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Topic: Tokyo War Crime Trial

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	The Tokyo war trial
		As the war drew to an end and the war trial was about to begin, the American occupational forces had several options: to abolish the Japanese monarchy and replace it with a republic, to have Hirohito abdicate the throne (resign as emperor) and replace him with a member of the royal family (e.g.
		(593) Consequently, the Japanese government's official version of the emperor's relationship to the war, that only the advisers to whom the emperor delegated authority bore responsibility for the decisions on war (586) was perpetuated during the Tokyo war trial.
		A limited indictment of war criminals and limited investigation of war crimes to avoid involving the indictment of Hirohito.
	www.indiana.edu /~hisdcl/h207_2002/tokyo_war_trial.htm (955 words)

	World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb.
		Many consider World War II to be the only true world war due to the overwhelming number of nations involved and the extraordinary number of theatres—from Europe and the Soviet Union to North Africa, China, South East Asia and the Pacific.
		Post–World War II Europe was partitioned into Western and Soviet spheres of influence, the former undergoing economic reconstruction under the Marshall Plan and the latter becoming satellite states of the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_World_War (9847 words)

	[No title]
		However, from the scale and the nature of these crimes as documented by survivors and the diaries of the Japanese militarists, the chilling evidence of this historical tragedy is indisputable.
		During the Tokyo Trial, the Massacre was treated as one unique example of the atrocities committed in Asia, rather than as a separate charge.
		This wave of open and public Japanese denial of their war crimes escalated over the years, as evidenced by Massaki Tanaka's book "Fabrication of Nanking Massacre" (Nihon Kyobun Sha, 1984) in which not only was the Nanking Massacre denied, but the Chinese Government was charged as responsible for the occurrence of the Sino-Japanese War.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/packages/ccic/cnd/InfoBase/sino-japn-war/njhkn.txt (5272 words)

	World War II - Biocrawler definition:World War II - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		World War II or the Second World War was a global conflict that began on 7 July 1937, in Asia and 1 September 1939, in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the world's countries and every inhabited continent.
		While the war stimulated many technologies: radio development accelerated, and radar developed; it retarded others, most notably popular television which the BBC had been developing, but which was shelved, as it also was in Germany and the United States, until the end of the war.
		The end of the war is also seen by many as the end of Britain's position as a global superpower and the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as the dominant powers in the world.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Second_World_War (7826 words)

	World War II
		World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives.
		The war also saw the re-emergence of the United States from its isolationism, the destruction and rebuilding of Germany and Japan into major industrial powers, the advent of the atomic bomb, and the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as global superpowers.
		After the war, many high-ranking Germans were prosecuted for war crimes, as well as the mass murder of the Holocaust committed mainly on the area of General Government, in the Nuremberg trials.
	www.askfactmaster.com /World_War_II (4245 words)

	Rape as a Crime of War: A Medical Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since rape in war affects not only the individual but also the family and community to which the survivor belongs, the restoration of social and community bonds is central to the process of healing and must be addressed within the specific cultural setting.
		In countries at war, for women who are able to seek gynecologic help within a day or two of being raped(29) (although most do not are not able to), sperm collected from the genital tract could be dried on a microscope slide and stored for later analysis.
		Second, rape in war disrupts not only individuals but also social and community bonds (unpublished data, J.E.G., September 1992)(4,11,38,39) The restoration of these bonds, within a cultural framework that is free from the continuing effects of trauma, is fundamental to healing.
	www.phrusa.org /research/health_effects/humrape.html (3596 words)

	Free-Essays.us - Embracing Defeat
		While Hirohito was being exonerated of war crimes, guilt was place on a relatively small group of Japanese leaders.
		Another serious aspect of the “winner takes all” mentality that occurred during the Tokyo trial was the obvious double standard of justice that the Allies exuded.
		War, though, is never fair, and “to the victors go the spoils” was never so true with regards to the Tokyo war crime trial.
	www.free-essays.us /dbase/b9/aym79.shtml (3598 words)

	Bambooweb: World War II
		The war also saw the re-emergence of the United States from its isolationism, the destruction and rebuilding of Germany and Japan into major industrial powers, the advent of the atomic bomb, the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as global superpowers, closer integration of Europe in the form of a
		Traditionally, the war is described as a conflict between two groups of powers: the Axis and the Allies.
		After the war, many high-ranking Germans were prosecuted for war crimes, as well as the mass murder of the Holocaust committed mainly on the area of
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/W/o/World_War_II.html (4654 words)

	World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tokyo was firebombed and later an atomic bomb, the "Little Boy", was dropped from the B-29 "Enola Gay" and destroyed Hiroshima.
		Korean War and in a number of African conflicts), after this victory the major powers relied upon small highly-trained and well-equipped militaries.
		Although the deliberate targeting of civilians was already defined as a war crime and it had been used extensively by both sides, most notably in Poland, Britain, Germany and Japan, those responsible were never tried for it.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~eushrair/worldwartwo.htm (3850 words)

	war crimes
		The records of the war crimes trials after World War II provide one of the most comprehensive formulations of the concept of war crimes.
		Voluminous evidence was presented to prove the plotting of aggressive warfare, the extermination of civilian populations (especially the Jews), the widespread use of slave labor, the looting of occupied countries, and the maltreatment and murder of prisoners of war.
		A trial of 28 alleged Japanese war criminals was conducted (1946–47) by an 11-nation tribunal in Tokyo.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0851450.html (1030 words)

