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Topic: Tonicity

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	Fluid Physiology: 2.3 Osmolality and Tonicity
		Tonicity is the effective osmolality and is equal to the sum of the concentrations of the solutes which have the capacity to exert an osmotic force across the membrane.
		Tonicity is equal to the osmolality less the concentration of these ineffective solutes and provides the correct value to use.
		Tonicity (and not osmolality) is important for predicting the overall final outcome (the equilibrium state) of a change in osmolality because it allows for those solutes which will cross the membrane.
	www.anaesthesiamcq.com /FluidBook/fl2_3.php (1929 words)

	Tonicity & Osmolarity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tonicity is a relative, unitless comparison of one solution to
		Tonicity refers to the response of cells or tissues to the solutions in
		I assume tonicity is ill-defined unless the system is at equilibrium.
	www.biotech.ufl.edu /EM/data/osmos.html (1055 words)

	Osmosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tonicity describes the behavior of cells in a fluid environment.
		Given that this movement of water continues to occur, describe the tonicity of the environment surrounding the cell.
		the water concentration outside of the cell is higher than that inside of the cell; in terms of tonicity, the environment is hypotonic.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1053.htm (1315 words)

	Welcome to Osmolality.com \| Osmolality \| FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pharmaceutical solutions that are meant for application to delicate membranes of the body should be adjusted to approximately the same tonicity as that of the body fluids.
		The tonicity of the solution is less than that of the cells.
		The tonicity of the solution is greater than that of the cells, which can cause a variety of complications, such as, hyperglycemia, intracellular dehydration, loss of water and electrolytes, dehydration and coma.
	www.osmolality.com /osmolality/faq.htm (1754 words)

	HDCN: Review of abstract by Carlotti et al. Comparison of an electrolyte-free water and a tonicity ...
		Tonicity balance: In this calculation Na+K and water are analyzed separately.
		Input was 450 mmol and output 200 mmol Na+K, a positive balance of 250 mmol Na+K. Water balance was —1 L. Based on this, therapy to lower his PNa would clearly be to create a negative balance of 250 mmol Na+K and a positive balance of 1 L of water.
		Tonicity balance is very different and dictates therapy.
	www.hdcn.com /a0/0asn0559.htm (359 words)

	6.1 Osmotic Forces
		The extracellular tonicity determines the relative distribution of the total body water between the ICF and the ECF.
		If ECF tonicity increased, then water would move out of the cell and extracellular volume would increase at the expense of intracellular volume.
		This is the basis of using a hypertonic infusion such as 20% mannitol to decrease intracellular volume: this effect will occur in all cells but the target organ is usually the brain.
	www.anaesthesiamcq.com /FluidBook/fl6_1.php (613 words)

	Osmotic effects on amino acid oxidation in skate liver mitochondria -- Moyes et al. 125 (1): 181 -- Journal of ...
		in the presence of rotenone is sensitive to medium tonicity.
		not as sensitive to tonicity as is sarcosine oxidation.
		that sarcosine transport is similarly sensitive to medium tonicity.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/125/1/181 (231 words)

	Intravascular volume and tonicity as factors in the regulation of body temperature -- Harrison et al. 44 (1): 69 -- ...
		Intravascular volume and tonicity as factors in the regulation of body temperature -- Harrison et al.
		Intravascular volume and tonicity as factors in the regulation of body temperature
		tonicity were consistent with the hypothesis that the adverse effects of
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/44/1/69 (364 words)

	Myotonology
		This new and patented procedure diminishes fine lines, rebuilds tonicity in the skin, increases hydration, and improves circulation in the treated areas.
		Myotonology is a non-invasive treatment which restores the skin's tonicity by increasing skin circulation and metabolism, improving skin tone, diminishing fine lines and wrinkles, and increasing hydration and nourishment of the skin.
		These sessions improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and increase the tonicity of the skin for a more youthful appearance.
	www.drteitelbaum.com /myotonology.html (727 words)

	Talk:Concentration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ideally, I think the article should be comprehensive as possible.
		I get the feeling that osmolarity, activity and fugacity are more relevant than tonicity and partial pressure.
		When I envisage adding a mole of chalk to a litre of water, I really don't see complete dissociation occuring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Concentration (972 words)

