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	Charles W
		Thesis: Tonic immobility in the squirrel monkey (SaimiriSciureus).
		Hennig, C.W., and Dunlap, W.P. Circadian rhythms of tonic immobility in the rat: Evidence of an endogenous mechanism.
		Hennig, C.W. Tonic immobility in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).
	www.mcm.edu /~hennigc/Charles_W.html (2121 words)

	Rodent Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tonic Immobility (also: cataleptic immobility, paroxysmal inhibition): Freezing behavior seen when pressure is applied to the upper back/nape of a rat (Grant and Mackintosh, 1963; Lehman and Adams 1977; Meyer 1990; Tikal 1991; Webster et al.
		Tonic immobility may be seen when a rat performs a belly-up roll during an agonistic encounter.
		Tonic immobility may be related to dorsal immobility, in which a rat freezes when picked up by the scruff.
	www.pestcontroloftennessee.com /Glossary_Rodent.htm (4826 words)

	Poultry Science: Influence of Perches and Footpad Dermatitis on Tonic Immobility and Heterophil to Lymphocyte Ratio of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In experiment 1 heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility duration were measured in 36-wk-old hens (36 birds) from 2 Spanish breeds of chickens (Black Menorca and Quail Castellana) housed in pens with or without perches from 20 wk of age.
		In experiment 2 heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility duration were measured in 52-wk-old cocks (36 birds) of each of two different Spanish breeds of chickens (Black Barred Andaluza and Red Barred Vasca) housed in cages from 36 wk of age and showing or not showing footpad dermatitis.
		(1994) reported that the age-related increase in the duration of the tonic immobility fear response of broiler breeder pullets housed in pens was attenuated by the provision of perches during rearing.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4109/is_200507/ai_n14716974 (1467 words)

	References
		Fleischmann, A. and Urca, G. Tail-pinch induced analgesia and immobility: Altered responses to noxious tail-pinch by prior pinch of the neck.
		Hennig, C. and Dunlap, W. Circadian rhythms of tonic immobility in the rat: Evidence of an endogenous mechanism.
		Prestrude, A. and Crawford, F.T. Tonic immobility in the lizard, Iguana iguana.
	www.arts.uwaterloo.ca /~acheyne/wNightRef.html (3957 words)

	Journal of Applied Animal Science
		This study assessed the effect of stocking density on the development of fear reaction (tonic immobility), lameness (gait), and tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chicks of mixed sex.
		For all series apart from 13 and 25 chicks per m2, the average increase in the duration of tonic immobility per day was significantly (p<0.05) higher for chicks kept at higher stocking densities.
		Tonic immobility durations also increased in chicks suffering from tibial dyschondroplasia, especially at 39 days of age (p<0.01).
	www.psyeta.org /jaaws/abv4n1.shtml (772 words)

	ABC Online Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Is tonic immobility an adaptive response option that should be mentioned with fear and flight, or is it a failure of the flight or fight response?
		Tonic immobility is an adaptive trait often known as "going possum" - I understand it to be a trait which is an improve=ment on the flicght or fight response for certain animals.
		Tonic immobility would be the last thing after other options are...er....no longer an option.
	www2b.abc.net.au /science/k2/stn/archives/archive55/newposts/564/topic564132.shtm (853 words)

	EUROPEAN POULTRY SCIENCE
		Two different experiments were conducted in order to study the relationships between social aggressiveness, pecking at experimenter hands, and two indicators of stress (heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and tonic immobility duration) in several breeds of chickens.
		No significant correlation was found between cock relative aggressiveness and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio or tonic immobility duration.
		Hens pecking or no pecking at experimenter hands did not differ significantly for heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, although hens pecking hands had significantly shorter tonic immobility duration, suggesting that this behavior is associated with less fearfulness.
	ulmer.de /MEIZ2DH6rBXIq7Yp7F1omCHUp7ZF7K1ok.HTML?... (268 words)

