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	Ton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word ton or tonne is derived from the Old English tunne, and ultimately from the Old French tonne, and referred originally to a large cask with a capacity of 252 wine gallons, which holds approximately 2100 pounds of water.
		The water ton was formerly used in Great Britain and equal to 224 imperial gallons (the volume occupied by a mass of one long ton under the conditions which define the imperial gallon).
		A ton of TNT or tonne of TNT is equal to 1,000,000 grams (1 metric tonne) at a conventional energy value of 1000 small (thermochemical) calories per gram, thus 1 gigacalorie, or 4.184 gigajoules.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ton (1074 words)

	TPE - Encyclopedia, History and Biography
		TPE is often referred to as 24/7 though some consider these terms to have different definitions.
		Ton Petroleum Equivalent, a parameter used in renewable energy (45,217.44 M joules).
		This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ton_Petroleum_Equivalent (179 words)

	Ton - Encyclopedia, History and Biography
		long ton (or weight ton) in common use just ton = 1016.047 kg (2240 lb), is an avoirdupois unit commonly used in the UK and still common in British areas of influence.
		Prior to the 15th century in England, the ton was still composed of twenty hundredweights, but each was 108 lb, giving a ton of 2160 pounds.
		In darts, a ton is a score of 100 or more points with three darts.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Ton (1013 words)

	List of energy topics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Foot-pound - (symbol ft·lbf or ft·lbf) is an Imperial and U.S. customary unit of mechanical work, or energy, although in scientific fields one commonly uses the equivalent metric unit of the joule (J).
		Gray (unit) - (symbol: Gy), is the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation.
		It is approximately the heat equivalent of burning 100 cubic feet of natural gas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_directory (788 words)

	Synthetic asphalt mixtures and processes for making them - Patent 4437896 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Petroleum asphalt suitable for waterproofing roofs is usually produced by oxidizing petroleum asphalt, or by extracting maltenes from petroleum asphalt.
		Equivalent low penetration synthetic asphalts with high softening-point temperatures may be produced by increasing the percent by weight of gilsonite used, and by varying the viscosity of the tall oil, or tall oil pitch used with the gilsonite.
		Petroleum based asphalt pavement recycling agents are produced by extracting asphaltenes from petroleum asphalts, or from specific distillation ranges from the refining of crude petroleum oils.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4437896.html (7929 words)

	conversions: temperature, ITS 90, calories, Kelvin, frigorie
		Is very often use, like units of measure, the calorie (cal), definite quantity of necessary heat to raise the temperature of 1 g of water distilled from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C, to pressure standard.
		With the measurement effected from the physicist English J.Joule (1818-89), 1 cal is equivalent to 4.1855 J. The calorie and the kilocalorie (kcal) are very considered for express the energetic content of the foods.
		BTU: British Termal Unit, equivalent to the quantity of necessary heat for raise the temperature of a pound of pure water from 60 to 61 °F, and it is 1054.5 Joule.
	www.themeter.net /temp-cal_e.htm (555 words)

	Energy Matrix 1970/2000
		In the case of electricity, the equivalence was established with the quantity of natural gas necessary to generate the corresponding electricity.
		When establishing our equivalences, we have opted for maintaining the tep unit which means the quantity of energy, on the average uses of that sector, equivalent to 10800 Mcal of natural gas.
		The base for practical conversion is an equivalence table, by sector, of the quantities (in tep) of the energy source that substitutes 1 tep of natural gas.
	www.ecen.com /eee29/res_ex3e.htm (1900 words)

	Renewable energy
		Examples of indirect use which require energy harvesting are electricity generation through wind turbines or photovoltaic cells, or production of fuels such as ethanol from biomass (see alcohol as a fuel).
		A parameter sometimes used in renewable energy is the tonne of oil equivalent (toe).
		This is equal to 10,000 megacal or 41,868 MJ of energy.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Renewable_energy (3626 words)

	chapter7
		Their extraction is made possible with the help of drill holes (petroleum, gas, sulphur and other accompanying minerals); hard surface dredging, hydraulic or similar engineering methods (metalliferous deposits, silts, pavements, etc.) and solid, buried deposits which are extracted from underwater mines (coal, iron ore, tin, etc.).
		Petroleum derricks were constructed over drilling holes in the Gulf of Mexico, connected to the shore by wooden bridges, thus starting commercial exploitation of underwater oil deposits.
		Petroleum and natural gas are being searched for on the shelves of the Canadian Arctic archipelago, north-east Greenland and the islands of the Spitsbergen archipelago.
	www.oceansatlas.com /unatlas/-ATLAS-/chapter7.html (5713 words)

