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Topic: Topos theory, background and genesis

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	Topos Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In mathematics, a topos (plural: topoi or toposes - this is a contentious topic) is a type of category which allows the formulation of all of mathematics inside it.
		Another important example of a topos (and historically the first) is the category of all sheaves of sets on a given topological space.
		The historical origin of topos theory is algebraic geometry.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/t/to/topos.html (584 words)

	Topos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Topos theory is, in some sense, a generalization of classical point-set topology.
		A traditional axiomatic foundation of mathematics is set theory, in which all mathematical objects are ultimately represented by sets (even functions which map between sets.) More recent work in category theory allows this foundation to be generalized using topoi; each topos completely defines its own mathematical framework.
		It is also possible to encode an algebraic theory, such as the theory of groups, as a topos.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Topos (1612 words)

	Article 20
		Bourdieu's theory also allows for change as the result of struggles between fields as they interrupt or interfere with each other, but again, these struggles are not necessarily undertaken with progressive, transformative ends in view.
		Theories of capitalism are concerned with the emergence of the "restricted economy," as well as with the extension of market rationality into other domains of social exchange.
		Yet the fact that Bourdieu's contempt for rational choice theory is expressed in response to the consistent tendency of his readers to confuse his argument with that very theory compels us to recognize his social theory as the mirror image of rational choice theory.
	www.english.upenn.edu /~jenglish/Courses/Fall2000/563/Guillory.htm (9528 words)

	Heller
		The genesis of the peculiar form of American liberalism should not be told as an idealist narrative of the emergence of a coherent national culture.
		However, unless subtly managed, the introduction of new political theory and practices may appear less as an evolution of native discourse than as the imposition of an alien rewriting to be resisted as are all foreign elisions of memory and denials of core narratives of identity.
		Genesis, like birth, is normally violent and leaves traces of the original struggles that cut against the structure of a social order that has come into being.
	www.stanford.edu /group/SHR/5-2/heller.html (19391 words)

	Russian avant-garde - The G. Costakis Collection
		It was George Costakis who, starting almost from scratch, discovered, unaided, the genesis of a vast and highly fruitful movement and sought out the links in a chain which at that time was far from easy to fit together.
		It would be no exaggeration to say that the collector himself took on all those roles, and he did so not only intuitively, as was the case in his early years as a collector, but with knowledge, good judgment and a spirit of inquiry.
		It is in instances such as this that George Costakis transcends the traditional definitions and emerges as a true pioneer in the history of collecting during the twentieth century.
	www.artopos.org /collections/russianav/preface-en.html (1467 words)

	Topology Summary
		Topology (Greek topos, place and logos, study) is a branch of mathematics concerned with spatial properties preserved under bicontinuous deformation (stretching without tearing or gluing); these are the topological invariants.
		Georg Cantor, the inventor of set theory, had begun to study the theory of point sets in Euclidean space, in the later part of the 19th century, as part of his study of Fourier series.
		In pointless topology one considers instead the lattice of open sets as the basic notion of the theory, while Grothendieck topologies are certain structures defined on arbitrary categories which allow the definition of sheaves on those categories, and with that the definition of quite general cohomology theories.
	www.bookrags.com /Topology (6184 words)

	- German Courses
		Theories and methods of linguistics, with emphasis on structure of modern standard German, its phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
		Historical and sociological background in the period from 1910 to 1933.
		Prerequisites: course 129 and Linguistics 20, or consent of instructor.
	www.registrar.ucla.edu /archive/catalog/1997_99/catalog-German.html (3768 words)

	Grothendieck topology - ExampleProblems.com
		In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a Grothendieck topology is a structure on a category C which makes the objects of C act like the open sets of a topological space.
		This was first done in algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory by Alexandre Grothendieck to define the étale cohomology of a scheme.
		His conjectures postulated that there should be a cohomology theory of algebraic varieties which gave number-theoretic information about their defining equations.
	www.exampleproblems.com /wiki/index.php/Grothendieck_topology (1308 words)