	webpage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fearfulness is seen when the bird freezes, this is known as Tonic Immobility and can be seen in picture C. These behaviors play an important role in the development of social organization in which they help birds establish a social hierarchy.
		Tonic immobility is induced by placing an animal on its back, so it lays on a wooden cradle.
		The length of Tonic Immobility reflects the fear of the bird; the longer it is in this state the more fearful it is said to be.
	www.nsac.ns.ca /pas/students/csawler (819 words)

	catalepsy Document
		Hippocampal and neocortical EEG was studied in spontaneously immobile rabbits and in immobilized rabbits, 'animal hypnosis.' Neocortical low voltage fast activity (LVFA) and hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA) occurred spontaneously and were elicited by sensory stimulation, eserine and brain stimulation in normally immobile and hypnotized animals.
		State hypotheses of animal hypnosis suggest that "the brain of the hypnotized animal is in a physiological state that is fundamentally different from that of spontaneous immobility...
		Of course, this conclusion does not deny the possibility that there are other physiological or behavioral events that are peculiar to hypnosis and that are dissociated from some of their normal physiological or behavioral correlates.
	www.hypnosiseire.com /research/all.php?topic=catalepsy (2270 words)

	animalhypnosis Document
		It was found that 10 of 10 nervous Ss, in contrast to kennel mates of a normal line, developed tonic immobility (TI) induced by manual inversion into a sling and stroking.
		ABSTRACT: Hippocampal and neocortical EEG was studied in spontaneously immobile rabbits and in immobilized rabbits, 'animal hypnosis.' Neocortical low voltage fast activity (LVFA) and hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA) occurred spontaneously and were elicited by sensory stimulation, eserine and brain stimulation in normally immobile and hypnotized animals.
		Since type II EEG is normally a correlate of immobility, its relation to movement producing neural systems even in normal animals is unknown.
	www.hypnosiseire.com /research/all.php?topic=animalhypnosis (1216 words)

	Minnesota Companion Rabbit Society - Rabbit Trancing
		Tonic immobility (TI) is defined as a condition “in which an animal is rendered to be immobile when faced with danger” (Overeem 2002).
		Another set of authors (Leite-Panissi 2002) defines TI as an instinctive defense mechanism “characterized by profound physical inactivity and a relative lack of responsiveness to external stimuli.” When confronted by a predator, the prey animal emits a TI response as its last resort to increase its chances of survival.
		TI has also been described as a form of hypnosis, which is defined as a state of temporary immobility that can be induced by placing an animal on its back and preventing it from moving until it is fully relaxed (Carli 1974).
	www.mnhouserabbit.org /care/trancing.html?print_page=1 (903 words)

	Tonic Immobility
		This state is called "tonic", and the shark can remain in this state for up to 15 minutes, thereby allowing us to observe the effects of chemical repellents.
		A juvenile lemon shark right at the moment it awakens from tonic state (note the mouth opened wide, and the chemical plume is not through the gill rakes).
		When possible, we will also perform tonic immobility studies on hooked sharks.
	www.sharkdefense.com /Repellents/Tonic_Immobility/tonic_immobility.html (246 words)

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		The present study was performed to determine the effects of the anticholinergic agent scopolamine and the cholinergic agent physostigmine on tonic immobility in rabbits.
		Physostigmine significantly shortened the duration of immobility and increased rhythmic slow activity in the frequency range of 5.5-9.1 Hz in the hippocampus while producing a desynchronized cortical rhythm.
		It is suggested that the cortex and hippocampus play a role in modulating tonic immobility duration by inhibiting the brain-stem structures thought to control this response.
	altace-online.biz /ref-scopolamine/scopolamine-research-abs3.1425.html (630 words)

	September 22, 1999
		O'Brien, T. J., and Dunlap, W. Tonic immobility in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun): Its relation to threat of predation.
		Hennig, C. W., and Dunlap, W. Circadian rhythms of tonic immobility in the rat: evidence of an endogenous mechanism.
		Hennig, C. W., Harston, C. T., and Dunlap, W. Blockade of the melatonin potentiation of tonic immobility in chickens by methysergide and cyproheptadine.
	www.tulane.edu /~dunlap/webVita.html (3743 words)

