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Topic: Tonghak Peasant Revolution

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	Association for Asia Research- Tonghak revolution and Chundoism
		Chundoism arose from the Tonghak (東學) revolution that began in 1812 in Chosen.
		In 1862, half a century after the peasant rebellion led by Hong Kyong-nae was out down, a group of farmers in Chinju, Kyongsang-do province, rose up against their oppressive provincial officials and the wealthy landowners.
		The agrarian revolt in Chinju triggered peasant uprisings elsewhere.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/1796.html (737 words)

	Tonghak - Eastern Learning
		Choson's oppressed peasant population openly welcomed this native-born doctrine which held all the potential for a revolutionary movement of historic proportions.
		The standard of tonghak morality was that the end result of man's conduct not only benefited the individual, but the whole society, the nation and the world.
		Tonghak quickly took root among the farming villages of the peninsula and spread so rapidly that by 1863, one could find a branch in every district in the country, each with its own leader chosen from among local believers.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C15/E1506.htm (3574 words)

	Association for Asia Research- The Tonghak peasant revolution
		The peasants worked in the fields during the day, but during the night they armed themselves and raided government offices, and killed rich landlords, traders and foreigners.
		The peasant army had few muskets and its arms were mainly bamboo spears and swords.
		The Peasant Army, although many government troops joined their ranks, was no match for the 'Allied' forces with modern weapons and numerical superiority.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/1797.html (743 words)

	A Millennium FreeFrom Hunger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Tonghak Peasant Revolution in Korea in 1894, for example, began in response to exploitation by a local magistrate.
		The peasants occupied the county office, seized weapons, distributed illegally collected tax rice to the poor, and the destroyed a new reservoir built with their own forced labour.
		The Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century focused on issues of land for peasants and more recently the Suharto regime in Indonesia was brought down due to shortages of rice and the tremendous increase in prices of basic goods.
	agrolink.moa.my /moa1/newspaper/pelbagai/ip20001031.html (808 words)

	Chundoism - A Korean Religion
		Chundo-gyo evolved in the early 1900's from the Tonghak peasant liberation movements in southern provinces of Korea.
		The Tonghak rebels routed Cho's government forces and took over the county office, and handed out Cho's properties to the peasants.
		Choe Ik-hyon was captured by the Japanese and dragged away to Tsushima Island where he refused to eat the food given by the Japanese army and finally died as a martyr.
	www.kimsoft.com /KOREA/chundo.htm (2010 words)

	The End Game
		Japanese troops ruthlessly suppressed a resurgent Tonghak revolt intent on exterminating the sect altogether.
		In the first Tonghak revolt, Choe Si-hyong, leader of the Northern Assembly of Tonghak, denounced an armed uprising as an act of treason against the nation and a betrayal of the founder's teachings.
		The Tonghak movement began as a domestic revolution led by impoverished yangban against Korea's oppressive yangban society.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C28/E2804.htm (4380 words)

	South Korea
		By exacting a disproportionate share of crops in the form of rents, the "landlords" were causing economic destitution and social discontent among the peasants.
		Like the Taiping rebels in China thirty years earlier, the Tonghak participants were fired by religious fervor as well as by indignation about the corrupt and oppressive government.
		The rebellion spread from the southwest to the central region of the peninsula, menacing Seoul.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/south-korea/all.html (17956 words)

	Korean nationalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They have witnessed and participated in wide range of nationalist actions over the past century, but all of them have been some form of resistance.
		The Tonghak (East Learning) peasant movement, also known as the Tonghak Peasant Revolution, that began in the 1870s, could be seen as an early modern form of old Korean nationalism.
		It was succeeded by the Righteous army movement and later a series of Korean independence movements that led to the current status of the two Korean nations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Korean_nationalism (1544 words)

	MODULE 2: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ESC RIGHTS
		Bread was a central issue in the French Revolution, a rebellion that was successful to the extent that a despotic monarchy was brought down and an early declaration on human rights drafted. The Mexican Revolution in the early twentieth century focused on issues of land for peasants.
		The history of the twentieth century cannot be written without taking into account the direct and indirect effects of the Russian Revolution in the early decades of the century. It is now widely conceded that “the actual revolutions made in the name of communism have exhausted themselves.
		The tragedy of the October revolution was precisely that it could only produce its kind of ruthless, brutal, command socialism.”9 At the same time, the Russian Revolution played a very substantial role in colonial emancipation and was key to the growth of social democracies around the world.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/edumat/IHRIP/circle/modules/module2.htm (1282 words)

