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Topic: Topgallant sail

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	The Square Rigging
		The square sail was mainly used on deep-water sailers, because it is a very effective and safe sail when sailing before the wind, and on long voyages you would always choose a route with as little tacking as possible.
		Sailing ships are rated based on how they are rigged, and the most important aspect is where they are rigged with square sails and where they carry fore-and-aft sails.
		The sail on a lower mast is called the course; thus the sail of the lower mast of the fore mast (the fore lower mast) is called the fore course, and the course of the main mast is called the main course.
	sailing-ships.oktett.net /square-rigging.html (2364 words)

	RIGGING - LoveToKnow Article on RIGGING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The running rigging by which all spars and sails are hoisted, or lowered and spread or taken in., may be divided into those which lift and lower the lifts, jeers, halliards (haulyards)and those which hold down the lower corners of the sailsthe tacks and she,ets.
		The simplest of all forms of rigging is the dipping lug, a quadrangular sail hanging from a yard, and always hoisted on the side of the mast opposite to~ that on which the wind is blowing (the lee side).
		The lug sail is an advance on the course, since it is better adapted for sailing on the wind, with the wind on the side.
	35.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RI/RIGGING.htm (3575 words)

	Encyclopedia: Topgallant sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The upper or only topgallant sail is set from the top of the topgallant mast, if there is a lower topgallant it is set from midway down the topgallant mast.
		In sailing, a course sail is the principal sail on a mast.
		In sailing, a boom is a spar (pole) usually made of aluminum or wood, is connected to the foot of the mainsail and allows the crew to control the angle of the sail to the wind.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Topgallant-sail (1928 words)

	Rigging - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The running rigging by which all spars and sails are hoisted, or lowered and spread or taken in, may be divided into those which lift and lower - the lifts, jeers, halliards (haulyards, halyards) — and those which hold down the lower corners of the sails — the tacks and sheets.
		She has one quadrangular sail suspended from a yard which is hung (or slung) by the middle to a single mast which is placed of a fully clothed mast.
		Triangular sails of the same type as the jibs can be set on the stays between the masts of a fully rigged ship, and are then known as staysails.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Rigging (3730 words)

	Full rigged ship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lowest and normally largest sail on a mast is the course sail of that mast, and is referred to simply by the mast name: Foresail, mainsail, mizzen sail, jigger sail.
		If all seven sails are present on the foremast, the fourth sail from the deck on the foremast would (just as an example) be called the fore lower topgallant sail.
		In light winds studding sails, pronounced "stunsls" may be carried on either side of any or all of the square rigged sails except royals and skysails.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Full_rigged_ship (545 words)

	Boy's Manual Of Seamanship And Gunnery
		fore and main tack and sheet-blocks are clump-blocks, with a thimble in the strop to shackle to the clew of the sail.
		Tack lashing is spliced in the thimble in the tack of the sail, and passed two or three times round the bowsprit, each turn being passed through the thimble in the tack of the sail, the end is hitched round all parts of the lashing.
		They are each in one piece of rope, and when the sail is bent and hoisted, the position for the brails is determined on ; they are middled, and the bight of each brail seized to the after-leech of the sails, as marked, and rove through their respective blocks, from aft forward down on deck.
	www.pbenyon.plus.com /B_S_M/Fourth_Instruction_II.html (5595 words)

	Sail Ship Sails
		Modern sails are designed such that the warp and the weft of the sailcloth are oriented parallel to the luff and foot of the sail.
		In modern times a sail is cut of the extreme size which is capable of being carried in fine weather, and when the wind increases in strength it is reefed -- part is gathered up and fastened by reef points, small cords attached to the sail.
		Outboard of the square sails might be set studdingsails [studding sail, studsail, stun's'l) -- a sail on a special spar, extended outboard of a square sail or sails, for added sail area in moderate winds.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/ship/sail-sails.htm (1720 words)

