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	Tonlé Sap Lake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tonlé Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and river system of huge importance to Cambodia.
		During the monsoon season, however, the Tonle Sap river which connects the lake with the Mekong river reverses its flow.
		The reversal of the Tonle Sap river's flow also acts as a safety valve to prevent flooding further downstream.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tonle_Sap (329 words)

	Biodiversity Conservation and Social Justice in the Tonle Sap Watershed: The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve
		Dam on the Mekong and in Tonle Sap watershed
		Tonle Sap Lake is the interest of not only national institutions and private sector, it is also the focus of international donors, UN agencies, and NGOs who provide technical and financial assistance contributing to the sustainable development of Lake's resources.
		Deforestation in the Tonle Sap watershed is believed to cause erosion, siltation and flooding in the floodplain areas, and destruction of wildlife habitats, agricultural damage and change of the Lake's ecology.
	www.earthscape.org /r1/cbs01/cbs01a13aa.html (16774 words)

	The Tonle Sap Initiative: Future Solutions Now - ADB.org
		The Tonle Sap is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia.
		It forms a natural floodplain reservoir in the depression of the Cambodian plain and is drained by the Tonle Sap River into the Mekong River near Phnom Penh.
		When the level of the Mekong River is high the flow of the Tonle Sap River reverses: water is pushed into the lake, raising its level by up to 10 meters and increasing its area from 2,500-3,000 square kilometers in the dry season to 10,000-16,000 square kilometers in the rainy season.
	www.adb.org /Projects/tonle_sap (243 words)

	Krousar Thmey: Tonle Sap : Discovering Tonle Sap lake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tonle Sap lake, which means "freshwater lake" in Khmer, is also known as the "Great Lake." It lies in the center of Cambodia and is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia.
		Tonle Sap lake is unusual because it shrinks and expands dramatically with the seasons.
		The reversal of the Tonle Sap river's flow is celebrated with one of the most joyous festivals in Cambodia: the Water Festival.
	www.myfriend.org /krousar-thmey/tonlesape/tl05.htm (429 words)

	sap on Encyclopedia.com
		Cell sap refers to this fluid present in the large vacuole, or cell cavity, that occupies most of the central portion of mature plant cells.
		The term sap is generally applied to all the fluid that travels through the vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) of higher plants.
		Sap ascends at a rate of from 1 to 4 ft (30-122 cm) per hr; in the coast redwood it rises easily to a height of almost 400 ft (120 m).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/sap.asp (982 words)

	Tales of Asia - Tonle Sap
		The Tonle Sap Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, and its feeder, the Tonle Sap River exist as an ecological anomaly.
		The Tonle Sap is one of the most fish abundant lakes in the world and the silt deposits left behind by the annual floods have created fertile ground for agriculture.
		Rich in biodiversity, these forests protect the villages of the lake by acting as a natural barrier to the rough waters that characterize the Tonle Sap in the winter months.
	www.talesofasia.com /cambodia-tonlesap.htm (1079 words)

	TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 18 No.3 Decemberl 2000
		Tonle Sap Lake is the largest freshwater lake in South-east Asia, and exhibits an enormous seasonal change in surface area.
		Flooding during the annual rainy season reverses the flow of the Tonle Sap River and at least triples the surface area of the lake, inundating large areas of grassland and forest.
		The Tonle Sap watersnake harvest should be viewed by managers as an economically important “fishery” because of the inverse relationship between the homalopsine and fish harvests, and because of the use of homalopsines as an alternative protein source for people and captive crocodiles.
	www.traffic.org /bulletin/watersnakes.html (5415 words)

	PART II. TONLE SAP FISHERIES
		· Alterations to the hydrology of the Tonle Sap
		Sedimentation is more pronounced in places where differences occur in water flow speed such as the junction of the Tonle Sap channel with the Mekong at the Quattre Bras, at the mouth of rivers and canals and in the inland delta formed at the junction of the Tonle Sap channel and the lake.
		The flow of water to the Tonle Sap from the Mekong is reduced, resulting in a smaller area that gets flooded and therefore reducing the input in the ecosystem by the flooded forest and reducing the habitat area for the fish.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/AB561E/ab561e07.htm (6948 words)

