, is important for what happens before it and what happens after it.
		Before the Tokugawa period, Japan was a country of warring states, it was not unified, it was medieval, as we call it, medieval Japan.
		And the second importance of it has to do with what followed the Tokugawa and that is the modern period which began in 1868 and so we need to think about what happened during the Tokugawa period that relates to modern Japan.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/asiasite/topics/Tokugawa/Intro/Text.htm (249 words)

	Tokugawa period -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		In Japanese history, period of the military government established by Tokugawa Ieyasu with his assumption of the title of shogun in 1603.
		He established his capital at Edo (modern Tokyo) and assigned daimyo han (domains) according to their friendliness or hostility toward the Tokugawa: hostile daimyo received domains on the nation's periphery, while allies and collateral houses were given domains nearer to Edo.
		Toyotomi Hideyoshi's division of society into four fixed classes was preserved, and the samurai (military) class became the civil bureaucrats, its members paid with stipends of rice.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9380884?tocId=9380884 (1104 words)

	Tokugawa Ieyasu -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		He received the title of shogun and two years later passed the title to his son, thereby establishing it as hereditary among the Tokugawa.
		In 1603 a shogunate was established by a warrior, Tokugawa Ieyasu, in the city of Edo (present Tokyo).
		The period thence to the year 1867, the Tokugawa, or Edo, era, constitutes the later feudal period in Japan.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9380883?tocId=9380883 (817 words)

	International Gay & Lesbian Review -- Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Drawing on his broad knowledge of Tokugawa social history and his familiarity with the primary sources, Leupp has produced a dispassionate and persuasive explanation for the prevalence of male bisexual behavior in early modern Japan.
		Leupp's excavation of the commercial in the Tokugawa period is interesting and extensive.
		Leupp's tour of the period illuminates the kabuki theater where pleasure and hedonistic completion were the goals.
	www.usc.edu /isd/archives/oneigla/onepress/reviews/japanhomosexuality.html (1920 words)

	Review: Nakano Mitsutoshi's "The Role of Traditional Aesthetics"
		It is only at this point in the article that any indication is given that this paper is not about new styles in periodisation of the Tokugawa period, but in fact about this new nomenclature and its relationship to aesthetics during the Edo period.
		Unfortunately his argument on the influence of the daimyo on aesthetics in the middle part of the Tokugawa period, as well as his argument on the inappropriateness of the popular terms sui, tsu, and iki, hinges on the terms 'popular' and 'dominant', and the understanding of their implication.
		It suggests that the old perceptions of the diperiodic nature of the Tokugawa period is shortsighted and also suggests that scholars in all aesthetic and historical fields should reevaluate many of their conclusions on the importance of the eighteenth-century in the Tokugawa period.
	www.etchings.com /erin/files/nakano.html (1240 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The context for Kokoro Natsume Soseki (1867-1916) is an enormously popular writer in Japan, the Mark Twain or Charles Dickens of Japan; his life spanned the Meiji Period (1868-1912); Kokoro is an attempt to understand the changes which occurred during the Meiji emperor’s rule.
		Meiji Japan: the drive to unify the nation The Meiji period was inaugurated with the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.
		—Cities Japan in the Tokugawa period was already one of the most urbanized nations in the world.
	wings.buffalo.edu /courses/sp00/ugc/112k/lectures/l19.doc (613 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		It was during this period that the country was ruled by the Tokugawa shoguns who established the city of Edo (now called Tokyo) as their capital.
		Ask students to read the transcripts or watch the video explaining why the Tokugawa Period is of great historical importance, the unification of the country during this time and the political order that characterized the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate.
		The Tokugawa Period is exemplified not only by the political order and stability that arose during this period, but also a social order that was dictated and enforced by the shogunate.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=611 (4541 words)

	ipedia.com: Tokugawa shogunate Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868.
		The Tokugawa bakufu came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" ('Taisei Houkan') of imperial rule.
		The system is based on feudal where vassals hold inherited lands and provide military services, homage to the lords.
	www.ipedia.com /tokugawa_shogunate.html (1063 words)

	Search Results for Tokugawa - Encyclopædia Britannica
		third Tokugawa shogun in Japan, the one under whom the Tokugawa regime assumed many of the characteristics that marked it for the next two and a half centuries.
		During the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) no was assiduously cultivated by samurai as a refined accomplishment.
		Founder of the Tokugawa shogunate (Tokugawa period) and ruler of...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Tokugawa&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (409 words)

	East Asian Collection IUB: Subject Bibliography: History -- Tokugawa Period, 1600-1868
		Bushido in Tokugawa Japan [microform] : a reassessment of the warrior ethos.
		Palaeopathological and Palaeoepicemiological Study of Osseous Syphilis in skulls of the Edo Period.
		Law and justice in Tokugawa Japan: materials for the history of Japanese law and justice under the Tokugawa Shogunate 1603 1867.
	www.indiana.edu /~libeast/edohist.html (892 words)

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