	Ton Petroleum Equivalent Encyclopedia Article, History, Biography at Karr.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Looking For ton petroleum equivalent - Find ton petroleum equivalent and more at Lycos Search.
		Find ton petroleum equivalent - Your relevant result is a click away!
		This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Ton_Petroleum_Equivalent (279 words)

	math lessons - Ton of oil equivalent
		The ton of oil equivalent (TOE) is a unit for measuring energy.
		The TOE is commonly used for large amounts of energy, since it may be easier to understand in a practical context than the proper SI unit for energy, the joule.
		A GTOE (gigaton of oil equivalent) is 1,000,000,000 tons of oil equivalent.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Ton_of_oil_equivalent (173 words)

	[No title]
		The share of imported petroleum in total commercial energy consumption has declined sharply from about 90% in 1980 to an estimated 55% in 1986 due to increased reliance on domestic gas and lignite for power generation and industry.
		Lower oil prices, in addition to their disincentive effects on petroleum exploration, reduce the likeli- hood of additional contracts being successfully concluded over the next few years; without new contracts, the supply of gas is expected to start declining over the next five to seven years.
		The Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT), which owns and operates the pipeline linking the Unocal fields to Bangkok (together with an LPG extraction plant), and which is the purchaser of gas from Unocal and is negotiating for the purchase.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/04/01/000009265_3961002061631/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt (16057 words)

	Explorations in Medicine and the Biosciences
		For petroleum, we typically use the formula CH This formula has a gram molecular weight of 13.5 (12 for C and 1.5 for a hydrogen and a half).
		Calculating moles of the natural gas is a different story, since it is a gas, not a liquid or solid as is the case with petroleum and coal.
		This will require a connector from the petroleum converter to the coal converter and a change to the coal converter so that its value is computed from the petroleum consumption.
	www.shodor.com /succeed/enviro/labs/burningff.html (1543 words)

	Process of converting high-boiling crude oils to equivalent petroleum products - Patent 4389303 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A process for converting high-boiling crude oil having a high content of nondistillable residue which crude oil contains metals and asphaltenes by donor solvent hydrovisbreaking is disclosed wherein the process is carried out near the carbonization temperature limit in the presence of a hydrogen donor.
		A process according to claim 7, wherein said solids are present in the concentration of up to 10 percent by weight based on the liquid contents in the reactor.
		A process according to claim 1, wherein the process is carried out under a total pressure of 120 to 150 bars employing a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.8 to 1.5 while utilizing a recycled gas ratio of 800 to 1200 standard cubic meters per metric ton of the entire liquid feedstock.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4389303.html (2199 words)

	Glossary 1999 Annual Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Kerosene: A petroleum middle distillate used primarily in space heaters, cooking stoves, and water heaters.
		Road Oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, such as residual asphaltic oil, used as a dust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways.
		The rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere flowing under a pressure of one volt at unity power factor.
	www.nol.org /home/NEO/AR1999/glossary.htm (1124 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Brazil intent on becoming major global energy supplier
		Local farmers would have to harvest an extra 12.5 mm tons of sugarcane to produce 1 bn litres of alcohol because it takes one ton of the raw material to produce 80 litres of the fuel.
		One ton of sugarcane holds an energy potential equivalent to that found in 1.2 barrels of petroleum.
		The plant has an installed capacity to process 40,000 tons of sugarcane daily and currently processes from 35,000 to 38,000 tons a day.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/company/cnl30447.htm (1003 words)

	UAB Divulg@
		An average phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) content in the pig manure is 1.4 and 2.6 kg/ton, respectively.
		This means that the above number of pigs will excrete 290,000 tons of P and 540,000 tons of N per year.
		The potential biogas productivity of anaerobically-treated 208 million tons of manure is around 3 billion cubic meters of renewable gas fuel (equivalent to 1.8 million ton of petroleum).
	www.uab.es /uabdivulga/cast/avances/2004/purins0604.htm (621 words)

	New Study Highlights HazMat Volume
		Petroleum accounts for about 300,000, and at least 10,000 shipments involve hazardous and medical wastes.
		Every ton of hazardous material produced in the United States is shipped, on average, 1.5 times.
		Shipments are defined as equivalent to deliveries and generally can be distinguished from the number of movements, trip segments, or other measures.
	bulktransporter.com /mag/transportation_new_study_highlights/index.html (327 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pollution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some of the more common contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals like lead (in lead paint and until recently in gasoline), cadmium (in rechargeable batteries), chromium, zinc, arsenic and benzene.
		A Russian fissile material storage facility Radioactive waste is waste material containing radioactive chemical elements which does not have a practical purpose.
		Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 Petroleum (from Latin petra â€“ rock and oleum â€“ oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called fl gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/pollution (3239 words)

