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Topic: Toll-like receptor

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Toll-like receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins that serve as a key part of the innate immune system. In 1996, Toll was found to have a role in the fly's immunity to fungal infections. TLR are considered pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), small molecular sequences consistently found on pathogens. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toll-like_receptor   (913 words)

Toll-like Receptors Reviews A key component of such receptors are the "toll-like receptors" (TLRs), which recognize a panel of microbial molecules that tend to be somewhat invariant, at least in select regions, thus permitting a relatively small number of receptors to recognize a large number of different microbes. The discovery of the family of Toll receptors in species as diverse as DROSOPHILA and humans, and the recognition of their role in distinguishing molecular patterns that are common to microorganisms have led to a renewed appreciation of the innate immune system. The interaction of the bacterial constituents with receptors on the surface of mononuclear cells is mainly responsible for the induction of proinflammatory mediators by the bacterial constituents. lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /toll-like_receptors_reviews_L.htm   (12168 words)

ARS Publication request: Toll-Like Receptor and Acute Phase Cytokine Expression in Neonatal Dairy Calves The RNA was subjected to real-time RT-PCR for quantification of the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and its receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4). Toll-like receptors are the pathogen recognition molecules that initiate the cascade that increases the acute phase cytokines. The effect of stressors on the toll-like receptors of farm animals is not known. ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=154469   (479 words)

Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Antibodies: Monthly updates of Toll-Like Receptors The TLR family has significant homology in its cytoplasmic domain to the IL-1 receptor Type I. To date, ten mammalian TLRs have been reported and the numbers are sure to increase. Since TLRs may be expressed at different levels on different cell types/lines and the activation state of the cells may play a role in modulating surface expression, we recommend that you first evaluate these antibodies for neutralization in your own assay conditions. The TLR field is new, and so far the expression patterns of different members of this family in mouse or human have been studied mainly at the mRNA level. www.ebioscience.com /ebioscience/whatsnew/tlr.htm   (2521 words)

Arthritis Research & Therapy Full text Activation of synovial fibroblasts via Toll-like receptor signaling The presence of TLR ligands in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the fact that direct injection of bacterial peptidoglycan, a TLR2 agonist, and bacterial DNA, a TLR9 agonist, results in a transient arthritis in mice suggests that TLR signaling is of importance in the development of arthritis. TLR activation has a profound influence on the subsequent adaptive immune responses by influencing T-cell differentiation towards a Th1 phenotype. Whether TLR signaling is involved in autoimmune phenomena is not known. arthritis-research.com /content/5/S3/40   (289 words)

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: TOLL-like Receptor 10 Genetic Variation Is Associated with Asthma in Two Independent Samples TOLL-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved homologs of the TOLL protein of Dm.iophila. Like other members of the TLR family, TLR10 contains a signal peptide, multiple (n = 12) leucine-rich repeats, a cysteine-rich domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic TOLL interleukin-1 receptor domain. TOLL-like receptor 10 (TLR10) is the most recently identified human homolog of the Drosophila TOLL protein. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4085/is_200409/ai_n9457780   (1409 words)

BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life Members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) gene family convey signals stimulated by these factors, activating signal transduction pathways that result in transcriptional regulation and stimulate immune function. Yonca Blut, Emmanuelle Faure, et al Cooperation of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 6 for Cellular Activation by Soluble Tuberculosis Factor and Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Protein A Lipoprotein: Role of Toll-Interacting Protein and IL-1 Receptor Signaling Molecules in Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/h_tollPathway.asp   (312 words)

The apoptotic signaling pathway activated by Toll-like receptor-2 MyD88 is necessary for Toll receptor and IL-1R signaling since MyD88-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to LPS and IL-1 (Adachi et al., 1998; Kawai et al., 1999). This is accomplished by germline-encoded receptors on the surface of cells of the innate immune system, which identify molecules produced exclusively by bacteria, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Medzhitov and Janeway, 1997b). FADD contains a C-terminal death domain (DD) that tethers it to the receptor complex, and an N-terminal death effector domain (DED) that binds a homologous region in the pro-domain of caspase 8 (Baker and Reddy, 1998). www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v19/n13/full/7593152a.html   (7343 words)

Publications Beutler, B., Du, X., and Poltorak, A. Identification of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as the sole conduit for LPS signal transduction: genetic and evolutionary studies. Kalis, C. Kanzler, B., Lembo, A., Poltorak, A., Galanos, C., Freudenberg, M A. 2003.Toll-like receptor 4 expression levels determine the degree of LPS- susceptibility in mice. Beutler, B., and Poltorak, A. Positional cloning of Lps and the general role of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response. www.tufts.edu /sackler/immunology/poltorak/publications.html   (380 words)

