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Topic: Top 10 most deadly Volcanic Eruptions

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	Volcanoes
		Most of what appears to be flames is the glare from the erupting materials, glowing because of their high temperature; this glare reflects off the clouds of dust and steam, resembling fire.
		Perhaps the most conspicuous part of a volcano is the crater, a basin of a roughly circular shape, formed by a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta.
		Most of the hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) are dissolved in water droplets in the eruption cloud and quickly fall to the ground as acid rain.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/volcanoes.html (4186 words)

	Volcano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Volcanic activity is often accompanied by earthquakes, hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots and geysers.
		Perhaps the most conspicuous part of a volcano is the crater, a basin of a roughly circular form within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta.
		Volcanic cones are usually smaller features composed of loose ash and cinder, with occasional masses of stone which have been tossed violently into the air by the eruptive forces (and are thus called ejecta).
	hallencyclopedia.com /Volcano (3047 words)

	Volcano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most of what appears to be flames is the glare from the erupting materials, glowing because of their high temperature; this glare reflects off the clouds of dust and steam, resembling fire.
		Most of the hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) are dissolved in water droplets in the eruption cloud and quickly fall to the ground as acid rain.
		Volcanic action was often attributed to chemical reactions and a thin layer of molten rock near the surface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volcano (3484 words)

	Volcano - MSN Encarta
		While these volcanically active areas have long been known, the scientific reason for their distribution was not understood until the emergence of the theory of plate tectonics in the late 1960s.
		They are especially deadly because of their high temperatures of 850° C (1600° F) or higher and fast speeds of 250 km/h (160 mph) or greater.
		All eruptions are accompanied by geophysical and (or) geochemical changes, including earthquake activity, deformation of the volcano, and increased release or change in volcanic gases.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570122_4____17/Volcano.html (1093 words)

	Getting to the Bottom of Volcanoes - MSN Encarta
		Most magma is formed by the melting of peridotite, a rock that makes up Earth's mantle--the part between the crust and the core.
		Most volcanic activity on Earth occurs above plate boundaries on the ocean floor, where crustal plates are pulling apart.
		Hot-spot volcanism is easily studied and observed on the big island of Hawaii, where eruptions of Kilauea volcano are frequent.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/Guides/?Article=VolcanoesMain (1010 words)

	NOVA \| Volcano Under the City \| Deadly Volcanoes (non-Flash) \| PBS
		Volcanic gases, including sulfur dioxide, combined with moisture in the air to form vast toxic clouds that soon gave rise to acid rain.
		The force of this eruption on the small, uninhabited island of Krakatau was so great that much of the volcano, and two-thirds of the island itself, collapsed into the sea, triggering 120-foot waves that devastated neighboring islands.
		The worst volcanic disaster in Japan's history occurred in the Unzen volcano complex on the island of Kyushu.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/volcanocity/dead-nf.html (1090 words)

	Volcanoes and volcanic rocks
		Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption.
		In contrast to the point-source, centralized eruptions that typify most volcanoes, fissure eruptions are initiated along a linear fracture of the earth's crust.
		Most maars have low rims composed of a mixture of loose fragments of volcanic rocks and rocks torn from the walls of the diatreme.
	www.rockcollector.co.uk /volcano1.htm (1308 words)

	Volcano Hazards - PDC
		Volcanic landslides are not always associated with eruptions; heavy rainfall or a large regional earthquake can trigger a landslide on steep slopes.
		Most of the deaths resulting from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 were due to collapsing roofs.
		The most common volcanic gases are water vapor (90%), carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen.
	www.pdc.org /iweb/volcano_hazards.jsp (1490 words)

	Volcano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		For other meanings of the word eruption, see eruption (disambiguation)'' ---- A volcano is a geological landform (usually a mountain) where magma (rock of the earth's interior made molten or liquid by high pressure and temperature) erupts through the surface of the planet.
		Eruption of [[Mauna Loa, March 1984]] One way of classifying volcanoes is by the type of material erupted, which affects the shape of the volcano.
		Perhaps the most conspicuous part of a Volcano is the crater, a basin of a roughly circular form within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta.
	volcano.iqnaut.net (3495 words)

	CVO Menu - Miscellaneous Volcanic Facts
		Eruptions in the Cascades have occurred at an average rate of 1-2 per century during the last 4000 years, and future eruptions are certain.
		Most domes are composed of silica-rich lavas that have a lower gas content than do the lavas erupted earlier in the same eruptive sequence; nevertheless, some dome lavas still contain enough gas to cause explosions within a dome as it is being formed.
		During many volcanic eruptions, fragments of lava or rock are blasted into the air by explosions or carried upward by a convecting column of hot gases.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /LivingWith/VolcanicFacts/misc_volcanic_facts.html (5674 words)

