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Topic: Tokugawa era

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	Storia del Giappone: Tutte le informazioni su Storia del Giappone su Encyclopedia.it
		Infatti egli si era valso dell'aiuto del potentissimo feudatario Ashikaga Takauyi ma questi si ribellò all'imperatore costringendolo a riparare a Yoshino e nominando al suo posto Komyo.
		Nelle dichiarazione programmatiche del nuovo Ministero del Primo Ministro Konoe (1 agosto 1940) era espressa chiaramente l'intenzione di creare un ordine nuovo in Asia ed il 26 settembre fu firmato il Patto Tripartito.
		La popolazione, che nel 1950 era di 83,2 milioni, risultò di 121 milioni con una densità media di 324 abitanti per km² nel 1985 e, al censimento del 1990, di oltre 123 milioni con una densità media di 331 abitanti per km².
	www.encyclopedia.it /s/st/storia_del_giappone.html (3808 words)

	Japanese history: Edo Period
		The most important philosophy of Tokugawa Japan was Neo-Confucianism, stressing the importance of morals, education and hierarchical order in the government and society: A strict four class system existed during the Edo period: at the top of the social hierarchy stood the samurai, followed by the peasants, artisans and merchants.
		Even though the Tokugawa government remained quite stable over several centuries, its position was steadily declining for several reasons: A steady worsening of the financial situation of the government led to higher taxes and riots among the farm population.
		In 1867-68, the Tokugawa government fell because of heavy political pressure, and the power of Emperor Meiji was restored.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2128.html (722 words)

	Tokugawa shogunate - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868.
		The Tokugawa period, unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
		The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868, with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" ('Taisei Hōkan') of imperial rule.
	www.free-definition.com /Tokugawa-shogunate.html (2034 words)

	Tokugawa
		Tokugawa Ietsugu Tokugawa Ietsugu (徳川家継) was the seventh Tokugawa Shogun.
		Tokugawa Mitsukuni Tokugawa Mitsukuni (daimyo in the Mito domain who was known for his influence in politics of his era....
		Tokugawa Yorinobu Tokugawa Yorinobu (71) is Tokugawa Ieyasu's 8th son and founder of the Kii branch of the Tokugawa fami...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/tokugawa.html (222 words)

	Samurai
		Samurai were expected to be cultured and literate, and over time, samurai during the Tokugawa era gradually lost their military function.
		By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were essentially civilian bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their swords serving only ceremonial purposes.
		Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who became a grand minister in 1586, himself the son of a poor peasant family, created a law that the samurai caste became codified as permanent and heritable, and that non-samurai were forbidden to carry weapons.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/sa/samurai.html (2625 words)

	omnibus entertainment systems / step back 05.11.93 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		In the Tokugawa period, official teachings concerning gender were only observed by the members of the ruling samurai class (which logically had a tight control over its own female members) and by wealthy members of the merchant or peasant classes who aspired to be like samurai, considered by society as arbiters of values and virtues.
		It seemed that the role of being a mother did not dominate the lives of Tokugawa women as much as it did from the Meiji period onward when government ideology stressed that motherhood should be one of the raison d'etre of the Japanese woman.
		In the Tokugawa period, women tended to identify themselves by their work or by their immediate role in the farming community, and to a certain extent, by their class.
	www.csua.berkeley.edu /~dhuang/931105.html (3929 words)

	TopicText (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Thus the Tokugawa era began at the same time European colonists came to what would later be the United States, and ended just after the American Civil War.
		For Japan, the Tokugawa era brought 250 years of peace and order, a long-term stability that fostered great changes in Japanese society, readying it for entering the modern era.
		Before the Tokugawa period, Japan was a country of warring states, it was not unified, it was medieval, as we call it, medieval Japan.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/asiasite/topics/Tokugawa/Intro/Text.htm (249 words)

	s t a r c r o s s e d - Meiji Era
		This was the beginning of a new era for Japan, an era of change and acceptance.
		The Meiji emperor believed that the only way to move forward would be to rid the “evils” of the Tokugawa era; this included the abolishment of the Shogunate in January 1868.
		The position of emperor, during the Tokugawa rule, had lost all of its powers, and remained in the shadows for many generations.
	angelic-strawberries.net /starcrossed/meiji.shtml (1971 words)

	Samurai - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Samurai were expected to be cultured and literate to a certain degree, and over time, samurai during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period) gradually lost their military function.
		By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their swords serving only ceremonial purposes.
		Mito Komon (水戸黄門), a fictitious stories of Tokugawa Mitsukuni's travel, is a popular TV drama where Mitsukuni travels disguised as a retired rich merchant with two unarmed samurai also disguised as his companions.
	www.iridis.com /Samurai (5608 words)

