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Topic: Top Two runoff

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	Xpress: A rundown of runoff elections
		Without a runoff, the candidate who got the highest votes in the first election would automatically be the winner -- even if that number was still only a small percentage of the total number of votes cast by the public.
		Runoffs make it less likely that we will elect a "fringe" candidate, a person who holds views that most of the citizens do not support at all.
		Some people say runoffs make it harder for a member of a minority, such as African-Americans or Hispanics, to be elected in a race where most of the voters are of a different background.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/03/17/news_pf/Xpress/A_rundown_of_runoff_e.shtml (730 words)

	FairVote - Louisianna Top-Two System
		In 1992, the 4th congressional district primary resulted in two Democrats reaching the runoff election (without Republican or third party candidate appearing on the November ballot), while the 6th congressional district resulted in two Republicans reaching the runoff election (without Democrats or third party candidates on the November ballot).
		As a general rule, since only the top two finishers in the opening primary have had any chance to advance to a runoff election, it proved to be very difficult for minor party candidates to appear on Louisiana's November election ballot for federal and state elections.
		Instant runoff voting: There are two ways that instant runoff voting could meet the goals of blanket primary advocates: in primaries or in the general election.
	www.fairvote.org /?page=380 (2335 words)

	Primary election - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When a qualifying primary is applied to a partisan election, it becomes what is generally known as a Louisiana primary: typically, if no candidate wins a majority in the primary, the two candidates receiving the highest pluralities, regardless of party affiliation, go on to a general election that is in effect a run-off.
		This has the effect of almost invariably eliminating minor parties from the general election; frequently the general election becomes a single-party election, and it has, in one notable case, left voters having to choose "the lesser of two evils," between KKK leader David Duke and Edwin Edwards, a former governor suspected of corruption.
		Because many Washingtonians were disappointed over the loss of their blanket primary, which the Washington State Grange helped institute in 1935, the Grange filed Initiative 872 in 2004 to establish a "Louisiana" primary for partisan races, thereby allowing voters to once again cross party lines in the primary election.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primary_election (1083 words)

	The variety of runoff rules
		A system with traditional runoff elections in the event of no majority is clearly more democratic than the existing plurality rule, but suffers from drawbacks that instant runoff avoids.
		This batch elimination runoff is also specified in the Vermont General Assembly's joint rule 10 when electing members to such boards as UVM or state college boards of trustees.
		This procedure does not have the difficulties of a runoff in a general election: there is no need to reassemble the voters at a future date, since all of the "voters" (members of the party committee present) simply remain in the room while the ballots are counted.
	www.fairvotevermont.org /123/20runoff_rules.htm (643 words)

	Table of voting systems by nation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This means that two simultaneous systems are used to elect representatives to the same body.
		The state of Louisiana uses runoff voting for all House and Senate seats.
		Otherwise, the top two finishers (again, regardless of party affiliation) go to a runoff election, held approximately a month later, with the winner in the runoff earning the seat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Table_of_voting_systems_by_nation (790 words)

	Glossary of Water Resource Terms
		the space between two concentric cylindrical objects, one of which surrounds the other, such as the space between the walls of a drilled hole and a casing.
		the top of a dam, dike, or spillway, which water must reach before passing over the structure; the summit or highest point of a wave; the highest elevation reached by flood waters flowing in a channel.
		Diversions may be used to protect bottomland from hillside runoff, divert water away from active gullies, or protect buildings from runoff.
	www.edwardsaquifer.net /glossary.html (7643 words)

