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	Topper (archaeological site) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Topper is an archaeological site located along the Savannah River in Allendale County, South Carolina in the United States.
		In 2004, Albert Goodyear of the University of South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology announced that radiocarbon dating of a bit of charcoal found in the Topper Site dated to approximately 50,000 years ago, or approximately 37,000 years before the Clovis people.
		Goodyear, who began excavating the Topper site in the 1980s, believes that the artifacts are stone tools, although other archaeologists dispute this conclusion, suggesting that the artifacts may be natural and not human-made.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Topper_(archaeological_site) (360 words)

	Clovis culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clovis sites have since been identified throughout all of the contiguous United States, as well as Mexico and Central America.
		Recent scholarship has begun to challenge this theory, supported by the possible discovery in 2004 of worked stone tools at the Topper site in South Carolina that have been dated by radiocarbon techniques to 50,000 years ago.
		Supporters of this hypothesis suggest that stone tools found at Cactus Hill (an early American site in Virginia), that are knapped in a style between Clovis and Solutrean, support a possible link between the Clovis people and Solutrean people in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clovis_culture (780 words)

	Pre-Clovis Surprise
		Excavations have revealed a deep stratum with apparently pre-Clovis artifacts at the Topper site on the Savannah River near Allendale, South Carolina.
		At the time, no site had been accepted as older than Clovis (10,800 to 11,200 radiocarbon years), and there was therefore no reason to expect deeper culture-bearing deposits existed.
		Goodyear thinks the site was used for the exploitation of chert pebbles sometime between 12,000 and 20,000 years ago.
	www.archaeology.org /9907/newsbriefs/clovis.html (477 words)

	Find could alter story of mankind 11/18/04
		The radiocarbon dating of the soil and wood surrounding tools found at the David Topper Site indicate that man was here about 50,000 years ago - about 25,000 years earlier than the prevailing theory.
		Every May, volunteers from around the country head to the Topper site to unearth pottery shards pressed with rope designs and scrapers made of white chert created by the Clovis people, hunter-gatherers who lived in the area about 12,000 years ago.
		Al Goodyear, who has been working at the David Topper Site for 10 years, said the University of South Carolina is looking at opening the Southeastern Paleo-American Survey Center.
	www.aikenonline.com /stories/111804/new_find.shtml (356 words)

	Topper Productions, LLC: Entertainment Concepts
		In this website, you will find descriptions of our most popular shows, along with ideas for other entertainment options that can be customized to suit your needs.Our goal is to make your event a resounding success, from beginning to end.
		Topper Productions, LLC is here to provide unique entertainment for any occasion.
		Topper Productions, LLC is a member of the St. Louis and St. Charles Convention and Visitors Commissions.
	www.topperproductions.com (202 words)

	Colorado Plateau Field Institute - Current Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Archaeologists say a site in South Carolina may rewrite the history of how the Americas were settled by pushing back the date of human settlement thousands of years.
		"Topper is the oldest radiocarbon dated site in North America," said Albert Goodyear of the University of South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology.
		Scientists and volunteers at the site in Allendale have unearthed hundreds of possible implements, many appearing to be stone chisels and tools that could have been used to skin hides, butcher meat or carve antlers, wood and ivory.
	www.cpfieldinstitute.org /k12_event_show.php?event_id=127 (839 words)

	Dig site yields prehistoric evidence - The Gamecock - News
		Test results from charcoal discovered at the Topper site, USC's archaeological dig in Allendale County, suggest that humans lived in North America at least 37,000 years before conventional theories have held, USC archaeologists say.
		"Topper is the oldest radiocarbon-dated site in North America," Goodyear said in a news release.
		Goodyear began digging at the Topper site in May 1998 and has since made several key discoveries disputing traditional archaeological theory.
	www.dailygamecock.com /news/2004/11/19/News/Dig-Site.Yields.Prehistoric.Evidence-811361.shtml (353 words)

	Early Dates, Real Tools?
		Albert Goodyear, excavator of South Carolina's Topper Site, examines possible artifacts from deep, pre-Clovis layers at the site.
		In 1998, Goodyear put the Topper site on the map with his discovery of artifacts that seemed to predate the early Clovis culture that flourished in North America beginning some 13,000 years ago, long the conventional date for the first human colonization of the New World.
		Topper joined the growing ranks of other, sometimes controversial, sites that seemed to show some evidence of pre-Clovis peoples, including Monte Verde in Chile, Virgina's Saltville and Cactus Hill sites, and Meadowcroft in Pennsylvania.
	www.archaeology.org /online/news/topper.html (571 words)