	Animal Health Trust \| Factsheets
		Post-exercise restoration of fluids and electrolytes should be treated as separate issues.
		Tonicity refers to the amount of dissolved electrolytes
		Isotonic sports drinks for people or horses, should have a tonicity the same as plasma i.e.
	www.aht.org.uk /fsheets/fsheets9a.html (924 words)

	Low Tonicity Mediates a Downregulation of Cyclooxygenase-1 Expression by Furosemide in the Rat Renal Papilla -- Castrop ...
		lower the tonicity in the renal medulla (29).
		parallel with the tonicity (22–24); it is, therefore,
		Furosemide-induced renal medullary hypoperfusion in the rat: role of tissue tonicity, prostaglandins and angiotensin II
	jasn.asnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/5/1136 (5234 words)

	tonicity - OneLook Dictionary Search
		tonicity : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		tonicity : Compact Oxford English Dictionary [home, info]
		Tonicity : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=tonicity&ls=a (174 words)

	Effect of Dialysate Sodium Concentration on Interdialytic Increase of Potassium -- NICOLA et al. 11 (12): 2337 -- ...
		To evaluate the role of plasma tonicity in the postdialysis
		Plasma tonicity was therefore a primary determinant of the postdialysis changes
		of the primary role of tonicity because the metabolism of this
	jasn.asnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/11/12/2337 (4057 words)

	Rottlerin inhibits tonicity-dependent expression and action of TonEBP in a PKCdelta -independent fashion -- Zhao et al. ...
		transcription of the physiological tonicity effector gene aldose
		Fold-induction by solute, relative to control treatment for each pretreatment pair, is indicated at the base of each bar.
		that tonicity signaling was insensitive to PKC downregulation.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/4/F710 (4205 words)

	Regulation of TonEBP transcriptional activator in MDCK cells following changes in ambient tonicity -- Neuhofer et al. ...
		The cells were incubated with a TonEBP antibody whose binding was visualized by using Alexa-labeled secondary antibody.
		When the medium tonicity was raised by the addition of 75 mM NaCl or KCl, the abundance and nuclear localization of TonEBP
		Bidirectional regulation of tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein in response to changes in tonicity.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/6/C1604 (4169 words)

	Effects of Ion Composition and Tonicity on Human Neutrophil Antibacterial Activity -- Verghese and Boucher 19 (6): 920 ...
		The results were similar when we altered the Na concentration and tonicity in the assays be decreasing or increasing the concentration
		Arbitrary fluorescence units observed for cells kept in standard 124-mM NaCl solutions were set as 1.00, and all other fluorescence values in an experiment were expressed relative to this value before averaging.
		Data are averages of these relative values for four or three different donors for ion replacement and tonicity studies, respectively.
	ajrcmb.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/6/920 (4909 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Character
		These different types of temperament the Ancients held to be due to the predominance in the organism of different humours.
		Modern writers variously account for them by differences of texture and varying solidity of the tissues of the body, by varying development of different parts, by diverse rates of activity in the processes of nutrition and waste, in the changes of nerve-energy, or in circulation, and by differences of tonicity in the nerves.
		Whatever be the true physiological explanation, the fourfold classification seems fairly to represent certain markedly contrasted types of disposition, though they leave room for subdivision and intermediate forms.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03584b.htm (2254 words)

	Effects of altered tonicity by sodium chloride on L-tryptophan binding to hepatic nuclei -- Sidransky et al. 278 (6): ...
		Effects of altered tonicity by sodium chloride on L-tryptophan binding to hepatic nuclei -- Sidransky et al.
		One important physiological process that rapidly influences hepatic protein synthesis is the tonicity of the cellular environment.
		synthesis of altered tonicity alone (20-22) or combined with the
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/6/C1237 (4683 words)

	The Effect of Varying Tonicity on Nasal Epithelial Ion Transport in Cystic Fibrosis -- Davies et al. 171 (7): 760 -- ...
		The Effect of Varying Tonicity on Nasal Epithelial Ion Transport in Cystic Fibrosis -- Davies et al.
		Articles by Davies, M. Articles by Alton, E. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 171.
		The Effect of Varying Tonicity on Nasal Epithelial Ion Transport in Cystic Fibrosis
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/171/7/760 (270 words)

	Hypertonic induction of COX-2 expression in renal medullary epithelial cells requires transactivation of the EGFR -- ...
		inhibition markedly blunted the effect of tonicity on ERK activation.
		was sufficient to confer tonicity responsiveness to a heterologous
		Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in renal medulla by tonicity in vivo and in vitro.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/2/F281 (4863 words)