	Election Law: Oral arguments on issues related to the "top two" primary
		According to this AP report, the judges were skeptical that a top two primary that did not give parties the option of rejecting a candidate's use of the party's name would violate the associational rights of political parties.
		The "top two" is not actually a primary: it's a non-partisan general election with a runoff-- whether party preferences are added to the ballot or not.
		Jones (2000), Justice Scalia says the Top Two (which he calls a "nonpartisan blanket primary") is constitutional because "voters are not choosing a party's nominee." Five of the seven justices who supported that opinion are still on the Court.
	electionlawblog.org /archives/004898.html (579 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Europe / Presidential runoff seen in Macedonia
		The winner of the runoff will replace the late President Boris Trajkovski, who died in a plane crash before he could complete his mission of moving the country from ethnic bloodshed to reconciliation.
		The two ethnic Albanian candidates, Gezim Ostreni, a former leader of the ethnic Albanian rebel National Liberation Army, and Zudi Xhelili, an engineer, finished with 11.2 percent and 5.2 percent, respectively.
		A runoff between the top two candidates would be held within two weeks.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2004/04/15/presidential_runoff_seen_in_macedonia (683 words)

	BatesLine: The case for instant runoff voting -- two more examples
		Because many jurisdictions don't have any sort of runoff at all, and only a handful use instant runoff voting, we often see elections where the winner is someone who might not have won with fewer candidates in the race.
		Even an Oklahoma-style primary runoff wouldn't fix the problem, as the top three were close enough that we can't know which of them would have finished 1-2 if the other eight candidates had not been in the race.
		Now, runoff (2d round voting) is the most common practice, but runoff typically results in about 30% voter rolloff (not voting) from the first to second round, and only about 30% of the time does the initial leader lose in the second round.
	www.batesline.com /archives/001764.html (970 words)

	Taylor Daily Press: Primary runoff elections Tuesday
		Runoff elections in the Republican and Democratic party primaries will be Tuesday.
		One of the key races in Eastern Williamson County involves a runoff between Round Rock Republicans Gary Coe and Ron Morrison to be the candidate for Pct.
		Candidates in the runoff are Henry Kight and Richard Torres.
	www.taylordailypress.net /articles/2006/04/10/news/news01.txt (297 words)

	Math 2000 - Assignment 1
		From part (b), we see that B and D enter the runoff and the votes of A and C are redistributed.
		Thus D is the winner of the top two runoff.
		In the sequential runoff we eliminate only the candidate with the fewest first place votes at each stage.
	www-math.cudenver.edu /~wbriggs/2000s01/2000sol10.html (432 words)

	JS Online: Runoff in S.C. Gov. Primary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A former congressman and South Carolina's lieutenant governor advanced to a June 25 runoff for the Republican gubernatorial nomination, while a businessman won Maine's GOP primary to enter a crowded governor's race.
		Bob Peeler were the top two vote-getters among seven candidates in South Carolina's Republican gubernatorial primary, but neither received more than half the vote to avoid the runoff.
		Another runoff was set for South Carolina's 3rd Congressional District, where six Republicans battled to succeed GOP Rep. Lindsey Graham, who is seeking the seat of retiring Republican Sen. Strom Thurmond.
	www.jsonline.com /election2000/ap/jun02/ap-primary-rdp061202.asp?format=print (474 words)

	RangeVoting.org - Denver op-ed plus notes
		The intent is mainly to eliminate the expensive and troublesome runoff elections that are sometimes used to choose the mayor, auditor, and most city council members.
		According to current election rules, if no candidate gets 50% of the votes in the May election, a runoff is held about a month later to choose between the top two.
		Runoff elections are cruel and unusual punishment for everyone.
	rangevoting.org /Denver.html (778 words)

	[No title]
		The primary result had Freddie Ferrer, somewhat surprisingly, in first place with 35.6% of the vote; Green was in second place with 31.0%; Vallone in third with 19.8%; Hevesi in fourth place with 12.1%; Spitz in fifth place with 1.1%, and write-in candidates fielding 0.4% among them.
		In 2000, the first two places in the Democratic Mayoral runoff were never in doubt...not like it was in 1977.
		If the second choices of the eliminated candidates' voters were also one of the four eliminated candidates, their preferences would not be counted in the top-two runoff.
	www.nysirv.org /pei.htm (1807 words)