	Auswirkungen von Stress auf Federpicken und Immunreaktion von Legehennen (Gallus gallus domesticus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The observed alterations on the behavioral and physiological level are interpreted as ractions to chronic stress.
		Feather pecking and tonic immobility (Mills & Faure 1986) are selected as behavioural parameter.
		In an earlier experiment (El-lethey et al., submitted) we were able to show a positive correlation between feather pecking and stress as measured by the heterophil/lymphocite ration and tonic immobility reaction.
	www.aramis-research.ch /e/191.html (691 words)

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		Effect of photoperiod on heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility duration of chickens.
		The experimental objectives of the current study were to analyze the effects of photoperiod on heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility duration of laying hens.
		The second trial measured duration of tonic immobility in 36-wk-old hens of a synthetic breed (originated from a cross between the Castellana and Prat breeds) exposed to lighting programs of 23L:1D or 14L:10D.
	drugs-online-usa.com /ref-lymphocyte/lymphocyte-research-abs7.1423.html (2239 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cobb, J.C. and Gonzales, L. Effects of an Arousal Stimulus Upon the Duration of Tonic Immobility.
		Cobb, J.C. The Tonic Immobility Reaction: An Examination of Arousal and Termination.
		Tonic Immobility and Related Phenomena: A Partially Annotated, Tricentennial Bibliography, 1636-1976.
	www.angelfire.com /tx2/rhi/cv.html (955 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In tonic immobility, an animal is either frozen stiff in heightened contraction of agonist and antagonist muscle group, or in a continuously balanced, hypnotic, muscular state exhibiting what is called “wavy flexibility.” In the hypnotic state, body positions can be molded like clay, as is seen in catatonic schizophrenics.
		Ethologists have found wide adaptive value in these immobility responses: freezing makes prey less visible and non-movement in prey appears also to be a potent inhibitor of aggression in predators, often aborting attack-kill responses entirely.
		Tonic immobility demonstrates that anxiety can be both self-perpetuating and self-defeating.
	www.traumahealing.com /art_panic.html (6589 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Reese WG; Angel C; Newton JE This theoretical paper sets the stage for subsequent experimental reports on mobility and immobility in the Arkansas Line of Nervous Pointer dogs as contrasted with kennel mates of the normal line.
		The sling immobility of the nervous dogs (which may not differ basically from their freezing in upright position) might be designated as "tonic immobility" (TI).
		We hypothesize that such immobility, common in laboratory and natural conditions in many species, should be divided into two classes: hypotonic (cataleptic) and hypertonic (catatonic).
	www.altor.org /0200-99/a0204.htm (183 words)

	Faculty - Marquette University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gallup, G.G., Jr., Nash, R.F., and Wagner, A.M. The tonic immobility reaction in chickens: Response characteristics and methodology.
		Aversiveness of the induction of tonic immobility in chickens (Gallus gallus).
		Nash, R.F. and Newton, D.K. Effect of neurotransmitter reuptake blockers on tonic immobility in chickens.
	www.marquette.edu /psyc/rnash.html (221 words)

	Excellence Awards in Research – 2005
		He is also known for an extensive series of interdisciplinary studies on tonic immobility in chickens.
		Tonic immobility, a reaction of the autonomic nervous system to extreme threat, leads to freezing or paralysis, often the mechanism behind the inability to run or fight back.
		Gallup has extended this research to instances of extreme behavioral inhibition in humans, including victims of sexual or physical assault, catatonic schizophrenics, and airline disaster survivors.
	www.albany.edu /president/awards/2005/excell_research.htm (851 words)

	Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Abstract: Fearfulness reaction was examined using tonic immobility (TI) response and differential leucocyte counts as physiological indicators of distress from sire and dam brown layer lines.
		The study was performed on 20 male and 131 female chickens from the sire line and 24 male and 116 female chickens from the dam line.
		After the TI test, blood samples were collected from 16 male and 45 female chickens in the sire line and 17 sires and 42 dams in the dam line and leucocyte parameters were examined.
	mistug.tetm.tubitak.gov.tr /~bdyim/abs.php3?dergi=vet&rak=0205-8 (292 words)

