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Topic: Tokugawa shoguns

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Tokugawa shoguns

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	Japanese history: Edo Period
		In 1603, Ieyasu was appointed Shogun by the emperor and established his government in Edo (Tokyo).
		The most important philosophy of Tokugawa Japan was Neo-Confucianism, stressing the importance of morals, education and hierarchical order in the government and society: A strict four class system existed during the Edo period: at the top of the social hierarchy stood the samurai, followed by the peasants, artisans and merchants.
		Even though the Tokugawa government remained quite stable over several centuries, its position was steadily declining for several reasons: A steady worsening of the financial situation of the government led to higher taxes and riots among the farm population.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2128.html (720 words)

	The Roots of Shinsengumi and Origin of Meiji Restoration
		Tokugawa built his army very slowly, but when it was ready to back Oda Nobunaga up in his wars, the few men Tokugawa sent or led by himself never let the ally down.
		Tokugawa Ieyasu's army, that he left for his offsprings to maintain, was very much like the World War II Japanese Navy in the matter of discipline, smooth chain of command, individual skills, determination to win, and esprit de corps.
		The fact that under his reign the shogunate daily declined via ceaseless unrest in the streets while the cops and soldiers of the shogunate seemed to have achieved nothing in quenching it, was all evidence you need to summarize the condition of the shogunate at the time.
	www.geocities.com /nobukaze23/shinsengumi2.htm (2172 words)

	Japan Under the Tokugawa Shoguns - Map - MSN Encarta
		Under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867), fiefs controlled directly by the Tokugawa family, or controlled indirectly through related or allied daimyo (feudal lords), formed the basis of government.
		Each daimyo was free to govern the family fief but could be deposed by the shogun and had to attend him every second year in Edo (modern Tokyo).
		The Tokugawa shogunate gave Japan peace and stability for more than 250 years, until the Meiji Restoration brought it to an end.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /media_461517374/Japan_Under_the_Tokugawa_Shoguns.html (108 words)

	Tokugawa - MSN Encarta
		Tokugawa, dynasty of Japanese shoguns who ruled the country from 1600 to 1868, called the Edo period after the Tokugawa capital at Edo (modern Tokyo).
		Ieyasu Tokugawa founded the line when he accepted the title of shogun from the emperor in 1603, after pacifying the country in 1600, and law codes issued in his name in 1615 underpinned its structure.
		Tokugawa authority over other daimyo was consolidated by obliging them to leave wives and families as permanent hostages at Edo, and to attend the shoguns in the capital every second year.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564136/Tokugawa.html (287 words)

	Tokugawa shogunate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868.
		The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868, with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" ('Taisei Hōkan') of imperial rule.
		Tokugawa's descendants further ensured the loyalty by maintaining a dogmatic insistence on loyalty to the Shogun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate (1837 words)

	Tokugawa Yoshimune - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tokugawa Yoshimune (徳川吉宗 Tokugawa Yoshimune, November 27, 1684-July 12, 1751 was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745.
		Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, well aware of the extinction of the Minamoto line in 1219, had realized that his descendants might die out, leaving the Tokugawa family at risk of extinction.
		The founder of the Kii house was one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's sons, Tokugawa Yorinobu.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshimune (848 words)

	Japan - MSN Encarta
		The shogun shared power and authority with the local daimyo in a system known as bakuhan (a combination of the bakufu, which functioned as the central government, and the han, feudal domains under the control of the daimyo).
		The Tokugawa shoguns also attempted to impose a rigid status system on the country that made a sharp distinction between the samurai warrior elite, who constituted between 5 and 6 percent of the population, and the commoners—peasant farmers, town merchants, and artisans—who made up the rest.
		The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate was described as a restoration of imperial authority, but the new imperial government soon launched a sweeping program to transform Japan into a modern nation state.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566679_17/Japan.html (3696 words)

	Tokugawa Yoshimune Summary
		Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684-1751) was a Japanese ruler, or shogun.
		Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, well aware of the extinction of the Minamoto line in 1219, had realized that his descendants might die out, leaving the Tokugawa family at risk of extinction.
		The founder of the Kii house was one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's sons, Tokugawa Yorinobu.
	www.bookrags.com /Tokugawa_Yoshimune (1227 words)