	Tonlé Sap Lake -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		During the (Any wind that changes direction with the seasons) monsoon season, however, the Tonle Sap river which connects the lake with the (An Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea) Mekong river reverses its flow.
		Further, as the water recedes it leaves rich deposits of (Matter deposited by some natural process) sediment in the surrounding area which becomes prime agricultural land for the rest of the year.
		The reversal of the Tonle Sap river's flow also acts as a safety valve to prevent (The rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land) flooding further downstream.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/to/tonl%e9_sap_lake.htm (232 words)

	AllRefer.com - TOnlE Sap (Southeast Asia Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		TOnlE Sap[ton´lA sAp] Pronunciation Key [great lake], lake, central Cambodia; largest lake of SE Asia.
		It occupies the depression of the Cambodian plain and is fed by many streams; the TOnlE Sap River, c.70 mi (110 km) long, drains the lake S into the Mekong River near Phnom PEnh.
		The TOnlE Sap lake and river are also part of an important inland waterway system.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/TonleSap.html (263 words)

	Life on the Tonle Sap -- ThingsAsian Article
		The Tonle Sap is more than just a body of water; for the people of Cambodia, this Great Lake represents a way of life.
		According to Gordon Sharpless of TalesofAsia.com, "The Tonle Sap is one of the most fish abundant lakes in the world and the silt deposits left behind by the annual floods have created fertile ground for agriculture.
		The people along the Tonle Sap know the value of hard work and can be seen working the river and caring for their families with smiles upon their faces.
	www.thingsasian.com /goto_article/article.1615.html (922 words)

	Tônlé Sap on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It occupies the depression of the Cambodian plain and is fed by many streams; the Tônlé Sap River, c.70 mi (110 km) long, drains the lake S into the Mekong River near Phnom Pénh.
		During the summer floods, however, the waters of the Mekong back up into Tônlé Sap (which forms a natural reservoir) raising the lake's level c.30 ft (9 m) and more than tripling its area.
		The Tônlé Sap lake and river are also part of an important inland waterway system.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/T/TonleS1ap.asp (163 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forests (IM0164)
		The swamp shrublands and forest of the Tonle Sap Freshwater Swamp Forests [IM0164] ecoregion include two forest associations that have been described for the extensive floodplain area of Tonle Sap, a short tree shrubland covering the majority of the area and a stunted swamp forest around the lake itself.
		A band of stunted swamp forest, 7-15 m in height, originally dominated the dry-season shoreline of Tonle Sap, covering about 10 percent of the floodplain, and a similar community once occurred as a gallery forest along the seasonal floodplains of the Mekong, Bassac, and other major rivers in southern Cambodia and Vietnam.
		The vast floodplains of the Mekong River and Tonle Sap are extensively cultivated during the dry season (IUCN 1991).
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0164_full.html (1180 words)

	Earth News: Tonle Sap Wetlands, Cambodia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Beginning in June, the roughly 100-kilometer-long (62 miles) Tonle Sap River will begin to be inundated by the rising waters of the Mekong, and will slowly backtrack and begin filling the Tonle Sap Lake.
		The seasonal floods swell the Tonle Sap—the Great Lake—from its dry season low of a few thousand square kilometers in surface area and a depth of around two meters to as many as 12,000 square kilometers and a depth of ten meters (1 square kilometer is about.4 square miles; 1 meter is 3.3 feet).
		Tonle sap (cambodia) and the mekong delta (vietnam), 8/27/2003
	www.redtailcanyon.com /items/322481.aspx?imageId=213477 (477 words)

	Tonle Sap -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The banks of the Tonle Sap and Mekong rivers have fertile soils that are renewed annually by the silt of the flood season.
		It is located at the confluence of the Tonle Sap and Mekong rivers.
		Although it is situated 180 miles (290 kilometers) from the South China Sea, it is a major port of the Mekong Valley.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9072881?tocId=9072881 (756 words)

	LOAN: CAM 33418-01 \| Tonle Sap Environmental Management
		In the last 20 years, transactions involving the Tonle Sap's natural resources especially its fisheries, have been characterized by inequity, fraud, widespread corruption, environmental degradation from unsustainable patterns of exploitation, and escalating conflict.
		The Tonle Sap is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia and has defined Cambodia's national identity.
		Yet, the natural resources of the Tonle Sap are a source of conflict among stakeholders.
	www.adb.org /Documents/Profiles/LOAN/33418013.ASP (654 words)

	Sap Tonle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tonlé Sap kan meerdere betekenissen hebben: Het.....Tonlé Sap meer in Cambodja..
		The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve consists of a lake and its floodplain...
		The TonlÃ© Sap (meaning Large Fresh Water River but more commonly translated as Great Lake) is a combined lake and...
	www.sapmodules.com /saptonle.html (832 words)

