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Topic: Toluene diisocyanate

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	NTP: Abstract for TR-251 - 2,4- & 2,6-Toluene Diisocyanate
		Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is commercially produced as an approximate 80:20 mixture of the 2,4- and 2,6-isomers.
		Toluene diisocyanate was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence (but not the absence) of Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rat or male Syrian hamster liver S9; it was not mutagenic in strains TA 1535 or 1537.
		Under the conditions of these gavage studies, commercial grade toluene diisocyanate in corn oil was carcinogenic for F344/N rats, causing subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas (combined) in males and females, pancreatic acinar cell adenomas in males, and pancreatic islet cell adenomas, neoplastic nodules of the liver, and mammary gland fibroadenomas in females.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=07069FA6-DE67-1CCE-0C1549BF54DF3ED6 (887 words)

	Patent 4143008: Novel adhesive, molding and filler composition incorporating toluene diisocyanate residue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Unfortunately, distillation of crude toluene diisocyanates leaves a residue of material from which it is difficult to recover a large portion of the toluene diisocyanate and the material containing the TDI is discarded as a waste product.
		Toluene diisocyanate is manufactured in large quantities, thus disposal of the large quantities of residue wastes has become a serious problem.
		As used herein TDI refers to toluene diisocyanate; and "TDI residue" as used herein is the residue remaining after vaporizing toluene diisocyanate from a reaction mixture, which results fom substantially complete phosgenation of toluene diamine, until between about 12 and about 30 percent by weight of toluene diisocyanate remains in the residue.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4143008.html (3318 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Toluene Diisocyanate
		Toluene diisocyanate is produced commercially as an 80:20 (2,4-toluene diisocyanate:2,6-toluene diisocyanate) mixture of the two isomers.
		Toluene diisocyanate poisoning is not known to pose additional risk during the use of bronchial or cardiac sensitizing agents.
		Toluene diisocyanate is a pale-yellow liquid with a strong, sharp odor.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg179.html (4656 words)

	Patent 4372891: Method of recovering pure toluene diisocyanate from a polymeric residue product
		Polymeric residue including toluene diisocyanate is combined with a solvent having a low affinity for polymer solution and a high affinity for toluene diisocyanate to dissolve toluene diisocyanate leaving the polymeric materials in suspension.
		Briefly, the present invention involves a process wherein pure toluene diisocyanate can be recovered from a polymeric residue product which remains after the original toluene diisocyanate manufacturing process, by extracting with a solvent composition such that toluene diisocyanate is dissolved leaving the polymeric materials in suspension as a particulate solid which is readily filterable.
		However, it must be noted that toluene diisocyanate is an aromatic of still greater affinity for the polymeric material and must be considered in determining the actual ratio of aromatics to aliphatics in the solvent mixture when determining the amount of low molecular weight polymeric material which will be extracted.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4372891.html (1362 words)

	Formaldehyde and toluene diisocyanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Toluene diisocyanate is used in the manufacture of polyurethane products, such as foam furniture cushions, foam carpet pads, and various polyurethane coatings.
		Toluene diisocyanate emissions were tested from 39 different polyurethane products, including foam carpet padding, foam furniture cushions, varnishes, water sealers, caulking compounds, and adhesives.
		In addition, this was the first study to explore potential toluene diisocyanate emissions from a variety of residential sources; the results allow us to reasonably conclude that indoor residential exposure to this pollutant is not a major concern.
	lists.essential.org /1998/ag-res/msg00037.html (2597 words)

	Pathogenesis of occupational asthma -- Sastre et al. 22 (2): 364 -- European Respiratory Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		1 Prepolymers of hexamethylene diisocyanate as a cause of occupational asthma.
		Airway mucosal inflammation in occupational asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate.
		The involvement of sensory neuropeptides in toluene diisocyanate-induced tracheal hyperreactivity in the mouse airways.
	erj.ersjournals.com /cgi/content/full/22/2/364 (6672 words)