	Tokugawa Memorial Foundation \| About Us
		The most marked achievement of the Shogunate was the long period of peace, both external and domestic, lasting from the pacification of the Christian riot in Kyushu in 1638 until the War for the Subjugation of Choshu, fought between the Shogunate and one Daimyo in western Japan in 1866 which ended in the former's defeat.
		The Shogunal capital of Edo (present day Tokyo) would boast a population of one million by the first half of the 18th century, and from this urban prosperity much of what is considered as distinctly Japanese emerged, such as fashionable kimono, ukiyo-e, kabuki, dishes such as tempura and sushi, and various customs and mores.
		The Tokugawa Shogunal Household would change its head from Yoshinobu, the last Shogun, to Iesato, born in one of the branch families and who was merely 6 years old when becoming the head of the Household, and it would remain an important pillar of Imperial Japan's aristocracy.
	www.tokugawa.ne.jp /e/index.htm (649 words)

	Wikipedia: Tokugawa shogunate
		The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868.
		Toward the end of the 19th century, an alliance of several of the more powerful daimyo with the titular Emperor finally succeeded in the overthrow of the shogunate, culminating in the Meiji Restoration.
		The Tokugawa bakufu came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" ('Taisei Houkan') of imperial rule.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/t/to/tokugawa_shogunate.html (338 words)

	Edo Period Japan: 250 Years of Peace
		The hallmark of the Tokugawa dynasty (1603-1867) was a strong belief in the Neo-Confucian ideals of morals, education, and strict hierarchical class structure in both government and society.
		Tokugawa shoguns implemented several ingenious way of keeping control over their daimyo; the most well-known is the concept of sankin-kotai, which literally means alternate attendance.
		In this way the shogun even further hampered collusive efforts to thwart his rule as well as providing an economic boon to the country in the form of frequent and expensive processionals to and from the shogunal capital which fed the growing towns along the Edo road.
	www.daviddfriedman.com /Academic/Course_Pages/legal_systems_very_different_06/final_papers_06/Tokugawa.html (5600 words)

	The Tokugawa Shogunate
		Life in Tokugawa Japan was strictly hierarchical with the population divided among four distinct classes: samurai, farmers, craftspeople, and traders.
		Prior to the Tokugawa period there was some movement among these classes, but the Tokugawa shoguns, intent upon maintaining their power and privilege, restricted this movement.
		Furthermore, as the Tokugawa period progressed and the economy gradually shifted from a feudal to a commercial one, merchants as a whole were able to improve their social standing.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/TOKJAPAN/SHOGUN.HTM (926 words)

	Shoguns and Art \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The term shogun, which means "general who quells barbarians," is an ancient military term that was adopted in the twelfth century for the dominant warlord who held political and martial power in Japan while the emperor in Kyoto maintained his position as figural head of state and cultural leader.
		The members of the Minamoto, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa families who held the position of shogun successively from the twelfth to nineteenth centuries varied greatly in the extent and security of their authority and the stability and prosperity of the realm under their command.
		The succeeding Tokugawa shoguns, based in Edo, continued their predecessor's patronage of the arts, including the tea ceremony, the collection of tea wares, Noh theater, and paintings by Kano school artists.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/shga/hd_shga.htm (1045 words)

	Japan under the Shoguns
		The title of shogun became hereditary, and this form of military dictatorship endured in Japan until 1867 when the last shogun resigned and the emperor was restored to power.
		The Ashikaga Shogunate was an era of great cultural development as the military-feudal samurai of the shogun's government associated with the cultured civilians of the emperor's court at Kyoto.
		The aggressive, restless Japan of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was heavily influenced by the attitudes of the Tokugawa shoguns and the samurai warrior class.
	www.users.bigpond.com /battleforAustralia/foundationJapmilaggro/Shogunate.html (1305 words)

	Japan: Memoirs of a Secret Empire . Shogun \| PBS
		In pre-modern Japan, the shogun was Japan's supreme military leader, awarded the title by the emperor, and by tradition a descendant of the prestigious Minamoto clan.
		From 1603 through 1869, Japan was ruled by a series of shoguns known as the Tokugawa Shogunate, descended from Tokugawa Ieyasu.
		Shoguns were members of the top elite "shimin" samurai class.
	www.pbs.org /empires/japan/enteredo_9.html (91 words)