	Krousar Thmey: Tonle Sap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Abundant water resources (the Mekong river, Tonle Sap lake, coastal waters…) allow fishing and rice-growing, the staples of the Cambodian diet.
		Tonle Sap is an integral part of a system including the Siem Reap river, the Kulen mountain range and Angkor, bringing together nature, culture and human life.
		Tonle Sap gives shelter to more than 200 species of fish, about 100 species of bird (of which several are globally threatened) and innumerable reptiles and mammals.
	www.myfriend.org /krousar-thmey/tonlesape (572 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests (IM0165)
		The Tonle Sap-Mekong Peat Swamp Forests [IM0165] ecoregion extends over areas permanently inundated with shallow freshwater, although the region as mapped includes mosaics of swamp forest and herbaceous wetland interposed with upland areas of dry forest.
		Native palms, often a characteristic component of typical swamp forests, generally are absent from the Tonle Sap floodplain with the exception of the local occurrences of rattans in some gallery forests.
		The vast floodplains of the Mekong River and Tonle Sap are extensively cultivated during the dry season, and local fishing communities have greatly altered the Tonle Sap swamp forests (IUCN 1991).
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0165_full.html (972 words)

	Tonle Sap (See) - Wikipedia
		Der Tonle Sap (khmer: Grosser See) in Kambodscha ist der größte See Südostasiens und eines der fischreichsten Binnengewässer der Erde.
		Und beides wird vom jährlichen Rhythmus des Tonle Sap geprägt.
		Der See Tonle Sap bildet gemeinsam mit den Flüssen Tonle Sap, Mekong und Bassac ein einzigartiges Ökosystem das nicht nur den Artenreichtum (rund 300 Fischarten, Vögel...) im Wasser und im Umland ermöglichte sondern auch entscheidend für die Entwicklung der in diesem Gebiet ansässigen Menschen und ihrer Kultur war.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tonle_Sap_See (685 words)

	Ramsar Sites Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The whole area, including the Tonle Sap lake, is vital to the economy of Cambodia by supplying fish to the population.
		A wetland inventory and a baseline study for the establishment of the UNESCO Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve are being prepared.
		The productivity of Boeng Chhmar and the Tonle Sap lake as a whole can be protected by maintaining the regular hydrological regime of the Mekong River and protecting the habitats in the surrounding inundated plain.
	www.wetlands.org /RDB/Ramsar_Dir/Cambodia/KH001D02.htm (977 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Around the full moon at the end of October; the Tonle Sap river reverses its flow and the lake begins to drain.
		The inundation of the Tonle Sap, with its millions of fresh water fish; laid the foundations of wealth which allowed the great Khmer Empire to flourish.
		Situated on the margins of the great Tonle Sap Lake the floating or stilt house villages, are a fascinating experience to all who visit them.
	www.peaceofangkorweb.com /TonleSap.htm (785 words)

	PART IV. TONLE SAP AQUACULTURE
		Trends in the capture fisheries catch of an increase in the proportion of smaller, lower-value species, have led to an increase in the part of the catch that is used as feed for cultured fish.
		The Tonle Sap aquaculture originated from the stocking of surplus fish catches during the peak fishing season.
		In the flooded or floating villages of the Tonle Sap lake, a combined system of pens and cages is used for the culture of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/AB561E/ab561e09.htm (2375 words)

	LakeNet - Lakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fish from Tonle Sap are thought to be the single main source of protein for the Cambodian people.
		The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve management is based on identifying three zones (core areas, buffer zone and transition zone) and identifying different management goals for each.
		Tonle Sap is home to more than 200 fish species, 70 of which are of commercial value.
	www.worldlakes.org /lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8672 (663 words)

	Jewels of Cambodia and travel information - the Official Website
		In June, with monsoon rains swelling the Mekong, excess water is pushed into the Tonle Sap that then drains back upstream into the lake, flooding the surrounding low plains.
		By monsoon's end, in November, the pressure is relieved and the Tonle Sap reverses course and returns to the direction of flow expected of it.
		The Tonle Sap Lake's level drops so fast that it catches out many of its inhabitants, and it is not unlikely to see fisherman picking their catch from the trees
	www.visit-mekong.com /cambodia/jewels/tonle_sap.htm (371 words)

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