	History of Japan - Shoguns, Samurai & Daimyos - Part 2
		Sakuma Shozan - politican and scholar of the Edo era
		Tokugawa Tsunayoshi - fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate
		Tokugawa Yoshimune - eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate
	www.japan-101.com /history/index6.htm (400 words)

	The Agate Palace Rônin in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Prior to the Tokugawa era, the majority of troops were ronin (sic.) or ashigaru.
		Further, prior to the Tokugawa era, there were relatively few rônin; in a country where there was war somewhere almost all the time, rônin found employment easily and became samurai in the vassal to a lord sense of the term.
		The Tokugawa regime was responsible for the existence of the majority of rônin, because it's confiscation and redistribution of fiefs left a large number of samurai without employment.
	www.agatepalace.org /wavemen.phtml (4465 words)

	Madama Butterfly Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		At this time the Meiji Era in Japan was beginning to draw to a close, having been established in 1868 after overthrowing the Tokugawa shogunate; it was soon to end in 1912, though neither Japan nor Puccini realized it.
		The feudal classed society that had dominated in the Tokugawa era was replaced by a meritocracy and an examination system, education began to be widespread among both males and females, and the Eastern arts exchanged ideas with those of the West.
		Traditional Tokugawa society allowed that a family was patriarchal, and the head of the family had every right to expel a member for disobedience.
	patriciagray.net /Musichtmls/bfdocs/bfjaphist.html (1183 words)

	The Economic Effects of Japanese Militarism
		Relieving the government of the economic burdens that had crippled and destroyed the Tokugawa, the stipends paid to samurai families and the lack of a national currency, was the crucial first step.
		During the Tokugawa period, gold, silver, and feudal domain currencies were all common, and the income of the Tokugawa government had often been at the mercy of the gold-silver exchange rate.
		During the Tokugawa Era, Japan had no postal service and the fastest form of travel was horseback or boat.
	www.russojapanesewar.com /war-econ.html (2955 words)

	Samurai Military Training
		During the Tokugawa era, when bugei ryuha evolved into the kind of organizations we know today, the vast majority of samurai probably did little or no training.
		Tokugawa samurai were sword-bearing bureaucrats mostly, not sword-wielding warriors--because there were no wars.
		Most medieval and Tokugawa era daimyo had personal bugei teachers for themselves and their families, and these teachers all belonged to one ryuha or another.
	www.budogu.com /html/samurai_military_training.htm (776 words)

	Wednesday
		On Wednesday, we'll focus on the growing role of urban and commercial life during the Tokugawa era (1600-1868), and particularly on the dynamic tension that grew between the samurai and "merchant" classes during this era.
		During the Tokugawa era, Noh was regarded as a classical form of theater.
		The last days of the samurai class extended from the formal end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868 to an ill-fated rebellion against these new social forces, raised in 1877 by on of the great samurai of the 19th century, a man named Saigo Takamori.
	www.indiana.edu /~ealc100/32.html (1795 words)

	Japanese history: Meiji Period
		The actual political power was transferred from the Tokugawa Bakufu into the hands of a small group of nobles and former samurai.
		After about one to two decades of intensive westernization, a revival of conservative and nationalistic feelings took place: principles of Confucianism and Shinto including the worship of the emperor were increasingly emphasized and taught at educational institutions.
		In order to transform the agrarian economy of Tokugawa Japan into a developed industrial one, many Japanese scholars were sent abroad to study Western science and languages, while foreign experts taught in Japan.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2130.html (692 words)

	Yoshimune Tokugawa (from Tokugawa Family) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		He developed the first law code of the Tokugawa era and inspired the first interest in Western knowledge.
		More results on "Yoshimune Tokugawa (from Tokugawa Family)" when you join.
		The rulers of the country were members of the Tokugawa family, who held the title of shogun.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article?tocId=208940&ct= (742 words)

	mingchina.html
		Tokugawa taxation was based on land rather than commerce, and taxes fell heaviest on the farmers.
		Tokugawa culture had a double structure: on one side were the samurai aristocrats: serious, high-minded, heavily influenced by Chinese styles.
		Their actions were widely respected, but the Tokugawa government ordered them to commit suicide to appease the insult done to the state.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/mingchina.html (5255 words)

	Daimyo flags, 15th - 17th century (Japan)
		In the Tokugawa era about 250 years daimyo flags were not often used and developed due to lack of chance (little war).
		Images of some flags Tokugawa era are rectangle flags with simpler design than flags in warring period (1467-1614).
		Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) the Shogun warrior chieftain who outwitting many of his major contemporaries and outliving and out-procreating the rest, survived Japan's late 16th century wars of unification with victories at the battles of Sekigahara (1600) and Osaka (1614).
	flagspot.net /flags/jp-kuni.html (664 words)

	Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		One should not imply from the fact that, as about 40% of these rulers from the Nara Era onward can be seen to have left the throne before they died, that therefore in Japan revolutions and succession crises are endemic.
		Order is restored when the Tokugawa clan achieves victory over its opponents, an achievement which, incidently, establishes Tokyo as the secular capital of the state.
		In 1600 Ieyasu Tokugawa defeated a coalition of rival clans at Sekigahara, forcing them to submit to his rule and bringing all of Japan under the control of the Shogunate once again.
	www.hostkingdom.net /japan.html (1199 words)

	EXPENDITURE - Online Information article about EXPENDITURE
		National Debt.When the fiefs were surrendered to the sovereign at the beginning of the Meiji era, it was decided to provide for the feudal nobles and the samurai by the payment of lump sums in commutation, or by handing to them public bonds, the interest on which should constitute a source of income.
		From the days of Tsunayoshi the number of fief schools steadily increased, and as students were admitted free of all charges, a duty of grateful fealty as well as the impulse of interfief competition drew thither the sons of all samurai.
		There he was received with salvoes of artillery by the Portuguese merchantmen lying in the harbour and with marks of profound respect by the Portuguese traders, a display which induced the local chief to issue orders that courteous attention should be paid to the teaching of the foreign missionaries.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /EUD_FAT/EXPENDITURE.html (18752 words)

	The Tokugawa Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		The Tokugawa era was a period of peace, and a respite from the series of civil wars before this period.
		Low per capita income is often associated with poor government and corruption, and the Tokugawa Japan does not fit in to this stereotype.
		The Tokugawa shogunate segregated the samurai in castle towns.
	www.risberg.ws /Hypertextbooks/Economics/History/Japanese/tokugawa.htm (1373 words)

	arts.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Though there were many forms of art popularized in the Tokugawa era, none were so famous as the art of "Ukiyo-e." "Ukiyo-e" is another name for woodblock printing, and it means "floating world." The prints were usually of "carefree existence" and were like an ideal world where only pleasures and freedom from everything existed.
		The themes of the paintings in the Tokugawa era usually came from classical literature or were from nature and landscape.
		Overall, the art of the Tokugawa era reflected what was happening in society.
	sun.menloschool.org /~crich/tokugawa/arts.html (423 words)

	Wednesday
		During the period of decentralized feudalism, the warrior class of the samurai was born and reached its greatest peaks.
		The Tokugawa state, formed just at the time that Europeans were first appearing in East Asia, developed structures of government that were important bridges to the modernized state that Japan quickly became after 1868.
		From the first century of the Tokugawa era, this very famous screen painting of irises by Ogata Korin illustrates a midway point between the traditional valuation of artistic simplicity and the decorative lavishness prized by the Warring States and Tokugawa daimyo elite.
	www.indiana.edu /~ealc100/29.html (1204 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		The name given to this era is the Tokugawa era or the Edo era.
		Due to the combination of inflation and a fixed tax system, tax revenues that were collected by landowners continued to decrease in value, leading to general unhappiness and eventually unrest among the samurai landowners and the daimyo.
		On November 9th, the current Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned and the 15 year old Mutsuhito succeeded his father as the new Emperor, who was completely reinstated as the formal and actual leader of Japan.
	users.telenet.be /krelian/history.htm (511 words)

	::..Katsumi_Ice..::Crimsonic Hell ::...V.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		The Tokugawa era was a period of time when Tokugawa Ieyasu reigned supremely over Japan.
		With the Meiji era, the new government's goal was to make Japan a democratic state with equality for everyone.
		Eventually, the social classes broke down and as a result, the samurai lost all their privileges which is why carrying a sword is so taboo.
	katsumi.opera-nocturne.net /rk.html (344 words)

	Pressures for change and overthrow of the Shogunate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		During the Tokugawa era, Japan's population increased dramatically, and this population growth produced rice shortages from time to time, and sharp rises and fluctuations in its price.
		The farmers were always disgruntled, but in the Tokugawa era their uprisings increased in number and became more violent.
		To make matters worse for the Tokugawa shogun, even powerful leaders of branch families of his own clan were turning against him on the controversial issue of Japan opening ports for trade with foreign powers, and supporting restoration of the emperor's supreme authority.
	www.users.bigpond.com /battleforaustralia/foundationJapmilaggro/ShogunOverthrown.html (1855 words)

	Japan: Memoirs of a Secret Empire . Monk \| PBS
		During the Tokugawa Era, only monks were permitted to play the shakuhachi flute.
		Monks of the Tokugawa era were encouraged to visit the major monasteries of their sects (primarily Buddhist) to study the teachings of famous masters.
		During the Edo era, monasteries were often used as centers of registration for the local population.
	www.pbs.org /empires/japan/tokaido_4.html (155 words)

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