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	Tongzhi Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tongzhi Emperor, born Zaichun (April 27, 1856–January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875.
		Tongzhi became an emperor of the age of five when his father, the Xianfeng Emperor passed away.
		There are those who say Tongzhi died from STD, in particular Syphilis (due to his alleged affairs with prostitutes outside of the palace), and that the smallpox diagnosis was given only because the mere discussions of STD in China is a taboo, even in present day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor_of_China (401 words)

	Tongzhi Emperor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The son of (additional info and facts about Empress Dowager Cixi) Empress Dowager Cixi, Tongzhi attempted political reform in the period of the Tongzhi Restoration.
		Tongzhi became an emperor of the age of five when his father, (additional info and facts about Emperor Xianfeng) Emperor Xianfeng passed away.
		Tongzhi married Lady Alute from a Mongol clan and died of smallpox at the age of 19.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/to/tongzhi_emperor.htm (225 words)

	ITS - About ITS
		The field of "Tongzhi Studies" not only aims to record and describe its community history, identity theory, and social activism unique to Chinese culture, but also aspires to open new grounds and dialogues on issues of gender/sexuality/same-sex desires interpreted locally in a global context.
		The expression “tongzhi” was adopted by a Hong Kong gay activist in 1989 for the first Lesbian and Gay Film Festival in Hong Kong, who wanted to capture a positive interpretation of same-sex desire.
		In no time, “tongzhi” was also adopted by an expanded and diverse community who unites in the quest of challenging the traditional definition of gender and sexuality: they are Chinese lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) and many others.
	www.tongzhistudies.org /about/aboutTongzhi.htm (266 words)

	Jin Xing
		Tongzhi is the most popular contemporary Chinese word for lesbians, bisexuals, and gay people.
		Within a few years, tongzhi became a widely used term in Hong Kong and Taiwan and is often used interchangeably with the English term gay.
		For researchers, activists, and sociologists, Tongzhi: Politics of Same-Sex Eroticism in Chinese Societies examines Chinese societies where the family-kinship system, rather than an sexuality, is taken as the basis of an individual's identity.
	www.queertheory.com /histories/xyz/xing_jin.htm (791 words)

	Chinese boys wear -- chronology the Manchus Qing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Tongzhi assumed control at the age of 17 years, but died only 2 two years later.
		On the death of Tongzhi, the Dowager Empress chose Guangxu as th new emperor in 1875.
		By adopting him, the Empress was able to maintain her contol of the imperial government as regent and continue wielding power behind the scenes.
	histclo.hispeed.com /country/other/china/chron/cc-man.html (2565 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Taiwan
		In the late 1990s, however, a sharp split occurred between the organized feminist movement and lesbian political activism when two of the tongzhi movement's key activists were dismissed from their jobs at the feminist Awakening Foundation and moved on to form a new, exclusively tongzhi-based organization, the Hotline project.
		The organization of campus-based tongzhi groups was greatly facilitated by the rise of Internet technology: from the mid-1990s, the Internet, and Bulletin Board System (BBS) forums in particular, became vital tools for the solidification of locally based tongzhi student communities.
		Tongzhi movement activists have mobilized effectively and publicly across a range of local social issues since the early-to-mid 1990s.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/taiwan,3.html (756 words)

	Mazz Image - international photography + new media art film
		The Tongzhi community in Hong Kong is steadily growing in size and social awareness.
		Tongzhi Holidays founder in 2003 by Sammy provides tours of gay and lesbian interest around Hong Kong and in 2005 begins tours to the former Portuguese colony of Macau and the China Mainland.
		Many of the Tongzhi girls clubs are hidden in high-rise commercial buildings, with no signs and only accessed through word of mouth.
	www.mazzimage.com /HK2004.htm (1830 words)

	AEGiS-WashBlade: Chinese gays hold historic Hong Kong meeting Many still not ready to come out to family
		What's telling about this exchange is that each of the gay men and lesbians who listened to Shen actually are among the most open and politically active in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
		The conference, which concluded Wednesday at a remote seaside resort cradled by lush tropical hills about an hour northeast of downtown Hong Kong, was so secretive that attendees were not told until last week where it would be held, and only one journalist was invited to attend.
		Chi Heng is the region's largest gay organization, with an annual budget of $250,000 that includes $90,000 from the United Nations to fight the rapid spread of HIV on the mainland.
	www.aegis.com /news/wb/2004/WB040502.html (1014 words)

	Postcards from the New Gay Paradise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All were eager to learn about the development of the Tongzhi movement in the other side of the world and were impressed with the community and cultural exchanges that Conference '98 was able to foster and cultivate.
		Many tongzhi have to disguise as a "normal" heterosexual in the public and lead a secretive double life, which has caused destructive psychological damages to their personal development.
		What was brought from the West to China was not same sex love, but the sin associated with it in the Judeo-Christian tradition, which significantly contributed to the homophobia, found in modern Chinese societies.
	www.gapimny.org /newsletter/1998/98april/postcards-hk.html (656 words)

	towleroad: Pink is the New China
		In a look at the emerging gay population of China, the Sydney Morning Herald notes that one way they're turning red China pink is in the appropriation of certain very familiar socialist terms as their own.
		Aug 26, 2005 3:24:15 PM I second that using "tongzhi" to mean gay was a Taiwan, not China, invention, and Chris is also right in that it was done quite a while ago.
		Aug 26, 2005 11:56:37 PM Sorry, "tongzhi" was not a Taiwanese invention, nor did it originate in mainland China.
	towleroad.typepad.com /towleroad/2005/08/pink_is_the_new.html (543 words)