	Volcanoes
		Volcanic eruptions are among the Earth's most powerful and destructive forces.
		Volcanic eruptions alter the surface of the Earth's lithosphere, the hard, outermost shell of the Earth.
		The most accurate warnings are those in which scientists indicate an eruption is probably only hours to days away based on significant changes in a volcano's earthquake activity, ground deformation, and gas emissions.
	www.ussartf.org /volcanoes.htm (2024 words)

	Taal - Into the Volcano
		Now they flocked to this volcano lodge, apparently safe from the eminent eruption atop a nearby mountain, which was, in fact, the rim of a larger volcanic crater that had long ago collapsed in volcanic convulsions.
		Most residents of the island subsist by fishing and farming.
		During the eruption of 1965, an early warning system kept the death toll to 200, and farmers were back in the fields within a few days.
	www.gluckman.com /taal.html (1812 words)

	Volcano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A volcano is a geological landform (usually a mountain) where magma (rock of the earth's interior made molten or liquid by high pressure and temperature) erupts through the surface of the planet.
		In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in the solar system occurred on Io [1] (http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/news/archive/eruption/).
		In December 2000, scientists at the in Mexico City predicted an eruption within two days from Popocatépetl, on the outskirts of Mexico City.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Volcano (3519 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Lava dome
		The longest historical dome-building eruption is still occurring at Santiaguito Dome, which is erupting on the southeast flank of Santa Maria volcano in Guatemala; the dome began erupting in 1922.
		The volcanic dome in the Cascades is Lassen Peak in northern California.
		Before the 1980-1986 eruption of Mount St.Helens, its symmetrical summit cone was capped by a lava dome erupted between the 1500's and late 1700's.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/LavaDome.html (393 words)

	VOLCANO FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes such as Mt._Fuji in Japan, Vesuvius in Italy, Mount_Erebus in Antarctica, and Mount_Rainier in the northwestern United States are tall conical mountains composed of both lava flows and ejected material.
		In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in the solar system occurred on Io http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/news/archive/eruption/.
		Eventually, magma in the chamber is forced upwards and flows out across the planet surface as lava, or the rising magma can heat water in the surrounding landform and cause explosive discharges of steam; either this or escaping gases from the magma can produce forceful ejections of rocks, cinders, volcanic glass, and/or volcanic_ash.
	velocipay.com /volcano (3289 words)

	USGS Learning Web :: Lesson Plans :: Volcanoes :: Introduction
		Volcanic eruptions are among the Earth's most powerful and destructive forces.
		Volcanic eruptions alter the surface of the Earth's lithosphere, the hard, outermost shell of the Earth.
		Within a few weeks of the eruption deer, elk, and other animals moved in from nearby areas to take advantage of the new plants that were sprouting.
	interactive2.usgs.gov /learningweb/teachers/volcanoes.htm (1384 words)

	Scientists Study Threat Of Gigantic Volcanic Eruptions
		``The risk of volcanic eruptions to human populations is not very well defined,'' William Rose, a geologist at Michigan Technological University, told a news briefing at the American Geophysical Union.
		At a symposium held at the AGU meeting, volcanologists, atmospheric scientists and other specialists have launched an effort to begin modeling the impact of severe volcanic eruptions, which potentially could be many times larger than the worst experienced in recorded human history.
		While researchers are only beginning to understand the potential lasting impact of volcanic explosions, scientists are growing more confident of their ability to forecast the deadly explosions more accurately.
	www.rense.com /general6/volc.htm (448 words)

	NOVA \| Transcripts \| Deadly Shadow of Vesuvius \| PBS
		The most prevalent are carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
		Miles from the human remains and ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, a record of the eruption of 79 A.D. is permanently inscribed in the walls of a quarry.
		NARRATOR: Perhaps an eruption on the scale of 1631, or even 79 A.D. Photographs of victims of contemporary eruptions are compared to the human remains in Pompeii by a doctor on a gruesome mission.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/transcripts/2515vesuvius.html (5144 words)

	Volcanic Ash–Danger to Aircraft in the North Pacific, USGS Fact Sheet 030-97 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Volcanic ash can be a serious hazard to aviation even thousands of miles from an eruption.
		The map (top composite satellite image) shows the movement of the ash cloud from the September 16-17, 1992, eruption of Mount Spurr.
		Ash from these eruptions, which has caused jet engines to fail, is usually blown to the east and northeast, directly across the air routes.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/fs030-97 (1557 words)

	Vic Camp - the Nevado del Ruiz eruption
		Nevado del Ruiz is the northernmost of several Colombian stratovolcanoes in the Andes Volcanic Chain of western South America.
		During the volcanic outbursts of 1595, 1845, and 1985, large volumes of meltwater were derived from melting of the ice pack by hot pyroclastic flows erupting at the summit.
		Most of the town was swept away or buried in only a few short minutes, killing three quarters of the townspeople.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Nevado.html (1426 words)