	Scientific American Frontiers . Coming Into America. Clovis First? \| PBS
		Another site, Topper in South Carolina, offers evidence that people lived in the forests of eastern North America long before that.
		At first, the Topper site seemed a textbook story of early life in North America, with Clovis the earliest inhabitants.
		The dig uncovered many ancient tools, with the prize find named the "Topper Chopper." Using a technique called OSL that precisely measures the light energy stored in sand, scientists dated the layers directly above where the tools were found at 15,000 years old.
	www.pbs.org /saf/1406/segments/1406-3.htm (410 words)

	Site suggests man was here earlier than thought 02/05/04
		Work under way at the Topper site and three similar sites scattered from Virginia to Pennsylvania is helping to re-write scientific theory in terms of the origins of the human race on this continent.
		The Topper site, an ancient quarry where early man gathered chert to make stone tools, has been explored intermittently for 20 years.
		Volunteers, he said, continue to be an essential tool to keep exploring more of the Topper site, located about 60 miles down the Savannah River from Augusta.
	www.aikenonline.com /stories/020504/new_srs.shtml (547 words)

	USC excavation site yields vital discovery - The Gamecock - News
		But the Topper excavation site, which was featured on Alan Alda's "Scientific American Frontiers" on PBS, provided recent findings that might suggest humans arrived well before these Paleo-Indians, possibly as far back as 25,000 years ago.
		Goodyear found prehistoric artifacts at Topper in 1998 that first led scientists to question when man first arrived on the continent, placing the migration at least 10,000 years earlier than previously believed.
		Topper invited broadcast and print media to interview experts and explore the site July 22.
	www.dailygamecock.com /news/2004/07/21/News/Usc-Excavation.Site.Yields.Vital.Discovery-694695.shtml (457 words)

	topper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Topper began his US&R career at the site of the Oklahoma City bombing, being the first FEMA dog deployed on the rubble of the Murrah Building.
		His owner, Pat Grant, says, "As one of the most experienced FEMA dogs responding, Topper again gave generously of his mature confidence and enthusiasm to help bring closure to a terrible tragedy." On site, it's not unusual to see dispirited firefighters and rescuers being comforted by this gentle and majestic co-worker.
		Topper is a certified wilderness-search dog and has participated in many local manhunts and missing-persons rescues.
	www.belgians.com /allstar/topper.html (416 words)

	Mailgate: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican: Waiting for a possible Pre-Clovis date at the Topper Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although some research teams periodically claimed to have found older sites, their evidence was shaky or later proved to have a less radical explanation.
		One of these sites, known as Mud Lake, sits near Kenosha, Wis. It was discovered by accident in January 1936, the same year as the first find of a Clovis point, when a Works Progress Administration crew was digging a drainage ditch and unearthed most of a foreleg from a juvenile mammoth.
		While Dr. Joyce and his colleagues were planning their hunt for Waldo, Goodyear was taking a deeper look at Topper, a site he had been studying for 20 years.
	www.mailgate.org /sci/sci.archaeology.mesoamerican/msg03861.html (1183 words)

	Center for the Study of the First Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Topper is one of several Allendale chert quarry sites he started investigating in the early 1980s when a local informant named David Topper showed him the site.
		Having inspected the site in person, they stated their belief that the Monte Verde site was a true archaeological site and that it was 14,500 calendar years old--fully 1,000 years older than the Clovis culture in North America.
		In April 1998 USNWR included the brand-new discovery at the Topper site in its lengthy article on the controversial issue of when the Western Hemisphere was first peopled.
	www.centerfirstamericans.com /mt.html?a=13 (2298 words)

	Coastal Carolina University Magazine - The Coastal Experience - Spring 2001
		When Gayes, who is director of Coastal’s Center for Marine and Wetland Studies, called for volunteers to work for a weekend at the site, known as “ Topper,” she and 10 other students signed on.
		Goodyear has worked on the site since 1983, shortly after a local man named Topper first took him there to inspect what turned out to be a Stone Age quarry.
		The fact that the Topper site is located on the banks of the Savannah River made it ideal for Coastal researchers, who have long experience in studying coastal waterways.
	www.coastal.edu /magazine/spring2001/feature01b.html (1068 words)

	CGCAS digs at Topper 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The site is a long-known chert outcrop serving as a quarry/workshop area tool-making headquarters for the paleo inhabitants.
		But the discoveries at the Topper Site in rural Allendale County, about 85 miles southwest of Columbia, are part of a growing body of evidence that could overturn that theory.
		Topper and the other sites have attracted national attention, in part, because of the bitter dispute between Clovis-firsters and pre-Clovis camps.
	www.cgcas.org /topper.htm (3131 words)

