Tolosa, Spain - Factbites

Tolosa, Spain - Factbites
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Topic: Tolosa, Spain

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	ALMOHADES - LoveToKnow Article on ALMOHADES
		In 1212 Mahommed III., " En-Nasir " (1190-1214), the successor of El Mansur, was utterly defeated by the allied five Christian princes of Spain, Navarre and Portugal, at Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena.
		All the Moorish dominions in Spain were lost in the next few years, partly by the Christian conquest of Andalusia, and partly by the revolt of the Mahommedans of Granada, who put themselves under the protection of the Christian kings and became their vassals.
		The fanaticism of the Muwahhadis did not prevent them from encouraging the establishment of Christians even in Fez, and after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of Castile.
	60.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AL/ALMOHADES.htm

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of
		As a consequence of the Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, the power of the Almohads, the Berber regime that had dominated Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus) from the mid-twelfth century, was shattered, enabling the Christians to take over almost all of southern Spain in the ensuing forty years.
		The battle was the result of a crusade against the Muslim infidel in Spain organized by Alfonso VIII of Castile, Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, archbishop of Toledo (d.
		The Christian armies arrived at Las Navas de Tolosa, which lies to the northeast of Córdoba and Jaén, on Friday, July 13.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/ml_028500_lasnavasdeto.htm

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of
		As a consequence of the Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, the power of the Almohads, the Berber regime that had dominated Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus) from the mid-twelfth century, was shattered, enabling the Christians to take over almost all of southern Spain in the ensuing forty years.
		The Christian armies arrived at Las Navas de Tolosa, which lies to the northeast of Córdoba and Jaén, on Friday, July 13.
		The battle was the result of a crusade against the Muslim infidel in Spain organized by Alfonso VIII of Castile, Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, archbishop of Toledo (d.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_028500_lasnavasdeto.htm

	TopRural: Rural houses in Spain, Portugal and France - Your rural tourism guide
		TopRural > Spain > GuipÃºzcoa > Alphabetical listing of rural houses in Spain
		TopRural: Rural houses in Spain, Portugal and France - Your rural tourism guide
	en.toprural.com /casasruralesalfabetico.cfm/idp/20/provincia/guip%C3%BAzcoa.htm

	War and Peace
		Separated from the battle of Navas by 15 miles and six centuries, Bailen was the setting for the first pitched battle between Spain and France during the Napoleonic War.
		The battle, in which 60,000 Moors were killed, marked the beginning of the end of Moorish rule in Spain: within four decades Seville and Cordoba had been conquered, leaving only the Kingdom of Granada under Moorish rule.
		In 1212 one of the most decisive battles in Spanish history took place at Navas de Tolosa, when King Alfonso VIII’s army of 110,000 Castilians, Aragonese, Navarrese and Catalans, reinforced by 70,000 crusaders from elsewhere in Europe, defeated a force of 250,000 Moors led by the feared Almohad commander Al-Nasir.
	www.spainview.com /andalucia/ja004.html

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of
		As a consequence of the Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, the power of the Almohads, the Berber regime that had dominated Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus) from the mid-twelfth century, was shattered, enabling the Christians to take over almost all of southern Spain in the ensuing forty years.
		The battle was the result of a crusade against the Muslim infidel in Spain organized by Alfonso VIII of Castile, Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, archbishop of Toledo (d.
		Among the enormous booty collected was the so-called Muslim "flag of Las Navas," which survives in the monastery of Las Huelgas in Burgos.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_028500_lasnavasdeto.htm (367 words)

	Castile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The capture of Toledo in 1085 added New Castile to the crown's territories, and the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) heralded the Muslim loss of most of the south.
		A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country.
		The language of Castile emerged as the primary language of Spain — known to many of its speakers as castellano and in English as Castilian or Spanish.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Castile (307 words)

	Almohad
		In 1212 Mahommed III, "En-Nasir" (1199-1214), the successor of al Mansur, was utterly defeated by the allied five Christian princes of Spain, Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena.
		All the Moorish dominions in Spain were lost in the next few years, partly by the Christian conquest of Andalusia, and partly by the revolt of the Muslims of Granada, who put themselves under the protection of the Christian kings and became their vassals.
		But the Christian states in Spain were becoming too well organized to be overrun by the Muslims, and the Muwahhadis made no permanent advance against them.
	www.wordlookup.net /al/almohad.html (1113 words)

	Boulder Games-StoreFront Product Detail Page
		In this major battle of the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Almohads, the Muslim dynasty of North Africa and Spain, were decisively defeated by the combined armies of Leon, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal.
		VAE VICTIS #62: LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA, 1212 (Vae Victis)...
		It shattered the power of the Almohads and enabled the Christians to take over almost all of southern Spain during the next half century.
	www.bouldergames.com /detail.asp?Product_id=0810 (140 words)