Toll-like receptor 4 definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms Toll-like receptor 4 definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms One in a family of receptors that provide critical links between immune stimulants produced by microorganisms and the initiation of host defenses. Activation of it causes the release of antimicrobial peptides, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and costimulatory molecules that initiate the innate immune response to common gram-negative bacteria. www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=23500   (189 words)

New Toll-like Receptor Drug Actilon for HCV Therapy Actilon acts through the Toll-like receptor 9 found in dendritic cells and B cells, which are mainstays of the immune system. Coley's TLR Therapeutics are synthetic nucleic acids that function as stimulators (agonists) or blockers (antagonists), of one or more TLRs that are found in immune cells. We design our TLR Therapeutic product candidates based on our understanding of their molecular mechanism of action and the human immune system's response to the various alterations in the sequence of a TLR Therapeutic. www.natap.org /2005/HCV/092905_07.htm   (2060 words)

Herpes simplex virus 1 interaction with Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to lethal encephalitis -- Kurt-Jones et al. 101 (5): 1315 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Involvement of the Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling Pathway in the Induction of Innate Immunity by Baculovirus A role for the TLRs TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, in the response TLR activation is a double-edged sword and may either lessen www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/5/1315   (3816 words)

Toll-Like Receptor Insights May Improve DNA Vaccines In the fruit fly, Toll not only signals one of the key axes of development, it also helps the fly fight off fungal infections. CpG pairs in mammals are much more likely to be methylated. Those in turn boost T cell responses, rather like the adjuvants in conventional vaccines, making the DNA-based vaccine more effective. www.sciencewatch.com /may-june2002/sw_may-june2002_page8.htm   (927 words)

JNK-interacting protein 3 associates with Toll-like receptor 4 and is involved in LPS-mediated JNK activation ECSIT is essential for processing and activation of MEKK1 and is indicated to be a mediator of JNK activation by IL-1 receptor and TLRs. We next examined the association by using a chimera protein of the extracellular domain of human G-CSF receptor fused to the cytoplasmic domain of TLR4 (Figure 1C). TLRs are a recently identified family of proteins, which recognize molecular patterns of invading pathogens. www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v22/n17/full/7590848a.html   (7294 words)

Expression of Toll-like Receptor 4 and Its Associated Lipopolysaccharide Receptor Complex by Resident Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Human Uvea -- Chang et al. 45 (6): 1871 -- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). Toll-like receptor 4 surface expression on human monocytes and B cells is modulated by IL-2 and IL-4. Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease. www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/45/6/1871   (4632 words)

A Novel Polymorphism in the Toll-Like Receptor 2 Gene and Its Potential Association with Staphylococcal Infection -- Lorenz et al. 68 (11): 6398 -- Infection and Immunity in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene (Pro712His) and C57BL6/10ScCr Cutting edge: cells that carry a null allele for toll-like receptor 2 are capable of responding to endotoxin. The toll receptors appear to be very important in initiating the innate immune response. iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/11/6398   (3865 words)

Toll-like Receptor Signaling -- Akira 278 (40): 38105 -- Journal of Biological Chemistry Sensing Bacterial Flagellin by Membrane and Soluble Orthologs of Toll-like Receptor 5 in Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mikiss) Toll was initially identified in insects as a receptor essential TLRs are members of a larger superfamily of interleukin-1 receptors www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/40/38105   (4267 words)

Structure of Human Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Ligand-binding Domain Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A.C., Medzhitov, R. & Flavell, R.A. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Dunne, A. & O'Neill, L.A. Adaptor usage and Toll-like receptor signaling specificity. Ligand-stimulated TLRs interact with various Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor molecules to activate signaling pathways that lead to a variety of immune responses and outcomes www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu /research/highlights_archive/tlr3.html   (686 words)

Toll-like receptor 9 controls anti-DNA autoantibody production in murine lupus -- Christensen et al. 202 (2): 321 -- The Journal of Experimental Medicine Toll-like receptor 9 controls anti-DNA autoantibody production in murine lupus -- Christensen et al. RNA-associated autoantigens activate B cells by combined B cell antigen receptor/Toll-like receptor 7 engagement Articles by Christensen, S. Articles by Shlomchik, M. Toll-like receptor 9 controls anti-DNA autoantibody production in murine lupus www.jem.org /cgi/content/abstract/202/2/321   (440 words)

A Toll-interleukin 1 repeat protein at the synapse specifies asymmetric odorant receptor expression via ASK1 MAPKKK signaling -- Chuang and Bargmann 19 (2): 270 -- Genes and Development Articles by Chuang, C.-F. Articles by Bargmann, C. A Toll-interleukin 1 repeat protein at the synapse specifies asymmetric odorant receptor expression via ASK1 MAPKKK signaling A Toll-interleukin 1 repeat protein at the synapse specifies asymmetric odorant receptor expression via ASK1 MAPKKK signaling -- Chuang and Bargmann 19 (2): 270 -- Genes and Development a synaptic signaling complex that regulates odorant receptor www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/abstract/19/2/270   (440 words)