	The art and science of predicting volcanic eruptions : 1/01
		Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are two of the most destructive forces on Earth.
		Coincidentally on Dec. 15, three days before Popocatepetl blew its top, a special session on the future of volcano prediction was held at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco.
		To predict eruptions, volcanologists are using innovative technologies that measure subtle changes in the shape, temperature and gas chemistry of active volcanic vents such as Pu`u `O`o on Hawaii's Big Island.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2001/january10/aguvolcano-110.html (785 words)

	Elementary Themes: Volcanoes
		Most are concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains, or beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges.
		A volcanic vent is the hole from which the magma emerges from beneath the Earth's surface.
		So when most people think of a volcano, they usually conjure up the Hollywood version: a huge, menacing conical mountain that explodes and spews out masses of lava which falls on rampaging dinosaurs, screaming cave people, or fleeing mobs of betogaed Romans--depending on their favorite volcano disaster movie.
	www.stemnet.nf.ca /CITE/volcano.htm (2046 words)

	homepage of Vladimir Dinets-volcanic eruptions
		Volcanic eruptions are the most spectacular natural events, except for asteroid impacts.
		The main problem with volcanic eruptions is that they are so rare and occur unpredictably, mostly in remote parts of the World.
		The most impressive part of this eruption was not its visual effects, but its sound: you needed some ear protection a few miles from the crater, and at the summit it was far above pain level.
	dinets.travel.ru /eruptions.htm (2335 words)

	Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions — Infoplease.com
		Haze from eruption resulted in loss of island's livestock and widespread crop failure; 9,350 deaths, mostly due to starvation.
		Mudslides buried most of the town of Armero and devastated Chinchiná; 21,800 killed.
		Volcanic Catastrophe-in-waiting is redefining big bang theory: volcanologists are watching ancient calderas for signs of life - and......
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0001439.html (1248 words)

	physics - Volcano
		Large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ash (pulverized rock and pumice) into the stratosphere to heights of 10-20 miles above the Earth's surface.
		The most significant impacts from these injections come from the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which condenses rapidly in the stratosphere to form fine sulfate aerosols.
		Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), witnessed eruptions of Aetna and Stromboli, then visited the crater of Vesuvius and published his view of an Earth with a central fire connected to numerous others caused by the burning of sulphur, bitumen and coal.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Volcano (3308 words)

	Analysis: A Volcano's Most Public Eruption
		The new eruption, which began in October, is quite possibly the most publicly visible volcanic event ever, said Steve Malone, a geophysics researcher with the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network in Seattle.
		Most of those hits occurred in October, when the mountain began exhibiting worrisome signs of another major eruption.
		He said after the catastrophic eruption in May 1980, in which most of the top of the volcano's cone essentially blew off, Mount St. Helens settled back into a relatively quiet period.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/volcano-04a.html (1430 words)

	Volcano
		Volcanic cones result from eruptions that throw out mostly small pieces of rock that build up around the vent.
		Fuji in Japan, Vesuvius in Italy, Mount Erebus in Antarctica, and Mount Rainier in the northwestern United States are tall conical mountains composed of both lava flows and ejected material.
		What appears to be flames is the glare from the erupting materials, glowing because of their high temperature; this glare reflects off the clouds of dust and steam, resembling fire.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Volcano (2570 words)

	Hawaii quake blamed on volcanic stress - Science - MSNBC.com
		But the strongest and most destructive types — like Sunday's magnitude-6.7 that caused flouts and landslides — are rare and are caused not by eruptions, but by the buildup of stress deep in the crust as volcanoes grow and spread, experts say.
		The Big Island is commonly rocked by quakes in the 3- and 4-magnitude range that are triggered by volcanic eruptions.
		Volcanic earthquakes — those triggered by eruptions — are usually detected by the hundreds of swarms of temblors that occur several hours or days before an eruption.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/15294482 (509 words)

	Questions about volcanoes
		We are looking for a database which contains historical eruptions, sorted by date or volcano over the last two hundred years.
		I would like to find out where volcanic eruptions have occurred duringthe past 30 years, for my school project.
		What is the most serious volcanic threat to a large population in the next several decades?
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/frequent_questions/group12_new.html (2772 words)

	Geo1_Lec11_Volcanoes.htm
		Eventually, the top of the magma chamber can fail, or crack and magma propagates to the surface, where it fragments and forms explosive eruptions of hot gas and pyroclasts.
		Soil development--large volcanic eruptions produce abundant ash, and weathering of the ash and also weathering of lava flows produces rich volcanic soil.
		Even a small eruption can produce enough heat to melt lots of snow and ice which can mix with the rocks and soil and debris on the flanks of the volcano and produce deadly flows of mud.
	geosun.sjsu.edu /~jmiller/Geo1_Lec11_Volcanoes.html (1592 words)

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