	[No title]
		It may be helpful firstly to clarify the relations between the leading players in the self-strengthening movement and the extent of their authority as follows: ‘The self-strengthening movement began in the early Tung-chih (Tongzhi) period, originating chiefly in the provinces but enjoying the strong support of the court.
		The Emperor Tongzhi (1856-75) was only a child during this time of much needed development and died too early to make a real contribution.
		The death of the Emperor Tongzhi put paid to the hope of a ‘Tongzhi Restoration’ and the military setbacks toward the end of the century revealed the ineffectiveness and inadequacy of China’s military and naval forces.
	members.lycos.co.uk /boblindsay/eac2_1.html (2722 words)

	Manifesto of 1996 Chinese Tongzhi Conference
		Participants concluded that it is unnecessary to copy the model of les-bi-gay liberation movement in the Anglo-Saxon societies, which is characterised by individualism and confrontational politics and agreed that Chinese tongzhi movement should be cultural-specific.
		We are a group of Chinese tongzhi unashamed and proud of who we are.
		Julian, founder and chairperson of lsvara, is the organizer of the 1996 Chinese Tongzhi Conference.
	sqzm14.ust.hk /hkgay/news/manifesto.html (964 words)

	China \| Denver Art Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Tongzhi emperor was only nineteen when he died, and his mother, the Empress Dowager Cixi, supervised state affairs during his reign and that of the young cousin who succeeded him.
		As patron of the Imperial Kiln, she influenced the ceramic style of the period, and this large dish, colorfully decorated with the eight Buddhist emblems, is typical of her taste.
		The rare base mark of the dish indicates that it was made for the Chu Xiu Gong, (Palace for Gathering Elegance), a palace within the Forbidden City where she resided for many years and where, indeed, the Tongzhi emperor was born.
	www.denverartmuseum.org /asianart/china_dish.html (127 words)

	Stanford Sociolinguistics Web Page
		Based on archival research, participant-observation and face-to-face interviews, this dissertation is a sociolinguistic and ethnographic study of the role of ideology in semantic change.
		Focusing on the on-going change in meaning of the Chinese word tongzhi from 'comrade' to 'sexual minorities' in Hong Kong, it investigates: (1) the actuation of this semantic change; (2) the extent to which this semantic change has spread from gay rights activists to other social groups (e.g.
		other lesbians and gay men, mainstream newspapers); and (3) how tongzhi is used differently from similar labels such as gay and tongxinglian zhe 'homosexual.' A popular address term in Communist China, tongzhi was appropriated by the gay rights activists in Hong Kong as a term of reference for sexual minorities in the late 1980s.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/linguistics/socio/sociogender.shtml (861 words)

	China's First Homegrown Gay And AIDS Activist, Wan Yan Hai
		Later that year, we both ended up in Hong Kong at the first Chinese Tongzhi Conference to be held after China took back the former British colony.
		Tongzhi, which means comrade, has been appropriated by the Chinese gay movement as the preferred term for gays.
		As the Tongzhi meeting showed, Wan is not alone in his work.
	www.commondreams.org /views/070900-103.htm (1188 words)

	Su Shun - TheBestLinks.com - China, Empress Dowager Cixi, Tongzhi Emperor of China, Empress Dowager Ci'an, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Su Shun, China, Empress Dowager Cixi, Tongzhi Emperor of China, Empress Dowager...
		Sushun was one of the eight ministers appointed by Emperor Xianfeng before he passed away to help his six-year old son, Zaitian or Emperor Tongzhi to rule China.
		He was executed by Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi before he could assume his authority over the six-year old emperor.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Su_Shun.html (122 words)

	Tongzhi Blue and White Lotus Saucer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A fine blue and white Imperial Tongzhi mark and period saucer dish raised on a ring foot, the sides rising to an everted rim.
		Just beneath the rim is a border of alternating half blossoms and tendrils.
		On the base in kaishu script is the six character mark of the Tongzhi Emperor.
	www.teadust.com /gallery/bw/bw_tz_253.htm (96 words)

	Zhuang 012
		It was the throne, and particularly Khubilai, who had pushed the debilitating campaigns against Vietnam, and it was usually local administrators who counseled "Loose Reins" when dealing with local minorities.
		The Miao troops of the Yuan are an exception to this rule.
		It may be that the reason why Zhuang were not dispatched outside the region as troops was that the Vietnamese border remained too vulnerable to reduce its defenses.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/resources/zhuang/zhuang12.htm (8870 words)