	DIISOCYANATES - (Organic Method #42) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While this method is specific for diisocyanates, it still retains the use of the bubbler and nitro reagent which is unstable when stored for long periods of time, even if it is kept at reduced temperature.
		The use of peak ratios to confirm low concentrations of diisocyanates is impractical due to the small response at 313 nm.
		The concentration in µg/mL of diisocyanate present in a sample is determined from the area response of the analytes as measured by an electronic integrator or peak heights.
	www.osha-slc.gov /dts/sltc/methods/organic/org042/org042.html (3355 words)

	DIISOCYANATES 2,4-TDI and MDI - (Organic Method #18) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This secondary amine reacts readily with diisocyanates to form a stable UV absorbing urea derivative that is easily chromatographed by high pressure liquid chromatography.
		The use of toluene nitro reagent in bubblers for sampling is both cumbersome and potentially hazardous.
		This system effectively traps toluene vapors for 1 h at a flow rate of 1 L/min at 25°C. The sampling pump must be calibrated with both the charcoal trap and the toluene nitro reagent bubbler connected in series to insure an accurate flow rate.
	www.osha-slc.gov /dts/sltc/methods/organic/org018/org018.html (3799 words)

	Designated Substances - Isocyanates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Diisocyanates are increasingly used in the automobile industry, auto body repair and building insulation materials.
		HDI is the cheapest diisocyanate and in view of its low boiling point, is no longer used.
		Isocyanates are commonly dissolved in aromatic solvents such as xylene and toluene, which in themselves are toxic.
	www.levitt-safety.com /WhatsNew/DesignatedSubstances/isocyanates.htm (2566 words)

	Toluene 2,4diisocyanate [factsheet]
		* Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate may also be present in indoor air, due to its possible presence as an unreacted monomer in polyurethane.
		* Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to toluene 2,4-diisocyanate in workers has caused significant decreases in lung function, an asthma-like reaction characterized by wheezing, dyspnea, and bronchial constriction, and effects on the liver, blood, and kidneys.
		* The odor threshod for toluene 2,4-diisocyanate is 0.17 ppm.
	www.weblakes.com /toxic/TOLUENE_2_4-DIISOCYANATE.HTML (796 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Exposure usually occurs to a mixture of toluene 2,4- and 2,6-diisocyanate, and not to the individual compound.
		Acute animal tests in rats have shown 2,4-toluene diisocyanate to have moderate to extreme acute toxicity from inhalation exposure and low acute toxicity from oral exposure.
		Commercial toluene diisocyanate is comprised of approximately 80% 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 20% toluene 2,6-diisocyanate.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/toluene2.html (1203 words)

	Immunization and Challenge with Toluene Diisocyanate Decrease Tachykinin and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ...
		Tachykinins mediate the acute increase in airway responsiveness caused by toluene diisocyanate in guinea pigs.
		Pharmacological modulation of the contractile response to toluene diisocyanate in the rat isolated urinary bladder.
		TDI-induced in vitro tracheal hyperreactivity in the mouse.
	www.ajrccm.org /cgi/content/full/158/1/263 (3751 words)

	Antibodies to Toluene Diisocyanate in an Environmentally Exposed Population
		The presence of TDI in ambient air was confirmed by an alternate method in which diisocyanates were captured on glycerol-impregnated filters, chemically derivitized, and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography.
		In this investigation, antibodies to diisocyanates were used as a biomarker of exposure.
		Therefore, individuals who tested positive for diisocyanate antibodies, as well as individuals who were experiencing symptoms of respiratory disease, were encouraged to seek further clinical evaluation.
	ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov /members/1998/106p665-666orloff/orloff-full.html (2108 words)