	The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
		Las Navas de Tolosa represented a major victory for the Christian forces in Spain, and within fifty years most of the Muslim lands in Spain had fallen to Castilian forces.
		The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, according to The Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile
		The text given below deals with the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, which took place on July 16, 1212, and the subsequent sieges and campaign of Alfonso VIII.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/SOURCES/tolosa2.htm (140 words)

	The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
		Las Navas de Tolosa represented a major victory for the Christian forces in Spain, and within fifty years most of the Muslim lands in Spain had fallen to Castilian forces.
		Several campaigns and battles are described, including the battles of Alarcos (1195) and Muret (1213) and the siege of Cordoba in 1236.
		The battle was joined, but neither side was overcome, although at times they pushed back the enemy, and at other times they were driven back by the enemy.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/SOURCES/tolosa2.htm (140 words)

	The Middle Ages in Chaves Portutgal
		During the reign of Afonso II in 1212, when some Portuguese were participating in the battle of Navas de Tolosa against the Moors, the forces of Afonso IX of Leon again occupied Chaves.
		After the disastrous battle of Guadalete in Spain, the Islamic wave, spreading out through Spain, by the end of the first quarter of the eighth century had finally reached the edge of the mountains of Galicia.
		The first medieval municipality in the region was Couto de Ervededo, with its seat in the village that would later have the present-day name of Torre.
	www.portcult.com /07.HIST3.MEDIEVAL.htm (140 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
		The family were originally peasants and called themselves Alhaja until after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (11 July, 1212), when they were ennobled for service that contributed to the important victory which the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre achieved over the Moors.
		Born at Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain; dates of birth and death uncertain.
		His men rebelled against him in 1543, took him prisoner, and sent him to Spain, where for eight years he was kept in mild captivity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03126c.htm (140 words)

	The Vlach Connection and Further Reflections on Roman History
		Within a couple of centuries, Islamic Spain collapsed into a tiny remnant: In 1212 the last major Islamic power to span the Straits of Gibraltar, the Berber Almohad dynasty, was defeated at Las Navas de Tolosa just as catastrophically as Romanus had been defeated at Manzikert.
		Indeed, there was soon much less left of Islamic Spain than there had been of Romania, though little enough, in fact, was left of Romania at that time, since a treacherous blow had cut through to the heart of the empire.
		Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Almohad power broken
	www.friesian.com /decdenc2.htm (140 words)

	Misinformation, disinformation, and bias in Joy Hakim's 'A History of US'
		After the battle of Navas de Tolosa in 1212, most of Spain was ruled by Christians.
		Moorish armies suffered major defeats by Christian armies in the 11th century (at Toledo) and in the 13th century (at Navas de Tolosa), and those defeats resulted in the Moors' having to relinquish much of the Spanish territory that they had conquered in their heyday.
		After the reconquest of Toledo in 1085, about half of Spain was ruled by Christians and about half by Muslims.
	www.textbookleague.org /121hakm.htm (140 words)

	San Miguel de Escalada, Cultural Appropriation on the Medieval Frontier — ElsewhereOnline.com.au
		The crusading zeal which led to the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, to the eventual capture of Granada and the conquest of the Americas developed slowly, however.
		In Las Huelgas Reales, the aristocratic nunnery founded outside Burgos by Alfonso VIII’s wife Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of England, hangs a great embroidered tent flap captured from the Almohad armies at Las Navas de Tolosa.
		San Miguel de Escalada nestles on the side of a lonely hill in Spain’s northern meseta not far from the city of Leon.
	www.elsewhereonline.com.au /TravelCulture/textfolder/Escalada (1306 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Castile
		Alfonso VIII (1158-1214) definitely freed New Castile from the Moslem yoke in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), commemorated annually by the Church in Spain on 16 July as "El Triumfo de la Santa Cruz" (The Triumph of the Holy Cross).
		In the reign of Alfonso XI (1310-1350) the last of the Moors attempting reconquest of Spain were vanquished in the battle of Salado.
		Sancho the Great of Navarre took possession of Castile on the death of Sancho Garcia's son, and his son Ferdinand I united Leon and Castile which were later separated and reunited under Alfonso VI whose daughter Urraca became first queen.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd01714.htm (319 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
		The family were originally peasants and called themselves Alhaja until after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (11 July, 1212), when they were ennobled for service that contributed to the important victory which the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre achieved over the Moors.
		Born at Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain; dates of birth and death uncertain.
		His men rebelled against him in 1543, took him prisoner, and sent him to Spain, where for eight years he was kept in mild captivity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03126c.htm (690 words)

	Medieval Net. Welcome to the Medieval Network. Medieval History Page 7. Famous People, Medieval Recipes, Medieval Movies, Medieval Art, Medieval Books, Medieval History.
		In Spain, the Castilians and Aragonese united to meet the Muslims in the climatic battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
		Immediately after participating in Las Navas de Tolosa, Pedro II of Aragon went beyond the Pyrenees Mountains to protect the rights of two of his nieces, whose lands had been seized by Simon de Montfort.
		Although the reconquest of the peninsula from the Muslims would take another two hundred and eighty years, the Muslims never again were a real threat to the Christians of Spain.
	www.medieval.net /medievalhistory7.htm (568 words)