	Runoff In Los Angeles Mayor Race - CBS News
		The tight race left all 15 candidates with less than 50 percent of the vote, triggering a June 5 runoff between the top two contenders — Villaraigosa and Hahn.
		Although a Republican and two minor party candidates also advance to the runoff, Watson, the Democrat, is considered a lock — the district is 73 percent Democratic.
		Latino turnout was high in part because of the presence in the race of two prominent Hispanic candidates.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2001/04/10/politics/main284847.shtml (775 words)

	Primary reform will hurt California democracy \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		And here's the catch: the top two can be from the same political party.
		In Louisiana, often the two finalists are in fact from the same party – either two Democrats in a liberal district, or two Republicans in a conservative district.
		In Louisiana's 1995 gubernatorial primary, the top two candidates were a right-wing state senator supported by Duke and a liberal fl member of Congress, with 26 percent and 19 percent of the vote each.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040407/news_lz1e7hill.html (746 words)

	Fruits and Votes » Blog Archive » Two two-round systems, very different results
		In the one where there may be a runoff, the leading candidate is far ahead, and a runoff almost certainly would be superfluous.
		There will not be a runoff if this result holds, even though the leading candidate is nearly ten percentage points short of a majority and leads his main challenger by only two tenths of a percent (3,250 votes).
		Obviously, the gap required between the top two candidates to avoid a runoff shrinks as the leader approaches 50% and increases as the leading candidate’s plurality decreases–as it should.
	fruitsandvotes.com /?p=546 (1702 words)

	JS Online:Ordinans in runoff; two ousted
		The recall Tuesday of two more supervisors and the second-place showing by Milwaukee County Board Chairman Karen Ordinans sent another jolt through the 25-member board, which is now guaranteed to see at least one-fifth of its members ousted over the pension debacle.
		One of the two newly minted supervisors is a college ethics professor.
		Two supervisors recalled on June 18, Linda Ryan and Kathleen Arciszewski, survived recall primaries, as did Ordinans, but each found they could not add any support in the runoff elections.
	www.jsonline.com /news/metro/jun02/54088.asp (1504 words)

	The Morning After: The Morning After the Runoff
		Twenty-two candidates with primaries that had to be decided in runoff elections raised $1.2 million more for their runoffs, of which $501,495 (41 percent) eluded public scrutiny by moving in the last nine days of the election.
		The top donor of runoff late money was Houston appeals judge Timothy Taft, who contributed to his own failed bid for a seat on the Court of Criminal Appeals.
		While plaintiff lawyers ranked among the top late donors in the primary, they did not make the top-10 runoff list, which is dominated by corporate defense interests that primarily gave to judicial candidates.
	www.tpj.org /docs/2002/10/reports/morningafter/page3.html (553 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Megawati Struggling to Make Runoff in Indonesian Election
		A runoff between the top two finishers would be held Sept. 20.
		The two retired generals have responded that they are committed to the democratic reforms enacted after Suharto's downfall.
		The three top contenders visited the graves of their ancestors Saturday, with Megawati paying respects to her father, Sukarno.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A27342-2004Jul4?language=printer (661 words)

	Let's End the Two-Party Duopoly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Dennis Kucinich, he embraced instant runoff voting and stressed the importance of reforms that allow the range of voices and choices found in democracies with more modern voting systems.
		IRV simulates a full runoff election in a single round of voting through the simple device of allowing citizens to vote both for their favorite candidate as well as for the candidate they would support if their favorite fails to advance to the runoff.
		It's worth remembering that in recent years two out of five state legislative races haven't even been contested, and that the number of marginal congressional seats is at an all-time low.
	www.thenation.com /blogs/edcut?bid=7&pid=1294 (1685 words)