	Tramadol, buy tramadol, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, hair loss, hair ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Toluene diisocyanate contracts smooth muscle by activating capsaicin sensitive nerves and causes asthma that shares many features with allergen induced asthma.
		METHODS: The study was designed to assess the effect of two loop diuretics, bumetanide (10 and 100 microM) and frusemide (100 microM), on smooth muscle contraction induced by toluene diisocyanate (0.03-1000 microM) in guinea pig airways with and, in the case of bumetanide, without epithelium.
		Bumetanide inhibited non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic contraction induced by electrical field stimulation of bronchi pretreated with atropine (1 microM) and indomethacin (5 microM) and this inhibition was inversely related to the frequency of stimulation, suggesting that bumetanide may be inhibiting transmitter release at the prejunctional level.
	darwinpharmacy.com /ref-furosemide/furosemide-research-abs3.284.html (778 words)

	Toluene diisocyanate-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs depleted of granulocytes -- Cibulas et al. 64 (5): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Toluene diisocyanate-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs depleted of granulocytes -- Cibulas et al.
		Toluene diisocyanate-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs depleted of granulocytes
		The influence of cyclophosphamide-induced granulocyte depletion on toluene
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/64/5/1773 (194 words)

	Long-term Topical Exposure to Toluene Diisocyanate in Mice Leads to Antibody Production and In Vivo Airway ...
		Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a well-known cause of occupational asthma.
		Bronchoalveolar lavage and morphology of the airways after cessation of exposure in asthmatic subjects sensitized to toluene diisocyanate.
		Late respiratory response and associated eosinophilic inflammation induced by repeated exposure to toluene diisocyanate in guinea pigs.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/159/4/1074 (4467 words)

	Specific bronchial reactivity to toluene diisocyanate: relationship with baseline clinical findings -- Paggiaro et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Specific bronchial reactivity to toluene diisocyanate: relationship with baseline clinical findings -- Paggiaro et al.
		diisocyanate were identified and the pattern of their bronchial responses
		bronchial asthma related to toluene diisocyanate may be associated with
	thorax.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/41/4/279 (265 words)

	Gale-Edit - How Products are Made - Volumes - Polyurethane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		TDI is produced by chemically adding nitrogen groups on toluene, reacting these with hydrogen to produce a diamine, and separating the undesired isomers.
		PMDI is derived by a phosgenation reaction of aniline-formaldehyde polyamines.
		A typical ratio of polyol to diisocyanate is 1:2.
	www.gale-edit.com /products/volumes/polyurethane.htm (1697 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education (1995) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		All four worked in the same area of the factory where an adhesive containing toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was applied to velcro-like tape during manufacturing.
		DISCUSSION Diisocyanates are used quite extensively in many industries for manufacturing polyurethane resins of various physical properties, e.g., hard, flexible, or semirigid foams.
		The key to improving occupational health among workers in Taiwan and elsewhere is to establish better procedures for licensing and inspecting factories and to train physicians and industrial hygienists to conduct proper health hazard evaluations and implement environmental control measures.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309051401/html/744.html (3219 words)

	Tramadol, buy tramadol, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, weight loss, ...
		Groups of 50 female F344/N rats and 50 B6C3F1 mice were administered commercial grade toluene diisocyanate (80% 2,4- and 20% 2,6-) in corn oil by gavage at doses of 60 or 120 mg/kg body weight, 5 days per week for 105 or 106 weeks.
		An audit of the experimental data for these 2-year toxicological and carcinogenicity An audit of the experimental data for these 2-year toxicological and carcinogenicity studies on commercial grade 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate was conducted.
		Toluene diisocyanate was not carcinogenic for male B6C3F1 mice.
	auramon.com /ref-pneumonia/pneumonia-research-abs5.562.html (3184 words)

	Recurrent asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate -- Banks and Rando 43 (8): 660 -- Thorax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A worker developed toluene diisocyanate induced asthma in 1974.
		diisocyanate was produced, he had no respiratory symptoms and normal
		when challenged with a subirritant concentration of toluene diisocyanate.
	thorax.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/43/8/660 (202 words)