	Platonism and its Interpretations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Genesis and validity must be distinguished, and progress in the history of the humanities as well as of the sciences should not be excluded.
		The difference in systematic background shows already that the starting point of the defenders of the new paradigm is not at all philosophical, but primarily philological and historical.
		The third paradigm is a hermeneutic theory, not a philosophical.
	www.hottopos.com /videtur14/vittorio.htm (8501 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There is a suggestive analogy between the ontology of class/set theory and the ontology of modern physics, in which the atoms of class/set theory correspond to elementary particles, sets correspond to macro-objects, and proper classes correspond to macro-physical systems (e.g., galaxies) composed of many, possibly disparate, objects.
		This has led some constructivists to embrace topos theory as the golden mean between the perceived excesses of class/set theory on one hand and the ravages of Brouwerian constructivism on the other.
		In the last analysis, the foundational power of topos theory turns out to be roughly equivalent to Russell's type theory with an axiom of infinity (which, through the prism of universality, appears more natural and justified) but without the axiom of choice or the principle of excluded middle.
	bahai-library.com /?file=hatcher_foundations_mathematics.html (14904 words)

	NMEDIAC : Summer 2002
		This basic idea of understanding the connection between sign systems, text systems and their interpretation in words as well as the ancient theory of oral genders and literary genres is still useful today as a theoretical background for communication processes in modern media communication.
		In the first case the aim is to defend or to accuse a person; in the second case the persuasion of an convention is practised; in the third case a person judges about arts.
		Alcuin’s contribution is an example for rhetoric theory used as a model for grammatical syntax of a structured text.
	www.ibiblio.org /nmediac/summer2002/hypertext.html (4303 words)

	Annali d'Italianistica
		It is wrong to use the text in order to demonstrate the validity of a theory of literature: "Una lettura è ragionevolmente 'sana' quando non costituisce la verifica di un metodo di lettura, ma quando il metodo è dettato dalla lettura stessa" (11).
		In citing Maria Luisa Spaziani's phrase, "nebuloso mistero da vincersi a ristroso" (from the poem "Quell'uomo-stella"), as an "inadvertent description of the rose topos itself, which must be denied in order to be validated" (196), Peterson recognizes a fundamental trait of the modern relationship to topoi in general.
		In addition to indicating her very solid background and in-depth knowledge of her topic, here Sturm-Maddox shows the way for further studies of Ronsard's poetic corpus, consistent with recent critical trends that hinge upon the materiality of texts themselves.
	www.ibiblio.org /annali/bookshelf2001.htm (14124 words)

	Untitled Document
		Moreover, Achebe is obliged to employ a newly acquired tongue, one that is at a considerable structural and expressive remove from the speech modes, habits of thought, and cultural codes of the historical community whose experience he undertakes to record in his fiction.
		For, although the society upholds the notion of manliness as a fundamental social norm, it is also compelled to recognize the controlling effect of biology upon its life processes and the obvious bearing of this factor upon group survival.
		If the social dominance of the men is unequivocally asserted, the parallel valorization of women in the symbolic sphere, demonstrated by the cult of Ala, emerges as a presiding topos of "the social imaginary," one that sets up a countervailing cultural and moral force to the massive investment of the social sphere by the men.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v4/v4i3a1.htm (14697 words)

	Neoplatonism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rappe suggests that the identity theory of truth, the doctrine that intellect is identical with its objects, is perhaps the foundation of the philosophical enterprise we know as Neoplatonism.
		Her adroit use of literary theory in this hermeneutical endeavor makes this approach to Plotinus and his successors an important innovation in understanding this influential and vigorous philosophical style.
		Each aspect of Philoponus’ theory of matter which has a parallel in Simplicius or Ammonius may well derive from the same sources and motivations as it does in their case: a proper understanding of and a response to Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy and the philosophical tradition, notably Plotinus.
	www.wordtrade.com /philosophy/ancient/neoplato.htm (6281 words)