	Tokyo: Bush and US Found Guilty of War Crimes
		Although the Japanese trials were the equivalent of the Nuremberg trials in the East, they received less notice, lacking the horror of gas chambers and other Nazi mass atrocities.
		My father never had to translate war crime issues such as the use of depleted uranium, cluster bombs, and daisy cutters--only issues such as cannibalism, murder and torture.
		For my father's sake, it is fitting that one war crime trial was enough in his lifetime, and he didn't have to translate the machinations of President George W. Bush before an international court.
	www.opednews.com /arvey031604_bush_war_Crimes.htm (766 words)

	Crimes of War > September 11
		Quirin rules were folded in to the Nuremberg trials of ex-Nazis, and the Nuremberg rules were incorporated in the Tokyo trials of Japanese war criminals.
		Those crimes had to be tried, and their engineers and perpetrators brought to justice.
		But we must examine the process by which the trials were conducted, analyze them in light of modern international law, and use their strengths and weaknesses to guide us to the right path as we contemplate prosecuting Al Qaeda.
	www.crimesofwar.org /expert/al-wallach.html (1274 words)

	[No title]
		War crime trials were held at ten different locations in China.
		One defendant (Shumei Okawa) had a mental breakdown on the first day of trial, was sent to a psychiatric ward and was released in 1948 a free man. The remaining twenty-five (25) were all found guilty, many of multiple counts.
		Minister of war, 1931-34; Supreme War Council, 1934-36; minister of education 1938-39; senior adviser to the cabinet, 1939-40.
	humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk /NanjingMassacre/NMTT.html (2277 words)

	Crime and Justice
		Most significantly, it also protects defendants' rights of "due process," a phrase of vast significance in the Bill of Rights that, especially in the 20th century, was interpreted by the courts to confer on defendants a broad array of protections and rights.
		The Sixth Amendment guarantees defendants a "speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." It also entitles defendants to be confronted by (and to cross examine) the witnesses against them and to have the "assistance of counsel" for their defense.
		Every state and the federal government has its own "substantive criminal law" (specifying crimes and defenses) and "criminal procedure" (specifying the stages of the criminal process from arrest through prosecution, sentencing, appeal and release from prison).
	tokyo.usembassy.gov /e/jusa/jusa-society-crime.html (554 words)

	World War II Details, Meaning World War II Article and Explanation Guide
		Indeed, the first combat operation in the European Theater of World War II was a German bombing attack against Poland, while the last combat operation in the Pacific Theater was a thousand-aircraft bombing attack on Japan, on 14 August 1945.
		The war also saw the re-emergence of the United States from its isolationism, the destruction and rebuilding of Germany and Japan into major industrial powers, the advent of the atomic bomb, and the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as global superpowers.
		The war also directly led to the United Nations, founded by the victorious Allies in order to prevent such a large and destructive conflict from ever happening again.
	www.e-paranoids.com /w/wo/world_war_ii.html (4168 words)

	The Failure of the Tokyo Trial
		All this led to the Trial of the Class A war criminals unfinished and a hasty close of the Trial.
		Nevertheless, the Tokyo Trial was based upon the concepts of war crimes initiated at the Nuremberg Trial, i.e., Crimes against Peace, Crimes against Humanity, and War Crimes and Aggressive War--but without the "collective guilt" as with the crimes of the Nazis.
		The 2nd group of 23 war criminals and the 3rd group of 19 war criminals were notorious, industrial and financial magnates, warmongers engaged in ammunition trade and trafficking in drugs, as well as some less known, but equally rabid, barbaric leaders in military, political, and diplomatic spheres.
	www.centurychina.com /wiihist/japdeny/tokyo_trial.html (3029 words)

	Justice for Comfort Women - Sexual slavery in the Japanese military - Korean Womanhood - Janelle ParkLee
		Throughout history, when a war took place, people¡¯s focus centered on the country that won the war, the general who led the war, and the number of fallen soldiers who fought in the war.
		The ¡°comfort women¡± case is a crime against humanity for two reasons: thousands of women were treated inhumanely by abduction, rape, and violence for months or years, and the crime was committed under systematic control of the Japanese imperial government throughout many East Asian countries.
		First, violence of the crime is shown starting with the recruitment process of the ¡°comfort women.¡± The crime involved women ¡°estimated about 100,000 to 200,000¡± from Korea, China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Indonesia, the Philippines, and other Japanese territorial East Asian countries.
	www.janelleparklee.com /women-war/justice-for-comfort-women.html (2846 words)

	Crimes, Trials and Laws
		Trial of Gerhard Friedrich Enrst Flesch, SS OBE Sturmbannführer, Oberregierungsrat.
		Trial of Anton Schosser, and of Josef Goldbrunner and Alfons Jacob Wilm.
		Trial of Carl Bauer, Ernst Schrameck, Herbert Falten.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/trials.htm (990 words)