	Stephenson:Neal:Quicksilver:166:Schooners (Alan Sinder) - Metaweb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A seven-masted schooner, the Thomas L Lawson, was built in 1902, with a length of 395 ft. and carrying 27 sails with 43,000 square feet of sail.
		The running rigging by which all spars and sails are hoisted, or lowered and spread or taken in., may be divided into those which lift and lower - the lifts, jeers, halliards (haulyards) — and those which hold down the lower corners of the sails — the tacks and she,ets.
		The simplest of all forms of rigging is the dipping lug, a quadrangular sail hanging from a yard, and’ always hoisted on the side of the mast opposite toto that on which the wind is blowing (the lee side).
	www.metaweb.com /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Stephenson:Neal:Quicksilver:166:Schooners_(Alan_Sinder) (3134 words)

	Tall Ships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sailing warships were rated according to the number of their guns.
		Spritsail - a sail extended by a sprit(pole) diagonally upward from a mast to the topmost corner of a fore-and-aft sail
		Main Course - a sail on the lowest yard on the principal mast of a vessel: in a schooner, brig, bark, etc., the mast second from the bow; in a ketch or yawl, the mast nearer the bow.
	www.geocities.com /cptblood_1999/ships.html (1653 words)

	Ship Modeling FAQ, Research Note ** --- Revised: June 13, 2005
		The square sail hung from that second mast was called a topsail -- fore topsail, main topsail, mizzen topsail, etc. By the end of the 1600s the topsails had grown so large that they were the main driving sails of a square rigger.
		So, by the middle of the 1600s big ships have three sails on three mast sections: a course on the lower mast, a topsail on the topmast and a topgallant on the topgallant mast.
		When the royal sail was set on the topgallant mast it was called the 'topgallant royal', at least in the 18th Century.
	home.att.net /~ShipModelFAQ/ResearchNotes/smf-RN-SailConfusion.html (1326 words)

	Sail Summary
		The draft of the sail can be reduced in stronger winds by use of a cunningham and outhaul, and also by increasing the downward pressure of the boom by use of a boom vang.
		The forward edge of the sail is called the "luff" (from which derives the term "luffing", a rippling of the sail when the angle of the wind fails to maintain a good aerodynamic shape near the luff).
		Modern sails are designed such that the warp and the weft of the sailcloth are oriented parallel to the luff and foot of the sail.
	www.bookrags.com /Sail (1822 words)

	Charleston Tall Ships \| Charleston Maritime Festival 2007
		Modern-rigged vessels with a LOA of less than 40m (131 feet) and with a LWL of at least 9.14m (30 feet), carrying spinnaker-like sails.
		Sailing vessel with three or more masts: fore and aft rigged on aftermast, square rigged on all others.
		Sailing ships with at least 2 masts (foremast and mainmast) with the mainmast being the taller.
	www.charlestonmaritimefestival.com /tallships-whatis.html (560 words)

	Ready to set sail!
		The centre of gravity of the sails longitudinally is crucial to the ship´s balance and steering capabilities.
		If it becomes necessary to bring in the sails and furl them against the yards, due to the wind and the inclination of the ship, the sails should be brought in starting at the stern, working from top to bottom, and gradually moving forward.
		As the ship sails with the wind from directly in front for a while, it is possible for the ship to become stationary, unable to move forwards or backwards.
	www.soic.se /engelska/inenglish/theshipgotheborg/readytosetsail.4.13382ddb109dc05c6d680002607.html (1378 words)

	The World of Patrick O'Brian (Newsletter 4:1)
		Points of sailing Sailing points may be defined as the different courses followed by any sailing craft when compared to the direction of the wind.
		Royals Small square sails, carried next above the main topgallant sail, and used only in light winds because their masts are poorly supported and their position is such that they set with a long leverage and have a tendency to bury the ship and retard her progress in heavier winds.
		Spritsail A sail attached to a yard which hangs under the bowsprit, and has a large hole at each of its lower corners to evacuate the water which fills its cavity by the surge of the sea when the ship pitches.
	www2.wwnorton.com /pob/vol4i.htm (2002 words)