Scavenger-receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipopolysaccharide in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) -- -- Journal of Experimental Biology Aderem, A. and Ulevitch, R. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. the uptake of the scavenger receptor ligands FSA and PINP was Shnyra, A. and Lindberg, A. Scavenger receptor pathway for lipopolysaccharide binding to Kupffer and endothelial liver cells in vitro. jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/23/4055   (440 words)

FHS IMMUNOLOGY 2001 Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. The mannose receptor is a pattern recognition receptor involved in host defense.      Discuss the role of non-opsonic MØ plasma membrane receptors in the induction and regulation of immunity. users.path.ox.ac.uk /~cholt/Reading%20list%2003.htm   (440 words)

Toll - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In the context of genetics, see toll (gene) and toll-like receptor In the context of law, tolling refers to a doctrine which allows for the pausing or delaying of the running of the limitation period set forth by a statute of limitations. Toll House is a brand of Nestlé, S.A. This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toll   (237 words)

Regulation of the effects of TGF-beta 1 by activation of latent TGF-beta 1 and differential expression of TGF-beta receptors (Tbeta R-I and Tbeta R-II) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis -- Khalil et al. 56 (12): 907 -- Thorax Inhibition of IL-10 Receptor Function in Alveolar Macrophages by Toll-Like Receptor Agonists Regulation of the effects of TGF-beta 1 by activation of latent TGF-beta 1 and differential expression of TGF-beta receptors (Tbeta R-I and Tbeta R-II) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis -- Khalil et al. s mediate their effects by interacting with a serine/threonine kinase receptor complex thorax.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/56/12/907   (4397 words)

Effector CD8 T cells possess suppressor function after 4-1BB and Toll-like receptor triggering -- Myers et al. 100 (9): 5348 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences H]thymidine in response to SEA as we observed in the past ( 29). Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and ovalbumin (Ova) were purchased from Sigma and were administered as i.p. The CD8-depleted cells were mixed in culture (with SEA) for 72 h with purified CD8 T cells taken from normal untreated mice or day-5 SEA/anti-4-1BB mice, or they were not offered any CD8 T cells. www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/9/5348   (4397 words)

Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Toll-IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adapter Protein (TIRAP)/Myeloid Differentiation Protein 88 Adapter-Like (Mal) Contribute to Maximal IL-6 Expression in Macrophages -- Schilling et al. 169 (10): 5874 -- The Journal of Immunology Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Toll-IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adapter Protein (TIRAP)/Myeloid Differentiation Protein 88 Adapter-Like (Mal) Contribute to Maximal IL-6 Expression in Macrophages -- Schilling et al. Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein: role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathway. www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/169/10/5874   (4397 words)

Mutant Cells That Do Not Respond to Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Reveal a Novel Role for IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase -- Li et al. 19 (7): 4643 -- Molecular and Cellular Biology Burns, K., Janssens, S., Brissoni, B., Olivos, N., Beyaert, R., Tschopp, J. Inhibition of Interleukin 1 Receptor/Toll-like Receptor Signaling through the Alternatively Spliced, Short Form of MyD88 Is Due to Its Failure to Recruit IRAK-4. Mamidipudi, V., Li, X., Wooten, M. Identification of Interleukin 1 Receptor-associated Kinase as a Conserved Component in the p75-Neurotrophin Receptor Activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B. Biol. Ruegg, J., Holsboer, F., Turck, C., Rein, T. Cofilin 1 Is Revealed as an Inhibitor of Glucocorticoid Receptor by Analysis of Hormone-Resistant Cells. mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/19/7/4643   (1827 words)

Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein Binds to Triacylated and Diacylated Lipopeptides and Mediates Innate Immune Responses -- Schröder et al. 173 (4): 2683 -- The Journal of Immunology Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein: role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Schumann, R. Kirschning, A. Unbehaun, H. Aberle, H. Knopf, N. Lamping, R. Ulevitch, F. Herrmann. Schumann, R. Lamping, C. Kirschning, H. Knopf, A. Hoess, F. Herrmann. www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/173/4/2683   (6172 words)

eBioscience: FITC Product Information Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) anti-mouse Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2, TLR-2) Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) anti-mouse Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9, TLR-9) Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) anti-human CMKLR1 (serpentine chemokine-like receptor 1, DC-expressed serpentine receptor, pDC-marker, plasmacytoid DC-marker) www.ebioscience.com /ebioscience/find.asp?find_spec=FITC   (781 words)

AmProx-dependable proteomics services Toll-like receptor 2; toll/interleukin 1 receptor-like 4; TIL4 Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 10; salt tolerator; CDC42-interacting protein; thyroid receptor interacting protein 10; CIP4; STOT Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10A; FLJ14301, mature form www.amprox.com   (460 words)

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