	Encyclopedia: Alternate energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		About 50 kWh (1.8 MJ) is required to produce a kilogram of hydrogen by electrolysis, so the cost of the electricity clearly is crucial.
		Sun, wind, tides and waves cannot be controlled to provide directly either reliably continuous base-load power, because of their periodic natures, or peak-load power when it is needed.
		A parameter used in renewable energy is the ton petroleum equivalent (TPE), this is, 10,800 Mcal, this is, 45,217.44 M joules.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alternate-energy (5555 words)

	antiatom.ru -- Secrets of the Uranium Deal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In terms of energy output, one ton of military uranium is equivalent to 100 million tons of oil.
		He remarked with indignation that "the energy America got for next to nothing is enough for it to improve its well-being at our expense over the next fifty years." Russia's gain from this contract will approximately equal $12 billion.
		Moreover, nearly the whole stock of Russia's military uranium has been sold for one thousandth of its actual cost in terms of petroleum equivalent.
	www.antiatom.ru /entext/040127_3anc.htm (883 words)

	ALCOHOL IRREGULAR TRADE
		It is estimated to be 8 million cubic meters the irregular trade of ethyl alcohol in the last four years – an amount equivalent to 17% of the total alcohol consumption in the period.
		The 48.4% consumption increase of Otto cycle fuels in the period from 1993 to 1998 (from 14,352 thousand toe – ton petroleum equivalent – to 21,305 thousand toe) is a good example that proves the large expansion of the cars market.
		Considering the alcohol “output” data for fuel purposes in the last four years from the Sugar and Alcohol Department, the alcohol regulating stocks are subtracted of 4,385 thousand m3, the accumulated irregular trade reaches 7,049 thousand m3 and the percent of anhydrous alcohol mixture in C gasoline is more than 30% in 2002.
	www.ecen.com /eee36/alcohol_e.htm (873 words)

	Petroleum Bazaar - The no.1 sites on Petroleum Products
		A number of petroleum tanks that are operated together as a depot in oil storage and distribution activities.
		a ton of oil is the equivalent of 6.8 to 8.5 barrels of oil, depending on temperature, specific gravity and other physical factors.
		A period of brisk activity at a refinery or plant when processing units, or portions of them, are shut down for scheduled maintenance or the installation of new equipment and systems.
	www.petroleumbazaar.com /glossary/Glossary%20T.htm (417 words)

	Adjusting petroleum reserve strategy
		At the end of the 1990s, China expected its pure annual petroleum import to hit 100 million tons by 2010, so it planned to set up a 25-million-ton oil reserve equivalent to 90 days of crude oil imports.
		The United States' petroleum strategic reserve is equivalent to 158 days of crude oil imports, Japan 161 days and Germany 127 days, according to Cai, suggesting China's oil reserves be raised in accordance with its rapid economic development.
		Cai also suggested that China pass special laws on petroleum reserve establishment, and encourage private companies to participate in petroleum reserve work.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-05/25/content_445906.htm (267 words)

	Management Support Services Mearsecroft.co.uk
		A type of space-heating equipment consisting of a vessel or tank where heat produced from the combustion of such fuels as natural gas, fuel oil, or coal is used to generate hot water or steam.
		A petroleum distillate with properties similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil; used primarily in space heaters, cooking stoves, and water heaters.
		A type of heating distribution equipment that is usually visibly exposed within the room or space to be heated; it transfers heat from steam or hot water by radiation to objects within visible range and by conduction to the surrounding air, which, in turn, is circulated by natural convection.
	www.mearsecroft.co.uk /energyglossaries.htm (4670 words)

	Coalbed Methane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		With the proportion of coal as high as 75 percent, petroleum and natural gas make up one-third and one-tenth of the world's averages, respectively.
		China's total coal-bed methane resources are listed at 35,000 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 45 billion tons of standard coal and equal to the country's conventional natural gas resources, and three times the reserves in the United States.
		The CUBM was founded in 1996 jointly by the Ministry of Coal, the Ministry of Geology and Natural Resources, and the China National Petroleum and Natural Gas Corp, with an aim to advance the exploration of coal-bed methane in China.
	www.pnl.gov /china/cbmtex.htm (644 words)

	Glossary - HES2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as "million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCDE)" or "million short tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MSTCDE)." The carbon dioxide equivalent for a gas is derived by multiplying the tons of the gas by the associated GWP.
		The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is the nation's first line of defense against an interruption in petroleum supplies.
		The rate of energy transfer equivalent to 1 ampere flowing under a pressure of 1 volt at unity power factor.
	www.hawaii.gov /dbedt/ert/hes2000/glossary.html (3597 words)

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