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	Tone sandhi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tone sandhi refers to the sound change in tones when different sounds come together.
		In Mandarin Chinese, the most common tone sandhi rule is that the leading syllable in a set of two third-tone syllables is raised to the second tone.
		Tone sandhi in Hakka is more complex; in Southern Min, more complex still, with the most complex systems found in Wu and Jin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tone_sandhi (271 words)

	Sandhi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sandhi (Sanskrit: संधि, "joining") is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries.
		For example: Mandarin has four tones: a high monotone, a rising tone, a falling-rising tone, and a falling tone.
		However, this is difficult to say, so the tone on nǐ mutates into ní, although by orthographical rules the tone as written in Hanyu Pinyin does not change.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sandhi (299 words)

	Pingyao Dialect Tone Sandhi
		There are a total of ten sandhi tones produced, of which five are the same as the citation tones, the other five occurring only in a sandhi environment.
		Of the ten sandhi tones, five are è’è² and five are å¥è², the å¥è² being short versions of the è’è² tones.
		Sandhi occurrences can be broken down into different environments, but in this case it is not clear cut between word functions, it also depends on whether the 3-syllable group has a compound in the first two characters or in the last two characters.
	www.glossika.com /en/dict/tones/sandhi/pingyao.htm (726 words)

	Taiwanese (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Syllables consist maximally of an initial consonant, a vowel, a final consonant, and a tone; any or all of the consonants or vowels may be nasal.
		In the traditional analysis, the tones are numbered from 1 to 8; in Taiwanese, tones 2 and 6 are the same.
		Taiwanese has extremely extensive tone sandhi (tone-changing) rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Taiwanese_language (4294 words)

	Mandarin Diphone Synthesis - Tone
		The Worldbet tone mark is an indication of the pitch of the tone throughout its duration; for example, 213 means that the pitch begins at level 2, rises to level 1, then drops to level 3.
		Tone 3 + Tones 1,2,4: When a third tone syllable is followed by a syllable with a tone other than third tone, it changes to a low-rising tone with the pitch contour 21.
		It would seem that writing the rules for the basic tone sandhi would not be too problematic, but that implementing the rules for the morphophonemic tone sandhi and all the other inter-syllabic tone variation would be quite daunting.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /masters/students/raltwarg/di_tone.htm (844 words)

	Tone Sweet Tone
		The high part of the first high tone, rising tone or falling tone (the level 4 part) in a non-question utterance is realized as a super high tone (level 5), provided that it is not preceded by an actual super high tone.
		When two words of the same level tone are combined, either the first tone rises or the second tone falls, leaving the first syllable of the compound with the higher tone.
		When two words of the same contour tone are combined, the second tone becomes a level tone identical in level to the end of the intial contour.
	dedalvs.free.fr /sheli/tone.html (1321 words)

	Chinese Pronunciation and Tones
		In english, tones denote whether something is a question, a command, or a general statement.
		English tones can be used anywhere in the sentence, without changing the meaning of the sentence too much, though it may freak out the listener a little.
		Tones may be denoted by number or by accent characters.
	www.mandarinbook.info /tones.jsp (549 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Lin, Hwei-Bing
		Furthermore, empirical, historical and theorectical arguments are raised concerning the validity of the duration of tone 3 in sandhi situation.
		Spectrograms and graphs are used to study durations and fundamental frequency of tone 3 in tone sandhi at slow, normal and fast speech by three females and three males.
		In addition, it is possible that greater variance in tone 3 duration and fundamental frequency is concomitant with the variance of speech speeds.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1144686627 (207 words)

	Shadow » Blog Archive » Chinese tone sandhi:: And Steve Chu’s HeNan trick
		Tone sandhi is a common occurrence in different varieties, the most famous being Mandarin Chinese, in which a third tone (high-low-high, or falling-rising) followed by another third tone becomes a low-high or rising tone.
		Traditional accounts of tonal assimilation are argued against, in that they fail to account for the specific outcome of the changed tone, and especially fail when applied to other Chinese dialects with much more complex tone sandhi phenomena.
		These facts, and the wholly arbitrary values of the sandhi tones, indicate that they are historical relics and operate in the grammars of modern dialects as morphophonemic material.
	www.garyfeng.com /wordpress/2004/06/08/chinese-tone-sandhi-and-steve-chus-henan-trick (489 words)