	INHS classics: Natural Hygiene articles by Dr. Cursio
		There is no immediate danger from hemorrhage of this nature, and no individual need think that because bleeding is present now drastic measures must be resorted to, to remove the impairment.
		It is well to emphasize, that often bleeding piles serve to lessen venous engorgement in the anal and rectal structures.
		With the resumption of eating of proper foods tonicity is gradually restored, not only to the rectal and anal veins, but also to all parts of the body.
	www.naturalhygienesociety.org /articles/classics2.html (9338 words)

	IJPC \| Back Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		You can purchase the complete back issue that this article appeared in for $35.00.
		The tonicity of solutions is a colligative property that depends primarily on the number of dissolved particles in solution.
		He also discusses compounding nasal solutions and ophthalmic solutions and provides a table listing physicochemical characteristics of the tonicity agents listed in the United States Pharmacopeia 24/National Formulary 19.
	www.ijpc.com /backissues/ArticleDescription.cfm?ABS=980 (104 words)

	Heat Acclimatization
		Heat acclimatization significantly reduces the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion, after eight days of strenuous, intermittent running.
		The three aforementioned heat illnesses all involve either fluid-electrolyte balance, extracellular volume and tonicity, or cardiovascular adaptation.
		This emphasizes the importance of (a) ample dietary intake of NaCl and fluids, and (b) fluid-electrolyte hormone regulation during heat acclimatization.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/heataccl/heataccl.html (2227 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6759774 - Critical tonicity determination of sperm using fluorescent staining and flow cytometry
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Critical tonicity determination of sperm using fluorescent staining and flow cytometry
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6759774 (149 words)

	The Effect of Varying Tonicity on Nasal Epithelial Ion Transport in Cystic Fibrosis -- Davies et al., ...
		The Effect of Varying Tonicity on Nasal Epithelial Ion Transport in Cystic Fibrosis -- Davies et al., 10.1164/rccm.200310-1423OC -- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
		of cool, dry air causes an increased tonicity, whereas it may
		is involved in the responses to changes in tonicity and that
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/short/200310-1423OCv1 (235 words)

	tonicity page 2 - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sorry, no dictionaries indexed in the selected category contain the phrase tonicity page 2.
		You can look up the words in the phrase individually using these links: tonicity page 2
		If you're sure it's a word, try doing a general web search for tonicity page 2: Google, AltaVista
	www.onelook.com /?w=tonicity+page+2&ls=a (98 words)

	THE CONCEPT OF TONICITY CAN BE EXPLAINED USING ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		THE CONCEPT OF TONICITY CAN BE EXPLAINED USING ?
		THE TONICITY OF ANY SOLUTION USED TO BATHE TISSUE IS TOTALLY DEPENDENT ON ITS EFFECTIVE OSMOTIC PRESSURE = ??
		IF THE EFFECTIVE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF THE BATHING SOLUTION IS THE SAME AS THAT OF THE TISSUE, NO FLUID WILL MOVE: WE CALL THE BATHING SOLUTION ISOTONIC
	www.people.vcu.edu /~mikuleck/courses/osmosis/tsld024.htm (64 words)

	Chap.9 - DRUG-FREE HEALING encyclopedia - ORTHOPATHY - Affections of the Digestive Organs
		Care of the Patient: Nothing so quickly restores normal tonicity of the stomach as rest.
		Give it all the pure, cool water it desires and it will demand much of this, but never give it food until all acute symptoms are gone and the bowel movements are normal or ceased.
		Never permit a doctor to administer heart tonics (really atonics), for these only help to kill the child.
	www.drbass.com /orthopathy/chapter9.html (18045 words)

	Rottlerin inhibits tonicity-dependent expression and action of TonEBP in a PKC-{delta}-independent fashion -- Zhao et ...
		In the renal medullary mIMCD3 cell line, rottlerin blocked tonicity-dependent transcription of a TonE-driven luciferase reporter gene, as well as tonicity-dependent transcription of the physiological tonicity effector gene, aldose reductase, but not urea-dependent transcription.
		Furthermore, in a PC-12 cell model with a comparable degree of tonicity-dependent transcription, constitutive overexpression of dominant negative-acting PKC-
		effectively decreased tonicity signaling to ERK activation, as expected, but failed to influence TonE-dependent transcription.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/short/00303.2001v1 (385 words)

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