	Korea Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is actually a successor movement to Tonghak (Eastern Learning), a religious and social movement that arose in Korea in the middle of the nineteenth century.
		Tonghak combined elements of Buddhism, Confucianism, and native shamanism and was designed to renew Korean society at the time of the decline of the Choson dynasty.
		Tonghak is most famous for its role in the largest peasant rebellion in Korean history in 1894 that indirectly led to the Sino-Japanese War.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2003abst/Korea/sessions.htm (10493 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of China, Korea & Japan to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		In the mid-16th century peasants who returned to their land were forgiven their back taxes.
		After the turmoil of Wang Mang's revolution, the Eastern Han dynasty stabilized China and increased Confucian education for two more centuries until government corruption under eunuchs at court led to revolts and the division of China into three kingdoms in 220 CE.
		Rebellions began breaking out in 1851, and the Taiping revolution, inspired by a peculiar form of Christianity, ruled a portion of China from Nanjing between 1853 and 1864 during a devastating civil war in which more than twenty million people died.
	www.san.beck.org /3-13-Summary.html (16017 words)

	[ks-open] Tonghak: Is this enough?
		"Tonghak and the Tonghak Revolt." In Introduction to Korean Studies.
		"The Conservative Character of the 1894 Tonghak Peasant Uprising: A Reappraisal with Emphasis on Chon Pong-jun's Background and Motivation." The Journal of Korean Studies 7 (1990): 149-180.
		But again, your librarian ought to be able direct you to these sources --even if his or her English is not particularly strong.
	koreaweb.ws /pipermail/ksopen_koreaweb.ws/2001-July/000225.html (1000 words)

	infoKorea
		The development and spread of the Tonghak Doctrine built the foundation for a major social revolution in Korea.
		President Wilson's Fourteen Points and the perceived impact of Russia's Bolshevik Revolution contributed to the spread of nationalism and gave oppressed nations a sense of hope for freedom.
		The emergence of General Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang signaled the start of a nationalist revolution in China and a rising conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists.
	myhome.shinbiro.com /~mss1/history.html (4072 words)

	Courses [Politics Department] {Pomona College}
		Themes and concepts associated with modernity: social-contract theory; equality and rights; the origins of democracy, liberalism, and individualism; the origins of protest, revolution, and radicalism; and economics and the bureaucratic state.
		Examines main trends in Asian revolution and reform movements over the past 250 years, from peasant populism in China’s Taiping and Korea’s Tonghak revolts, to the disciplined cultural reformism of Japan’s Meiji leadership and modernizing ideas of Asian nationalists, from Rizal to Ho Chi Minh.
		The Cuban Revolution forward, guerrilla warfare, agrarian and/or environmental struggles, labor insurgency, solidarity and human rights movements, identity politics, and diasporic movements in the U.S. (e.g., United Farm Workers, Young Lords Party, Mixtec Indian organizations).
	www.politics.pomona.edu /courses.html (2466 words)

	Echoes of the Past, Epics of Dissent, reviewed by Song
		Readers may also feel that some changes in the farmers' outlook after their culminating experiences of protest are given short shrift.
		In particular, gender relations could have been analyzed in greater detail, especially because the author relates the story of a peasant woman in the first chapter as a paradigmatic exemplar for her account (pp.
		Yet village women might well have had their consciousness raised in regard to their own relationships with men as a result of their political struggles, especially since the protesters met with and defied patriarchal attitudes and rhetoric on the part of the landlords (p.123).
	koreaweb.ws /ks/ksr/ksr98-07.htm (1130 words)

	2001 Annual Meeting: Korea Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although land reform increased incentives for peasants and brought about rural stability, the government did not go far enough to establish proper institutions to take the leadership that many landlords took before reform.
		This paper examines the ideological dimension of peasant rebellions during the late Chosón period, the Hong Kyóngnae Rebellion of 1812 in particular.
		Previous research tended to overlook this because any emphasis on the impact of folk belief in prophecy, which was presumed to be backward and irrational, would result in downgrading the progressive nature of the rebellion that scholars of the nationalistic perspective tried to champion.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2001abst/Korea/Sessions.htm (11930 words)

	peasant blouse - 247 info
		peasant multiplication skirt and in an peasant war in peasant cuisine joseph stalin Like a peasant paintings the Hokkien-speaking villagers see through flashes her mongolian clothes century chinese culture the tonghak revolution red night
		peasant reformation the ideal and what down her posing and skirt and then strips.
		peasant war on Northamptonshire poet John Mostly down pictures with rural society classes peasant life during peasant revolt to a family in Hong Kong.
	247-info.dyndns.org /content/peasant-blouse (174 words)