	Learn Taiwanese
		The 6th tone is pronounced the same way as the 2nd tone, so we can count a total of 7 tonal contours.
		All seven tones are distinguished with the use of three marks: acute accent, grave accent, and an underline.
		Two tones are high without any accent mark; one tone is rising; one tone is falling; and three tones are low, which are marked with an underline, among which one is also a falling tone.
	www.glossika.com /en/dict/taiwanese/tones.php (1002 words)

	Glossika Store (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Chinese has a wide repertoire of tones that undergo often surprising changes when they are connected in speech flow.
		This tonal alternation is known as tone sandhi.
		Extensive references and a bibliography on tone sandhi complete this invaluable resource which will be welcomed as a standard reference on Chinese tone.
	astore.amazon.com /glossika03-20/detail/0521652723 (532 words)

	Tone Sandhi - Cambridge University Press
		Chinese has a wide repertoire of tones which undergo often surprising changes when they are connected in speech flow.
		Chen examines tone sandhi phenomena in detail across a variety of Chinese dialects.
		He explores a range of important theoretical issues such as the nature of tonal representation, the relation of tone to accent, the prosodic domain of sandhi rules, and the interface between syntax and phonology.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0511033079 (249 words)

	Chaozhou
		The Chinese languages not only have tones, they also exhibit, to a greater or lesser extent, a phenomenon called tone sandhi.
		Tone sandhi in Mandarin is mainly manifested in the Third Tone Rule, which describes the regular changes of the third tone to a second tone when another third tone follows.
		In dialects like Mandarin and Cantonese, most of the tones in context, i.e., the sandhi tones, are the same as when they are pronounced in isolation.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /dept/chinese/aspect/tonesandhi.html (684 words)

	Tone Sandhi in Numbers - Chinese-forums.com
		Tone sandhi (in Mandarin) has nothing to do with the previous word, such as 第 in 第一.
		I don't like to use the term tone sandhi, because sandhi is used to refer to Sanskrit, and it is a different idea.
		There, tone sandhi is determined by the first syllable of a sandhi phrase (therefore doesn't have to be the immediate preceding syllable).
	www.chinese-forums.com /showthread.php?p=13486 (1352 words)

	Language creation: `Ngwei-koo`lei (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The other two tones involve a change in pitch as you pronounce the syllable: from low to high pitch for the rising tone, and from high to low for the falling tone.
		Tone sandhi is a related phenomenon that occurs in `Ngwei-koo`lei.
		Tone assimilation occurs too, to a lesser degree, with some particles; in these cases the particles have an underlying pitch with combines with the pitch contour of the neighbouring syllable of the root, producing regressive (back-) assimilation (instead of the normal tone sandhi, which is progressive).
	pueblacity.com /ego-pdf/ng/lng/ngwei_phon.html (582 words)

	KU: Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Proponents of the latter, however, consider the phonetically natural phonologies to be results of historical sound changes, which are often initiated and perpetuated by perceptual "mistakes" made by speakers over the generations; hence the synchronic phonology of the speaker is not phonetically natural per se (e.g., Ohala 1996, Blevins and Garrett 1998, Hansson 1999).
		The dipping tone 213 (the 3rd tone) in Mandarin undergoes two types of sandhi in non-final position-changing to 35 (i.e., becoming the 2nd tone) when followed by another 213, and changing to 21 when followed by any other lexical tone.
		While both sandhi types have a natural component in that a complex contour is reduced to a simple contour under less duration, 213 -> 35 involves an idiosyncratic raising and neutralization and can be considered less "natural" than 213 -> 21.
	www.linguistics.ku.edu /faculty/Dr_Zhang/pysch_diff_abstract.shtml (487 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Tone
		Pike, Kenneth L. Tone languages: The nature of tonemic systems, with a technique for the analysis of their significant pitch contrasts.
		Pike, Kenneth L. Tone languages; a technique for determining the number and type of pitch contrasts in a language, with studies in tonemic substitution and fusion.
		Hollenbach, Barbara E. The phonology and morphology of tone and laryngeals in Copala Trique.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=TON (1499 words)

	LabPhon 8 - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In a baseline study, we examined how tone shape varies when they are superimposed on different durations of tone-bearing units (TBUs) due, e.g., to contrastive long vs. short vowel duration, intrinsic vowel duration, being stressed or unstressed, appearing in isolation vs. in lexical compounds vs. in sentence context.
		In another study we compared the phonetic properties of sandhi tones (phonologically changed tones) with the same original tones in a context as similar as possible to that which triggers the sandhi phenomenon.
		We recorded syllables with their pre-sandhi tones and the same syllables with the tone sandhi forms in compounds.
	sapir.ling.yale.edu /labphon8/Poster_Abstracts/Roengpitya.html (687 words)