	Rigging
		The simplest of all forms of rigging is the dipping lug, a quadrangular sail hanging from a yard, and’ always hoisted on the side of the mast opposite to~ that on which the wind is blowing (the lee side).
		She has one quadrangular sail suspended from a yard whkh is hung (or slung) by the middle to a single mast which is placed of a fully clothed mast.
		The lug is a “lifting sail,” and doesn't tend to press the vessel down as the fore and aft sail does.
	www.wordlookup.net /ri/rigging.html (3778 words)

	Four-master bark
		Upper main topgallant sail: main topsail of the third or fourth mast.
		Mizzen topgallant sail: auxiliary sail of the second mast placed on the stays of the mizzen royal sail.
		Lower main topgallant sail: sail of the fourth mast above the mizzen topsail.
	www.infovisual.info /05/065_en.html (322 words)

	Ragnar's Weeb Page: The Sails of a Ship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Now if you have read these names you have doubtless noticed that most of the sails are named for the mast on which they are hung-the foremast, which is in the how; the mizzenmast, in the stern; and the mainmast, between them.
		On any square-rigged vessel the sails are hung from strong horizontal supports called "yards," and each yard is suspended-or "slung"-at its middle point from the mast.
		When a square-rigged vessel carrie,@ triangular sails, they are hung on heavy ropes cauce, "stays." A fore-and-aft rigged vessel carries one large sail to a mast; and this is attached-or "bent"-to large spars or stays in the midship line of the boat.
	www.theweebsite.com /ragnar/shipsails.html (317 words)

	topgallant
		The name of the yacht was the DUNCAN, and the owner was Lord Glenarvan, one of the sixteen Scotch peers who sit in the Upper House, and the most distinguished member of the Royal Thames Yacht Club, so famous throughout the United Kingdom.
		Sail after sail was added, as we drew into fine weather; and in one week after leaving Cape Horn, the long topgallant masts were got up, topgallant and royal yards crossed, and the ship restored to her fair proportions.
		And at this moment the watch swarmed on to the poop to haul on the port-braces of the mizzen-sky-sail, royal and topgallant -sail.
	www.cooldictionary.com /words/topgallant.word (275 words)

	Sails
		One of your first tasks is to learn the names of the various sails, otherwise you will end up in a state of hopeless confusion - especially when you tackle the running rigging.
		The two drawings on the right show the sails of ships before and after about 1830, with all the possible sails.
		The studding sails are only drawn in on the port side, although of course they were also fitted to starboard and they were differentiated by the prefix starboard or port.
	www.all-model.com /wolfram/PAGE34.html (175 words)

	The World of Patrick O'Brian (Newsletter 4:1)
		Points of sailing Sailing points may be defined as the different courses followed by any sailing craft when compared to the direction of the wind.
		Royals Small square sails, carried next above the main topgallant sail, and used only in light winds because their masts are poorly supported and their position is such that they set with a long leverage and have a tendency to bury the ship and retard her progress in heavier winds.
		Sailing on a bowline Sailing on a wind or close-hauled when the bowlines would be hauled taut.
	www.wwnorton.com /pob/vol4i.htm (2002 words)

	Rigging of American Sailing Vessels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The hermaphrodite brig is a vessel whose foremast is identical to the full rigged brig and brigantine and whose mainmast is that of a schooner; the mainmast is made in two spars and carries no yards.
		The fore- and mainsails are suspended from gaffs and laced to booms on the foot of the sails.
		The bark is a three-masted vessel with the foremast and mainmast square rigged and the mizzenmast fore-and-aft rigged.
	www.pem.org /archives/guides/rigs.htm (469 words)

	Virtual Trincomalee - Masts & Sails (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		By the time of Trincomalee mast and sail arrays were exceptionally complex, held together by a labyrinth of rigging, and could be trimmed into a number of configurations to maximise speed.
		The primary sails on a fully rigged ship like Trincomalee were the square sails, used to catch the largest volume of air in order to drive the ship forward.
		The triangular Jib and Stay sails (the latter hung between the masts, and all but the most forward of them not shown here for clarity) would increase maneuverability.
	www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk /virtual/rigging/sails.htm (201 words)

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