	[No title]
		It was not until the postwar Tokyo Trial (tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East) that the truth of the Nanking Massacre was first revealed to the Japanese civilians.
		During the Tokyo Trial, the Massacre was treated as one unique example of the atrocities committed in Asia, rather than as a separate charge.
		This wave of open and public Japanese denial of their war crimes escalated over the years, as evidenced by Massaki Tanaka's book "Fabrication of Nanking Massacre" (Nihon Kyobun Sha, 1984) in which not only was the Nanking Massacre denied, but the Chinese Government was charged as responsible for the occurrence of the Sino-Japanese War.
	humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk /NanjingMassacre/NMNJ.html (2044 words)

	Japanese War Crimes Trials 1946-1948 - World War II Multimedia Database
		The American public largely ignored the war crimes trials in Tokyo and throughout Asia in 1946-1948.
		The Men put on trial in 1947 and 1948 were the first of 20,000 civilian and military former leaders who had either killed prisoners or had participated in the vague crime of instigating the war.
		The Japanese argued that they were subject to war crimes trials simply because of the heinous crimes of their German allies, essentially claiming the Allies were finding them guilty by association.
	www.worldwar2database.com /html/warcrimes.htm (603 words)

	Author criticizes war in Iraq - Waltham, MA - The Daily News Tribune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bix, a professor of war crimes and international law at New York's Binghamton University, was the first speaker in the Dean of Arts and Sciences Series: War Crime and Human Rights, said Cyrus Veeser, associate professor and director of Bentley's Center for Arts and Sciences.
		He also talked about the impacts of the Tokyo trials, when all Japanese war criminals were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo between May 1946 and November 1948, and his thoughts on today's conflict in Iraq.
		Bix said he grew interested in war crimes while researching his first book, but the topic has angered him since he was a young man in the Naval Reserve.
	www.dailynewstribune.com /homepage/x1386563263 (579 words)

	CRIME AND TRIAL
		Frances Gibb, Legal Editor A judge overseeing the trial of three alleged Muslim “cyber-terrorists” has been given a basic lesson in the internet – after admitting that he did not know what a “website” was.
		Mr Justice Peter Openshaw, who is conducting the trial at Woolwich Crown Court, stunned prosecutors when he said: “The trouble is I don’t understand the language.
		He faces 11 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity for atrocities committed by rebels in neighbouring Sierra Leone.
	crime.to-fish.com /crime_and_trial.html (426 words)

	STATISTICS OF JAPANESE GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER
		Democide in China during the Sino-Japanese War that begun in 1937, and merged with WWII in December 1941, is excluded.
		Moreover, we have the one estimate that a total of 4,000,000 Indonesians died in the war from all causes (line 296).
		Very little information is available in the sources on massacres and atrocities in the territory during the war, although the Tokyo War Crimes Trials and Japanese behavior elsewhere suggest that many such took place.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM (2769 words)

	The Avalon Project : Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
		If a member at any time is absent and afterwards is able to be present, he shall take part in all subsequent proceedings; unless he declares in open court that he is disqualified by reason of insufficient familiarity with the proceedings which took place in his absence.
		The trial and related proceedings shall be conducted in English and in the language of the accused.
		All motions, applications, or other requests addressed to the Tribunal prior to the commencement of trial shall be made in writing and filed with the General Secretary of the Tribunal for action by the Tribunal.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imtfech.htm (1618 words)

	Review of Japanese Biological Warfare and Unit 731
		At the conclusion of World War I in 1918, the medical bureau of Japanese army set out to study biological warfare and assigned Major Terunobu Hasebe to head the research team, who was soon succeeded by Dr. Ito with a team of 40 scientists.
		Americans then knew that Tokyo was the center for biological experimentation and that Ishii was the forerunner of Japanese biological warfare with his epidemic prevention and water purification headquarters at Harbin.
		First, the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union began with Winston Churchill's March 1946 speech that the "iron curtain" was lowered in Eastern Europe, followed by Marshall's commencement speech at Harvard University next June which promised U.S. aids for rehabilitation of Western Europe.
	www.centurychina.com /wiihist/germwar/731rev.htm (5283 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At first glance, the handful of Tokyo rightists who created a furor about a graphic scene of the Nanjing Massacre in two September issues of the popular manga magazine Young Jump Weekly are a surprisingly tolerant lot.
		They restricted their complaint to technical issues in "My Country is Burningî" by Motomiya Hiroshi, the only remotely educational series in a popular weekly comic book, and ignored 400 pages of gratuitous sex, violence, scatology and gore that dominates this illustrated publication with a reported circulation of 2 million.
		Koizumi may gain domestically when he visits Yasukuni Shrine where the spirits of wartime kamikaze bombers and convicted war criminals are said to reside, but it predictably enrages China, Korea and others who were victims of that war.
	japanfocus.org /210.html (921 words)

	World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
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		Recovering the Past Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications and their later discovery, unearthing and exploration.
		World War I Bombing of Dresden California US Constitution Frank Sinatra Boston Marbury v.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/W/World-War-II.htm (7582 words)

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