	Sharpe: ". . . September 11 and Slavoj Zizek's Theory of Ideology"
		Zizek's theorisation of the sublime is as indebted to Lacan's The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, and his later theorisation of the logics of fantasy, as it is to Kant's Critique of Judgement.
		The "Real", in Lacanian theory, names all that which a subject cannot fully symbolise or "subjectivise" about its own libidinal make-up, and so which necessarily returns traumatically to haunt his or her usual sense of self and world, in symptoms, dreams, slips and other parapraxes.
		Older conceptions of ideology need also to be retained, which assert that ideologies work to hide from subjects' constructions of reality not simply the ontological finitude of their own political self-representations, but also how the historical actions set in place by hegemonic regimes produce some unpalatable consequences, at least when they are unjust.
	clogic.eserver.org /2002/sharpe.html (6046 words)

	The Patriarchs
		It is worth mentioning that the Old Testament did not follow the definitions of modern race theory: it assigned the descendants of the three brothers according to territories and not according to language or racial origin.
		The book of Genesis is really a continuing story of a single family, starting with the creation of the world, their sojourn in the Garden of Eden, and ending with their descent to Egypt.
		Together with the name of the child who was in the line of direct descent, the Bible recorded also the age of the father when the child was born, and the remaining years of the father after the birth.
	www.eg-ban.com /patriarchs06.html (5226 words)

	The World Turned Within, by Carolyn Steedman
		This was written out of his understanding of recent cell theory, a conceptualisation of the nervous sytem as consisting of distinct yet similarly constructed neurones.
		In physiology and physiological cell theory a different kind of time was configured and employed, one that bore some relationship to older concepts of metamorphosis.
		They theory that Freud constructed in the name of the King of Thebes was a slowly formulated strategy, by which the mystery (which was only a mystery because of time) could be removed form the temporal order, and childhood turned within, to the timeless interiority of the unconscious.
	www.academyanalyticarts.org /steedman.htm (9317 words)

	NEW TESTAMENT SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA ANNUAL CONGRESS 2000 PAGE BY BOBBY LOUBSER
		Baucham's theory is then evaluated in view of the author's own view on the historical context of Matthew's Gospel.
		This conclusion proved to be untenable; although the topos in some of its forms may have a literary function, it does not have a fixed literary form.
		In the case of all three types of topoi, but particularly as far as the moral topos is concerned, my analysis demonstrates that an intimate knowledge of extra-biblical Greek literature is essential not only to identify the use of a topos, but also fully to understand its contribution to the meaning of a passage.
	www.angelfire.com /biz/uzulu/ntwsa03.htm (2979 words)

	Set-theoretic topology Summary
		Topology was a generalization of geometry that began to assume a separate identity in the nineteenth century.
		The study of set theory was first made a serious part of mathematics at the end of the nineteenth century.
		Cantor had invented his set theory for use with the representation of functions, although there were other mathematicians at the time who felt quite uneasy about the use of the infinite in mathematics itself.
	www.bookrags.com /Set-theoretic_topology (1909 words)

	Reviews
		With numerous references to contemporary sermons and an analysis of the woodcuts illustrating that episode in the early editions of the Bishop’s Bible, she investigates the structural paradox of Adam’s deficiency: at the heart of God’s creation lies not plenitude but void, a lack of something.
		Some of her arguments could be turned against her: while she advocates a close reading of a text, her insightful reading is not quite as close to the text as a French ‘explication de texte’.
		She has reservations about gender or post-colonial readings because they tend to reintroduce thematic readings, yet her reading of the discrepancies in Genesis could be interpreted in the same way.
	www.cercles.com /review/r3/belsey.html (1050 words)

	Richard Halpern: "Shakespeare's Perfume"
		6 Any theory of sublimation which either ignores or is embarrassed by the poems' repeated references to same-sex practices as well as desires will thus be guilty of both homophobia and simple inaccuracy.
		Sodomy subsists as the speaking of the unspeakable, as the topos of the inexpressible or unnameable.
		When the inhabitants of Sodom attempt to break down Lot's door and ravish the angels within, they are blinded by a bright light, and this failure of vision mockingly repeats their refusal to recognize the invisible God and his messengers.
	emc.eserver.org /1-2/halpern.html (8394 words)