	ÃÀ¹ú×¨ÀûÉêÇë¹«¿ªËµÃ÷Êé 20040254335 - Novel high toluene diisocyanate-stable blue colorants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An inventive blue colorant comprising a chromophore having at least one hydroxy group-terminated polyester chain attached, through a suitable alkylamino linking group (or groups), to the 1-position, the 4-position, or both, of an anthraquinone backbone and having at least one hindering group in a secondary position in relation to said amino linking group is provided.
		Such colorants exhibit excellent amine/base stability and thermal stability, effective colorations, excellent low extraction rates, high lightfastness levels, particularly when incorporated within certain media and/or on the surface of certain polyurethane substrates, and, most importantly excellent stability in the presence of excess of diisocyanates.
		The polyester chain or chains can be conveniently tailored to increase the solubility or compatibility in different types of polyurethane resin precursors thereby permitting the introduction of such excellent coloring chromophores within diverse polyurethane media and/or or diverse polyurethane substrates as well as provides a liquid colorant which facilitates handling.
	cxp.paterra.com /uspregrant20040254335cn.html (220 words)

	CANUTEC - Articles English - Isocyanates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is used in the manufacture of flexible polyurethane foams (furniture, bedding) and rigid polyurethane foams (insulation),elastomers, polyurethane paint coatings, varnishes, wire enamels, adhesives and sealants.
		If the ammonia decontaminating solution was to be used, SCBA and not cartridge masks may have to be worn due to the presence of corrosive vapours (ammonia) and organic vapours (xylene, toluene).
		TDI or Toluene diisocyanate, UN2078, class 6.1 PG II HDI or Hexamethylene diisocyanate,UN2281, class 6.1 PG II.
	www.tc.gc.ca /canutec/en/articles/documents/isocy.htm (2209 words)

	NCDENR - Division of Air Quality - SAB Risk Assessment of toluene diisocyanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Summary of the toxicity assessment of toluene diisocyanate conducted by the Secretary's Scientific Advisory Board on Toxic Air Pollutants
		The Secretary's Scientific Advisory Board on Toxic Air Pollutants (SAB) evaluated the toxicity of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) during the course of consideration of the diisocyanate compounds.
		Analysis of studies of workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate.
	www.daq.state.nc.us /toxics/risk/sab/ra/tdisumm.shtml (2086 words)

	Rapid Reduction of Intracellular Glutathione in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Exposed to Occupational Levels of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a recognized chemical asthmogen,
		Jin, R., Day, B. W., and Karol, M. Toluene diisocyanate protein adducts in the bronchoalveolar lavage of guinea pigs exposed to vapors of the chemical.
		Miller, M. L., Andringa, A., Vinegar, A., Adams, W. D., Cibulas, W., Jr., and Brooks, S. Morphology of tracheal and bronchial epithelium and type II cells of the peripheral lung of the guinea pig after inhalation of toluene diisocyanate vapors.
	www.toxsci.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/60/2/348 (4843 words)

	Chemicals Technology - Baytown Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Plant, Texas USA
		The plant is a toluene diisocyanate (TDI) plant located in Baytown, Texas, USA.
		Both the TDI-II plant and the methane diisocyanate (MDI) capacity are important for supplying the car-coatings market.
		An MDI plant, capable of producing 180,000t/yr and costing $140 million, was completed by Bayer in Baytown in October 1998.
	www.chemicals-technology.com /projects/baytown/index.html (526 words)

	Research Abstract: 1996-11 Determination of Formaldehyde and Toluene Diisocyanate Emissions from Indoor Residential ...
		Building materials and consumer products found in California residences were subjected to chamber testing to determine the emission rates of formaldehyde (HCHO) and of toluene diisocyanates (mI).
		The emissions of formaldehyde were determined from bare urea- formaldehyde (UP) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) wood products, UP wood products with vinyl, paper, and other coatings, and from decorative laminates, permanent press fabrics, fiberglass insulation, paper goods, paints, cosmetics, and acid-cured coatings.
		Testing of products for emission of formaldehyde and the other target carbonyl compounds was conducted simultaneously at two sets of test conditions, using twin 1.43 m3 chambers.
	www.arb.ca.gov /research/abstracts/93-315.htm (480 words)

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