	HB 1024 - Instant Runoff Pilot
		HB 1024 is a pilot program that allows up to 10 counties to use a rank-voting method, with State Board of Elections approval and supervision, to avoid the expense and problems of runoff elections in their local elections.
		Those reallocated votes are added to the counts of the top vote-getters, and the candidate with the most votes wins.
		Instant runoff voting would do everything the current runoff system does to ensure that the winner has popular support – but it does it in one election rather than two.
	www.democracy-nc.org /improving/IRV.html (549 words)

	March 2004 Ballot Measure: H - Charter Amendment - Runoff Elections
		Under current law, a runoff election is required if the candidate with the most votes for the offices of mayor, councilmember or auditor fails to receive at least 45% of the total votes cast for the office.
		Under the proposed amendment, a runoff election for these offices would only be triggered if the candidate with the most votes for the office fails to receive at least 40% of the votes cast for that office.
		By moving the runoff to February and reducing the threshold to win to 40%, Measure H will save taxpayer dollars by eliminating preparations for unnecessary runoff elections and by reducing the total number of runoffs.
	www.ci.berkeley.ca.us /Elections/measures/2004/march/Hrunoff.htm (1059 words)

	Sound Politics: "Top Two" Primary Lawsuit Update
		Also, if there are more than two candidates on the general election ballot (and that is the final election), voters aren't nearly as likely to take a chance on an independent or minor party candidate, for fear of "wasting" their vote.
		They said they only chose the top two system because it was the only way to get a blanket primary, and the only reason they wanted that is because they want to choose the parties' candidates for them.
		And this is the strongest case for overturning the top two altogether.
	www.soundpolitics.com /archives/004616.html (11340 words)

	AlterNet: Major Victory for Voting Reform
		Supporters of the two advancing candidates must show up again to reconfirm their initial vote, while backers of eliminated candidates must generate enough enthusiasm to vote for their preference among the top two.
		Instant runoff voting would have promoted coalition-building in a single round of voting, rather than the charged politics of a one-on-one runoff election.
		Instant runoff voting advocates in states like Alaska, Florida, New Mexico and Washington are poised to capitalize on the San Francisco victory and the clear message from Vermont's towns.
	www.alternet.org /story.html?StoryID=12568 (1036 words)

	Two Rivers Top British Columbia's Endangered List
		The Britannia Mine closed in 1974 but the rock laid bare by 70 years of copper mining combined with two meters (6.6 feet) of rain a year, five open pits and a network of tunnels estimated to be 210 kilometers (130 miles) long, provide the perfect conditions for acid mine drainage.
		According to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, mine waste from Britannia Creek is one of the most serious marine pollution problems affecting fish habitat in B.C. Elevated copper and zinc levels in bivalves have been noted 18 kilometers from Britannia Beach.
		All sides agree that the only solution for acid mine drainage is to build a treatment plant to neutralize the acid and capture the metals before the runoff reaches aquatic life.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/mar2001/2001-03-14-11.asp (970 words)

	AlterNet: Dropping Out of the Electoral College
		To prevent this problem, most direct election amendments call for a second "runoff" election between the top two finishers if no candidate receives at least 40 percent of the vote.
		Rather than mandate a low 40 percent threshold and two rounds of voting, any amendment to the Constitution should allow electoral mechanisms to determine a majority winner in a single election, such as instant runoff voting.
		IRV simulates a two-round runoff in one election by allowing voters to rank their "runoff" choices along with their first choice, 1, 2, 3.
	www.alternet.org /story/19103 (901 words)

	Montenegro Drops Law After Elections Fail
		The last two presidential elections were discounted in accord with Montenegro law because less that half the registered voters went to the polls.
		If this does not happen, a runoff between two top contenders is to be held 2 weeks after the first round.
		In the new formation, both republics will have their own presidents and governments, but share a small central administration in charge of common defense and foreign affairs.
	www.invest-in-serbia.com /tws/presidential_election_2002/2003_02_27_1.htm (259 words)

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