	NCAW Spring 03 \| Marsha Morton on Klinger's Darwinism in Nature and Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Darwin's studies were so far-reaching in their implications that even the most traditional themes of literature and art dealing with relationships and emotions—romance, beauty, courage, aggression, death—became encoded with new meanings.
		In Germany information on evolutionary theory was inescapable thanks to the burgeoning literature by Darwinist popularizers—Ludwig Büchner, Carl Vogt, Carus Sterne, and Ernst Haeckel, among many others—available as books or articles in a variety of magazines that devoted considerable space to keeping the public abreast of scientific advances.
		Within the context of this graphic cycle, the cross is also a reminder that the creation narrative in Genesis is equally a misogynist myth of female guilt, a theme which Klinger explores in the sequels to Eve and the Future set in contemporary Germany: the series A Life.
	19thc-artworldwide.org /spring_03/articles/mort.html (8262 words)

	Contents Page: #96
		That since his time many of these theories have proven mistaken does not detract from the feeling of verisimilitude that they impart at appropriate points in the story.
		In "Genesis," the third section, we are treated to an extremely detailed history of Wonder Woman from her beginnings during World War II, through what Robinson calls her "period of decline," and on to the Wonder Woman—Wonder Women—of today.
		Kendrick gives interesting political background and motivation to the Act, commenting that a similar move by the government to go about "protecting children from moral contamination" occurred during the 1930s.
	www.depauw.edu /sfs/birs/bir97b.htm (7441 words)

	NYU > CompLit > Undergraduate Program
		We'll address the importance of space as an imaginary and poetic unit organizing narrative, focusing on Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of the chronotope, which fuses the poetics of narration and the representation of space to structure the novel as a form.
		The course is not intended to cover a full range of literary theories nor to trace the history of theoretical discourse.
		Rather, we will be reading key works of twentieth century theory to explore not only what these authors have to say, but also how they say or perform their work.
	www.nyu.edu /fas/dept/complit/undergrad/ug_olddes.html (6611 words)

	genesis - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Genesis, -genesis, genesis : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		Phrases that include genesis: book of genesis, sega genesis, soil genesis, answers in genesis, background and genesis of topos theory, more...
		Words similar to genesis: origin, geneses, inception, origination, beginning, start, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=genesis (332 words)

	DRAFT -- DO NOT CITE
		Saint Jerome sits at work on his Latin translation of the Bible, when he is interrupted by the word of God, presented in the topos of fanfare from the trumpet in the upper right.
		For Jochen Hörisch, this painting belongs to a series of illustrations of scribal transcriptions of God’s word, which eliminate the subject in favor of the only Being entitled to make the tautological statement which is subjectivity’s first and last resort: "I am who I am" (88).
		The elements which make him stand out from the background of the painting, the lines on his face, connote fear and surprise.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/t/o/tob/borbro.HTM (4822 words)

	The Regiment of Princes: Introduction
		Though the modesty topos is a tiresomely familiar feature in late medieval poetry, there is plainly a sense in which modesty is not inappropriate when one has just invoked a work ascribed to Aristotle and a second work written by an intellectual heavy-weight.
		It is not surprising that one third of the glosses are from the Vulgate Bible, ranging from Genesis to Paul's Epistles.
		While Genesis, Kings, and Matthew provide sources for biblical narrative, it is significant that over twenty glosses cite Proverbs and the other books associated with the name of Solomon.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/teams/hoccint.htm (12693 words)

	Categories in Context: Historical, Foundational, and Philosophical -- Landry and Marquis 13 (1): 1 -- Philosophia ...
		theory itself as a category so that its models are functors.
		elementary topos is equivalent, in a precise sense, to an intuitionistic
		theories and categorical logicians, is the assumption that by
	philmat.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/1/1 (10308 words)

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