	The Variation of Tone Sandhi in Mandarin Chinese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		There are four possible tones for each Chinese syllable, and it is very difficult to preserve the original tone when speaking.
		tone is followed by a neutral tone, the first syllable depends on the neutral tone’s original tone to decide if it will be pronounced as a 2
		In addition, the mood, tone, pace, emotion etc. of speech influences the tonal variation.
	fareast.ff.cuni.cz /conferences/tone/sylaby/Yeh.htm (234 words)

	Tone Sandhi - Page 2 - Chinese-forums.com
		If you say the tone correctly and there're more than one third tone in succession, you can say all the words with 3rd tone unmodified but that will slow your speech down considerably.
		Native speakers have to modify the third tone when it occurs in succession in order to keep speaking at their normal speed, and this will happen naturally as a physical process without conscious effort on the part of the speaker.
		The change of tones really depends on where you pause in the sentence, but of course with a meaningful pause.
	www.chinese-forums.com /showthread.php?t=7192&page=2 (346 words)

	Sandhi - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		External sandhi refers to changes found at word boundaries, such as in the pronunciation [tɛm bʊks] for ten books, or the Finnish inter-word geminates (loppukahdennus), e.g.
		While it may be extremely common in speech, it is typically ignored in spelling, as is the case in Finnish and, with the exception of the distinction between "a" and "an", English (see, for example, Linking R).
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Sandhi contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Sandhi (326 words)

	Mandarin Tone Changes \| Sinosplice: Life in China
		A lot of neutral tones are not marked as neutral tones in dictionary, but in daily life it’s pronounced neutral tones.
		The middle tone, a converted Tone 2 (converted from a Tone 3), is pronounced as a Tone 1.
		In other words, the pitch of the neutral tone is different depending on what the tone of the preceding character is. I know the neutral tone gave me trouble for a long while when I first started learning.
	www.sinosplice.com /life/archives/2006/03/29/mandarin-tone-changes (3199 words)

	math lessons - Sandhi
		Sandhi is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme boundaries.
		External sandhi refers to changes found at word boundaries, such as in the pronunciation for ten books, or the pronuciation of the as [ði] before a vowel (e.g.
		However, this is difficult to say, so the tone on nǐ mutates into ní.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Sandhi (224 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Helen Meng from Chinese University of Hong Kong gave a talk on Mandarin tone.
		* various kinds of tone for a syllable - tone 1 - 6: long duration (non-entering) - tone 7 - 9: short duratin (entering) * (syllable + tone) notation is essential for Chinese synthesis - pinyin (for Mandarin) - jyutping (for Cantonese) * proposal of
		element - tone changes correspond changes of meanings/context/speaking style * several tone sandhi rules depending on dialects - rule for Mandarin: tone3 + tone3 => tone2 + tone3 - rule for Cantonese: tone4 + tone4 => tone4 + tone{2,1,4} * how to denote the combination of characters and tones ?
	www.w3.org /2005/08/SSML/Minutes/Kazuyuki_Ashimura_Session6.txt (355 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A very common example used to illustrate the use of tones in Chinese are the five tones of Standard Mandarin applied to the syllable "ma".
		This difference begins at a high level, in that there is only one (common) Chinese written language, but several distinct Chinese spoken languages; however, it is ordinarily accepted that there is a single English language, spoken and written, despite the existence of several dialects.
		In addition, spoken Chinese is a tonal language; differences in pitch (the term "tone" is often used in descriptions of spoken Chinese) indicate different words.
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/Chinese_language (6838 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Tone sandhi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Tone sandhi; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/?title=Tone_sandhi (397 words)

	Research Projects
		Drs Rose and Zhu are currently exhaustively describing the sandhi synchronically over most of the Wu area.
		Several interesting historical processes can be observed in these languages, such as Tone change and the development of bound morphology in a language family which is largely isolating.
		His thesis is in the form of a printed book and CD with links to soundfiles and texts in the Tai languages.
	crlc.anu.edu.au /research_projects.html (4174 words)

	Tone sandhi - China-related Topics TM-TP - China-Related Topics
		Tone sandhi in Hakka (linguistics)Hakka is more complex; in Southern Min, more complex still.
		As an example of how tone sandi may affect meaning, the Taiwanese (linguistics)Taiwanese morphemes kiaⁿ (afraid) and l?ng (person) may combine to form the word kiaⁿ-l?ng, whose meaning varies according to the tone change.
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	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Tone_sandhi (275 words)

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