	Tokugawa Political System
		The Tokugawa shogunate was very much like any domainal government in that it was responsible first for the administration of a limited territory, the fief of the Tokugawa house.
		The Tokugawa shogunate also had responsibilities and concerns which went beyond those of ordinary domains; the Tokugawa shoguns were, after all, hegemons presiding over a whole country.
		The shogunate could punish daimyo for transgressions in a variety of ways; a domain could be reduced in size, the daimyo could be shifted to an entirely different domain, or, the ultimate sanction, suicide could be demanded, perhaps with the additional punishment of his lineage being reduced in status to a non-daimyo level.
	hkuhist2.hku.hk /nakasendo/tokupols.htm (1194 words)

	Tokugawa Ieyasu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the absence of a strong emperor or a strong shogun, the land-holding nobility of Japan (daimyo) dominated their small fiefs without any oversight, switched loyalty between one leader and another in civil wars, and made the acquisition of power by any one individual very difficult.
		In retrospect one of Tokugawa's most important decisions (after his consolidation of power) was his response to European missionaries and traders in Japan.
		Tokugawa began by encouraging foreign trade (and hence the foreign missionaries who came with the traders).
	www.tnstate.edu /edachowski/tokugawa_ieyasu.htm (1001 words)

	Hostallero Shoguns
		In 1603 Ieyasu Tokugawa was appointed Se-i-tai-Shogun (“Barbarian subduing Generalissimo”), abbreviated “shogun”, at title designating the apex of political power in the military administration of the country.
		Tokugawa was born in troubled times, when the country was torn by civil war among rival regional lords defending their local authority.
		Tokugawa was posthumously honored as the founder of the Edo period and Tokugawa rule; he was deified, and worshiped as To-sho-gu, the Sun God of the East.
	www.hostallero.com /hostallero_shoguns.htm (524 words)

	Terms of Ferudal Japan
		Tokugawa shoguns governed for over 250 years, a period called Edo after their capital Edo (now Tokyo).
		Under the Tokugawa there were between 200 and 300 daimyo families, all virtually autonomous within their own estates but subordinated to the shogun and obliged to leave their families as hostages in Edo and to attend him regularly there.
		The Tokugawa shogunate segregated the samurai in castle towns.
	members.tripod.com /muromachi1333/terms.html (1003 words)

	TopicText (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The shogun is the defacto ruler of the country who rules at the order of the emperor, but in fact, rules the country.
		It is a hereditary, military rule so that Tokugawa shoguns ruled the country from 1600, or 1603, to 1868.
		Tokugawa Ieyasu was able to gain control of the entire country.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/asiasite/topics/Tokugawa/Political/Text.htm (400 words)

	Shoguns - Explore Japan - Kids Web Japan - Web Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sometimes the shogun's family would become weak, and a rebel leader would seize power from them, after which he would be named shogun and would start a new ruling family.
		Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the dynasty, built a new capital in Edo, the city that is now Tokyo.
		The Tokugawa shogunate remained in firm command of the government during their rule, unlike earlier shogun families whose power was weaker.
	web-japan.org /kidsweb/japan/history/q8.html (333 words)

	The Tokugawa Shogunate
		Life in Tokugawa Japan was strictly hierarchical with the population divided among four distinct classes: samurai, farmers, craftspeople, and traders.
		The shogun was responsible for the distribution of this national crop.
		Furthermore, as the Tokugawa period progressed and the economy gradually shifted from a feudal to a commercial one, merchants as a whole were able to improve their social standing.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/TOKJAPAN/SHOGUN.HTM (926 words)

	Ieyasu Tokugawa
		Hideyoshi asked Tokugawa to be the leader of a five-regent council entrusted to care for the boy and run the government until Hideyoshi’s son was old enough to take charge.
		Tokugawa assured the safety of the family, but instead, he launched a second surprise attack on the castle when the defenders were unprepared.
		The shogun granted control of different territories to daimyos (lords), who were usually the shoguns’s friends, family, or loyal generals.
	www.rickriordan.com /background_essay_6.htm (1047 words)

	Pressures for change and overthrow of the Shogunate
		The shoguns encouraged the provincial daimyo and their high-ranking retainers to live with their families in the city chosen by the shogun as his capital, and a vibrant urban culture developed in these cities.
		To make matters worse for the Tokugawa shogun, even powerful leaders of branch families of his own clan were turning against him on the controversial issue of Japan opening ports for trade with foreign powers, and supporting restoration of the emperor's supreme authority.
		The shogun resigned to avoid a full-scale military confrontation with the armies of Choshu and Satsuma, and in the mistaken belief that the emperor would appoint him to high office under the throne.
	www.users.bigpond.com /battleforAustralia/foundationJapmilaggro/ShogunOverthrown.html (1855 words)

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