	Gay China: 1996 Chinese Tongzhi Conference Manifesto
		Participants concluded that it is unnecessary to copy the model of les-bi-gay liberation movement in the Anglo-Saxon societies, which is characterized by individualism and confrontational politics and agreed that Chinese tongzhi movement should be cultural-specific.
		Many tongzhi have to disguise themselves as "normal" heterosexuals in the public and lead a secretive double-life, which can cause destructive psychological damage to their personal development.
		Certain characteristics of confrontational politics, such as "coming out," mass protests, and parades may not be the best way of achieving tongzhi liberation in the family-centered, community-oriented Chinese societies, which stress the importance of social harmony.
	www.utopia-asia.com /tongzhi.htm (966 words)

	Intersections Review: Fran Martin, Situating Sexualities: Queer Representation in Taiwanese Fiction, Film and Public ...
		Here, the tongzhi are depicted as drifting and rootless, but they nevertheless represent the modern condition of contemporary city living.
		She thus shows that even for the individuals concerned, Taiwanese ideas and lived experience of being a tongxinglian person are subtly different to that of being queer in the West.
		From the use of the mask by the tongzhi, Martin discusses at length the concepts of 'face' in Chinese as mian and lian and how they are different.
	wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au /intersections/issue10/louie_review.html (820 words)

	Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Tongzhi, literally “comrade” in Chinese, was coined by the Hong Kong experimental playwright Edward Lam when he launched a film festival in Taiwan introducing the New Queer Cinema in 1991 (Chang, Queer Family 5, Ho 206).
		Tongzhi and kuer would thus seem at first sight to be strange, if not impossible, bedfellows.
		In direct opposition to the tongzhi movement’s rhetoric of pride and liberation, the novel adamantly refuses to become a lesbian Bildungsroman.
	www.sfu.ca /~hhl/home/pub/articles/notes.htm (5900 words)

	ITS - About ITS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Institute for Tongzhi Studies (ITS) is an academic research and exchange program based in the City University of New York led by Chinese speaking educators and researchers.
		As a joint project run by the Center for Women and Society and the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies, the Institute for Tongzhi Studies aspires to encourage discussions related to issues of gender, sexuality, and sexual health.
		Through education, research, and exchange, ITS coordinates with institutions with shared values in order to build a body of scholarly works to further the study of gender and sexuality in Chinese societies.
	www.tongzhistudies.org /about/about.htm (121 words)

	New Internationalist: A look at the sky from the bottom of the well: minorities in China whose mouths are being closed
		While there was a loosening up of attitude towards homosexuality during the economic reforms at the end of the 1970s, during the 1980s and 1990s homosexuality was treated as a mental illness, with tongzhi being detained in psychiatric institutions as a result.
		Tongzhi are now tolerated but not officially accepted.
		The two were put together to translate the word 'comrade' from the Russian, which is how the term was first used in China.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JQP/is_371/ai_n6204996 (1121 words)

	Qing - China's Last Dynasty
		Emperor Tongzhi was only five years old when he ascended the throne.
		When Emperor Tongzhi died suddenly at the age of nineteen without an heir, Empress Dowager Cixi named her 4-year-old nephew the new emperor (Guangxu) and continued to be the regent.
		Empress Dowager Cixi was the one holding the actual power during the reigns of Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_42_7.html (915 words)

	Gays in China taking steps toward equality at Hong Kong conference / What's routine in West is radical at secretive ...
		Shen argued that despite her anguished response -- she confined him to their home and confiscated his cell phone for a time -- he is "quite certain I did the right thing because she is my mother, and I want her to know me."
		The conference, which concludes tonight at a remote seaside resort cradled by lush tropical hills about an hour northeast of downtown Hong Kong, was so secretive that attendees were not told until last week where it would be held, and only one journalist was invited to attend.
		Birchard, who attended the Tongzhi Conference, was a member of the Gay Activist Alliance, an advocacy group in the 1970s in New York City.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/a/2004/05/05/MNGA76FI3I14.DTL&type=printable (1044 words)

	[No title]
		Homosexuality is classified as a mental illness, and is "treated" by imprisonment and administration of electric shock.
		While attitudes towards the self-labelled tongzhi (the old Communist term for "Comrade," ironically) are loosening somewhat, most choose to lead double lives as normal working people during the day, and "coming out" only at night, at the evolving Chinese gay club nightscene.
		The tongzhi clubs have developed out of, and remain an important part, of the night scene of clubs, bars, discos, even ballroom dancing, that provides entertaiment and release for millions of Chinese.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Harbor/6080/Alt.htm (557 words)

	News & Politics
		The Chi Heng Foundation on May 28 distributed awards for outstanding media coverage of tongzhi (lesbians/gays/bisexuals/transgenders) in an afternoon ceremony at the Foreign Correspondents Club in central Hong Kong.
		There was a strong turnout at the event of government officials, legislators, celebrities, journalists, and tongzhi activists and their allies, some serving as presenters.
		The first two awards were presented by the chair and vice chair of the tongzhi group Hong Kong Bauhinias Deaf Club.
	www.planetout.com /news/article.html?2000/05/31/5 (792 words)

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