	24.8. The Triumphal Return
		Traitors to the revolution, heterogeneous elements and men of political ambition concealed their true colors and infiltrated Party organizations and people's government organs.
		The whole process of the anti-Japanese revolution was a history of love and trust with which we held up the people as the makers of history, awakened them to political awareness and organized them to stand in the forefront of the liberation war.
		In the crucible of the anti-Japanese revolution we found a valuable truth that when we believe in the strength of the people and fight relying on them, enjoying their love and support, we can overcome any trial whatever and emerge victorious in any adversity.
	www.kimsoft.com /war/r-24-8.htm (7026 words)

	Rent Chihwaseon. DVD rentals from ScreenSelect - the new online way to rent DVDs in the UK.
		I think the film was a pretty accurate representation of how the Korean people were affected by the changes occuring in their country at the time.
		The peasant uprising near the end of the film was probably based upon the Tonghak Peasant Revolt.
		I watched this film as I was in the process of writing a 2000+ worded essay for my acceptance to Sheffield University to go on their Korean Studies course.
	screenselect.co.uk /visitor/reviews.html?product_id=23511&sort=score (419 words)

	History
		Research for a book that examines the development of Congregationalism in colonial Massachusetts, focusing particularly upon the role of the laity in Congregational church order and upon the influence of a century and a half of lay experience in governance upon the formation of a democratic culture in Massachusetts.
		While most historians have seen the 1894 Tonghak Peasant Rebellion as an uprising that lacked a class consciousness or a vision of new society, some "revisionist" historians are portraying it as a peasant revolutionary war that had a clear vision.
		Without the Tonghak church's nationwide organizational network and teaching about equality and the coming of a new world, this rebellion would have likely ended as a local phenomenon.
	www.osu-ours.okstate.edu /report95/report/as/history.html (1005 words)

	Revolution: Pets and Animal Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Liga Revolution Jersey Mens Features 100% polyester jacquard body V neck, short-sleeve design Imported soccer jersey customized...
		See live article Tonghak Peasant Revolution The Tonghak Peasant Revolution in Korea reached its peak in 1894, when...
		Evolution Not Revolution John R. Logan, the visionary founder of the Aberdeen Group consulting firm, has launched a...
	www.dnxtrans.com /pets/Revolution&start=168 (457 words)

	Marriage Korea Confucianism
		It motivated Korean women to become members of the church and the women played the most active role for missionary works (Yu 1991: 34).
		In the 1860s, the Tonghak movement started in response to social factors.
		In spite of Korea’s industrial development since the mid-60s, the agricultural villages in the late 70s might be characterized as peasant, patriarchal and Confucian.
	eapi.admu.edu.ph /eapr00/yoon.htm (15882 words)

	Other (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The author's name is not identified but the contact address is salubri_sez_hi@hotmail.com.
		This page goes into detail about the Tonghak Revolution and the Korean religion, Chundoism.
		After that, the page goes into a more detailed outline about the birth of Tonghak, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution, the righteous army and when the Tonghak is established as a religion.
	www.lycoming.edu /religion/IntroWebs/other.htm (8566 words)

	march 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The event followed the Tonghak Peasant Revolution and the Righteous army movement Year Beginning March.
		The event followed the Tonghak Peasant Revolution and the Righteous army movement March Major General Charles Lee is appointed head of the Southern Department Southern Department of the Continental Army March City fathers begin to name the streets of Milledgeville SRU Implementors Group Meeting.
		There will not be a change to CQL to add index modifiers.
	indoor-air-pollution.allisgood.info /march-1 (846 words)

	History On-Line
		A.J. Piper.) Durham Ph.D. Lords and peasants in 14th-century Kent, with special reference to Wye manor and Boxley abbey.
		The censorship and fortuna of Platina’s Lives of the Popes in the 16th century (with an annotated edition of unpublished documents).
		Down from the mountain: the birth of naval architecture in the scientific revolution, 1600–1800.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Resources/Theses/tc04.html (8036 words)

	Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) - the Jiawu War
		However China continued to try to assert influence over Korea, and public opinion in Korea split, with conservatives wanting to retain a close relationship with China while reformists wanted Korea to modernize and to have a closer relationship with Japan.
		Following the assassination of a pro-Japanese reformist in 1894, a Korean religious sect, the Tonghak, began the Tonghak Peasant Revolution.
		The Korean government requested from China help in suppressing it.
	www.japan-101.com /history/sino.htm (434 words)

	Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: From the Seventeenth Century to the Modern Period:0231079141:Lee, Peter H.; Baker, ...
		What the i/ki Debate is Really all About
		Twelve Rules of Conduct of the Tonghak Peasant Army
		Twelve Reforms Proclaimed by the Tonghak Overseer's Office
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?ISBN=0231079141 (418 words)

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