	Pre-colonial African History
		The Almohads also ruled Islamic Spain and Portugal from 1154 until the united kings of Castille, Aragón, and Navarre defeated them in the Battle of Navas de Tolosa in 1212.
		Then, their power declined and finally came to an end in Spain in 1232 and in Africa in 1269.
		His successor the Berber Abd al-Mumin, conquered Morocco (1140-1147) and other parts of North Africa putting an end to the Almoravids.
	berclo.net /page99/99en-afr-notes.html (568 words)

	Freelance Spain - History of Spain
		Decisive Christian victory at battle of Navas de Tolosa spells the beginning of the end of Moorish rule in Spain.
		King Fernando and Queen Isabel's army capture Granada after a long siege, the final defeat of the Moors in Spain.
		Powerful Caliphate of Córdoba breaks up due to internal strife; Moorish Spain split into small feuding kingdoms.
	www.spainview.com /history.html (568 words)

	Tolosa biography .ms
		Tolosa is also a locality in Guipúzcoa, Spain, upon river Oria.
		Tolosa is also a locality in La Plata, Argentina, founded by Martín J. Iraola, born in the Guipuzcoan Tolosa.
		Tolosa is also a 6450 m high peak next to Aconcagua, in Andes.
	tolosa.biography.ms (56 words)

	Municipality of Tolosa
		Thru a petition granted by the Spanish government, Tolosa became independent and was formally founded in 1861 and was named by the Spanish officials after an old town in Spain.
	elgu.ncc.gov.ph /ecommunity/tolosa-leyte (69 words)

	The 35th International Tolosa Choral Competition, 2003
		The Tudor Consort was invited to participate in the 35th Tolosa International Choral Competition in Spain in October 2003.
		Tolosa is a small town in the heart of the Basque Country, about two hours drive south-east from Bilbao International Airport.
		Photo gallery: Locations and Venues at the 35th Tolosa International Choral Competition
	tudor-consort.org.nz /tours/tolosa-2003-carey (300 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent III
		He prepared a crusade against the Moors and lived to see their power broken in Spain at the battle of Navas de Tolosa, in 1212.
		He protected the people of Norway against their tyrannical king, Sverri, and after the king's death arbitrated between the two claimants to the Norwegian throne.
		From Pedro II of Aragon he received that kingdom in vassalage and crowned him king at Rome in 1204.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08013a.htm (4264 words)

	Misinformation, disinformation, and bias in Joy Hakim's 'A History of US'
		Hakim's claim about agriculture can't be supported, because we do not have the statistics that we would need for comparing agricultural productivity in Moorish Spain with agricultural productivity in Spain during Roman times or during the early modern period, after the Moors were expelled.
		Moorish armies suffered major defeats by Christian armies in the 11th century (at Toledo) and in the 13th century (at Navas de Tolosa), and those defeats resulted in the Moors' having to relinquish much of the Spanish territory that they had conquered in their heyday.
		In the Moorish parts of Spain (as in other regions that were controlled by Muslims during medieval times), Jews and Christians were tolerated but were subjected to gross restrictions: They were formally barred from positions of power, and they were politically and legally inferior to Muslims.
	www.textbookleague.org /121hakm.htm (4264 words)

	Municipality of Tolosa
		Thru a petition granted by the Spanish government, Tolosa became independent and was formally founded in 1861 and was named by the Spanish officials after an old town in Spain.
	elgu.ncc.gov.ph /ecommunity/tolosa-leyte (4264 words)

	Dhimmi Watch: Islam's Claim on Spain
		As a consequence of the Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, the power of the Almohads, the Berber regime that had dominated Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus) from the mid-twelfth century, was shattered, enabling the Christians to take over almost all of southern Spain in the ensuing forty years.
		Muslims were expelled or exterminated in the Inquisition that followed, but the legacy of the Moors is seen throughout Andalusia, Spain's southern tier, in its language, palaces like the Alhambra, and food.
		Spain has a long, rich and complex history interwoven with the Muslim and Arab world, from its position as the center of Islamic Europe in the last millennium to today's confrontation with a vast influx of Muslim immigrants.
	www.jihadwatch.org /dhimmiwatch/archives/004693.php (2184 words)

	Articles - GuipÃºzcoa
		GuipÃºzcoa ( Basque Gipuzkoa, Spanish GuipÃºzcoa, in English sometimes as Guipuscoa) is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country.
		Other important cities include IrÃºn, Errenteria, Arrasate, Eibar, Tolosa.
	www.appza.com /articles/Gipuzkoa (2184 words)

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Topic: Tolosa, Spain

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In the News (Sat 25 May 13)