	Fish eyes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is in a state known as tonic immobility.
		This, Stuart was told, would give enough time to detach the hooks from their mouths and let them free, with relatively little danger to the catcher.
		I watched as Stuart and Graham baited the silky sharks, bringing them closer and closer until finally, a mere hand's length away, they were able to induce tonic immobility.
	www.divernet.com /biolog/eyes497.htm (508 words)

	Environment and Behavior - Animal Sciences Colorado State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Low fear is on one end of the continuum, followed by moderately fearful, highly fearful and finally tonic immobility.
		The last stage of fear is tonic immobility.
		The antelope that suddenly stops struggling while in the lions jaws is in tonic immobility.
	www.colostate.edu /depts/AnimSci/documents/livestock/bison_paper.html (2471 words)

	Music Directory: Tonic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tonic in 1999 - Images from the 1999 tour, and e-cards.
		Tonic Online - Official site for the band, with news, tour dates, audio and video clips, lyrics, and merchandise.
		July 1, 2005 -- ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of perches and footpad dermatitis on stress and fear levels of chickens.
	www.jazar-music.com /directory/Bands_and_Artists/T/Tonic (521 words)

	DIFFERENZE COMPORTAMENTALI FRA FAGIANI DI ORIGINE SELVATICA E DI ALLEVAMENTO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Two groups of adult pheasants (150 days old) were subjected to behavioral tests (Bryan Jones R. The first group BREED was born of pheasants always artificially reared and the second group WILD was born of wild captured pheasants.
		Tonic immobility test: pheasants were placed on their backs for 20 seconds, after operator hand removing the time each pheasant took to wake up and to beginning to move was measured.
		Metronome test: after 24 hours of fasting the feeder was given with a timer hidden in the feed, the time each pheasant spent after beginning to eat was measured.
	www.vet.unipi.it /Dpa/mbagliac/summary/163bis.htm (454 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Many species of animals have been reported to show tonic immobility (TI) in response to physical restraint.
		In this paper, we investigate the interrelationship between the behaviour of pigs in three different situations, which are assumed to present challenges to the pigs.
		We propose that TI is one possible way of assessing whether individual pigs are more likely to adopt a more active (low susceptibility/short duration of TI, struggle, move fast) or a more passive behavioural strategy (high susceptibility to/long duration of TI, tense, move more slowly) in a challenging situation.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/01681591/articles/64/1/S016815919900028.abstract.en (172 words)

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		Tonic immobility in guinea pigs: a behavioural response for detecting an anxiolytic-like effect?
		Tonic immobility (TI) is considered to be an innate fear response characterized by a temporary state of profound and reversible motor inhibition.
		TI occurs in a wide range of species in a predator-prey confrontation and is hypothesized to be a terminal defence response occurring when there is physical contact between prey and predator.
	hair-loss-stop.com /ref-adrenaline/adrenaline-research-abs4.85.html (1100 words)

	Aerial Hunting by Little Blue Herons
		Acknowledgment is made to Dr. Frank McKinney (University of Minnesota) for research advice and editorial assistance and to Dr. Clarence Cottam (Di- rector, Welder Wildlife Foundation) for supervision and assistance in the field.
		LITERATURE CITED BoicE, R. Delay in onset of tonic immobility in Rana piplens.
		The immobility reaction in leopard frogs (Rana piplens) as a function of noise-induced fear.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Wilson/v086n03/p0280-p0282.html (2136 words)

	Bimini Biological Field Station - shark research & marine biology internships - Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Some of these sharks receive active, continuous acoustic transmitters that are surgically implanted in the shark's body cavity.
		To implant these transmitters, sharks are placed in tonic immobility.
		This is done by turning the shark over onto its back where it enters a state of torpor making it much easier to handle.
	www.miami.edu /sharklab/research_telemetry.html (410 words)

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