	Site suggests man was here earlier than thought 02/05/04
		Albert Goodyear of the USC Institute of Archeology and Anthropology speaks Wednesday February 4, 2004 at the Augusta Museum of History about the Topper Site in Allendale County.
		The exploration is continuing at the Topper site, and generating ongoing interest from national and international media, Dr. Goodyear said, noting its coverage by CNN, Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report and many other publications and broadcast groups.
		This year, volunteers who make a partially tax-deductible contribution can work at the site for a week or more during sessions scheduled in April and May. For more details, contact the USC Institute of Archaeology at (803) 777-8170 or on the Web at www.allendale-expedition.net.
	aikenonline.com /stories/020504/new_srs.shtml (547 words)

	Anna's Appaloosas -> (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anna's Top Dun (ApHC # 626855 CRHA #6564 N) Topper is a red dun filly who is registered with ApHC and the Colorado Ranger Horse Association.
		Topper was purchased through the fine folks at Outlaw Appaloosas in Iowa.
		For additonal photos of Topper click on this link to go to her web album.
	www.freewebs.com /dunappaloosa/babies.htm (252 words)

	The New York Times > Science > The Oldest Americans May Prove Even Older
		The land is owned by the Clariant Corporation, the big Swiss chemical company, which allows archaeologists to dig to their minds' content in the forest at the Topper Site, named for the person who brought it to their attention more than 20 years ago.
		Many a presumed pre-Clovis site has failed to gain scholarly acceptance over the question of whether stone pieces that look like tools were the work of early humans or of nature.
		The dirt road at the Topper site is sprinkled with the rock.
	www.nytimes.com /2004/06/29/science/29clov.html?ei=5090&en=19a635446f88f35c&ex=1246248000&partner=rssuserland&pagewanted=all&position= (1588 words)

	CNN.com - Scientist: Man in Americas earlier than thought - Nov 17, 2004
		Schurr said that conclusive evidence of stone tools similar to those in Asia and uncontaminated radiocarbon dating samples are needed to verify that the Topper site is actually 50,000 years old.
		A scattering of sites from South America to Oklahoma have found evidence of a human presence before 13,000 years ago -- or the first Clovis sites -- since the discovery of human artifacts in a cave near Clovis, New Mexico, in 1936.
		Until research is peer-reviewed, experts in the field may not have an opportunity to evaluate the scientist's methods, or weigh in on the validity of his conclusions.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/science/11/17/carolina.dig/index.html (965 words)

	Allendale Paleoindian Expedition
		The story of the discovery of the Topper site is like many other sites, but on a greater scale.
		In 1981, a man named Topper approached Goodyear with a possible site which turned out to be a prehistoric chert quarry.
		Most famous from the site and generally well known is the famed "Topper Chopper" which was found in 2002.
	travel.moonstart.com /sc_allendale.html (1177 words)

	"Topper" (1953) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Topper books were about how after a short and frivolously wasted life, a young couple returns from the dead to implore a Thurberesque little man to live life to the fullest.
		Oh, and because the young female is safely dead, she can indulge in racier behavior than was often seen on 1950s television.
		The TV remake with Jack Warden was less successful, largely because its Topper was at the pinnacle of the business world and thus less obviously in need of any ectoplasmic helpers.
	us.imdb.com /Title?0045447 (261 words)

	New Evidence Puts Man In North America 50,000 Years Ago
		The Topper excavation site is on the bank of the Savannah River on property owned by Clariant Corp., a chemical corporation headquartered near Basel, Switzerland.
		The revelation of an even older date for Topper is expected to heighten speculation about when man got to the Western Hemisphere and add to the debate over other pre-Clovis sites in the Eastern United States such as Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Pa., and Cactus Hill, Va.
		His master's thesis on the Brand site, a late PaleoIndian Dalton site in northeast Arkansas, was published in 1974 by the Arkansas Archeological Survey.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/11/041118104010.htm (1492 words)

	InternetRetailer.com - Topper site is tops
		One of the most impressive things about the site, he adds, is that it makes it easy for teens to buy.
		The site offers a cleverly named “Melon Meter” that allows users to print a head-measuring template for hat sizing.
		The site also tells users how to make the perfect bill curve and how to wash the different hats.
	www.internetretailer.com /article.asp?id=2933 (320 words)

	Topper Site 2002 Fieldwork Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scrapers, choppers, bend-break burins, utilized flakes, bi-polar split quartz pebbles, spent chert cores and what I personally believe were anvil stones were in abundance.
		The paleo-soil layer apparently pinches off as it flows down the hillside, so we have not seen it in the excavation areas done previously.
		According to the experts, the significance of this geo-feature is that it adds somewhere between 2 and 4 thousand years to the dates we already have at Topper.
	www.cgcas.org /topper02.htm (319 words)

	Lowcountry NOW: Local News - Allendale: treasure trove for archaeologists 01/12/04
		The site in Allendale County, one of the oldest in North America, has been featured in publications such as Newsweek, National Geographic and Science magazines.
		The Topper site, named for the hobby archaeologist who discovered it, is on property near the Savannah River that is owned by the Clariant Corp., a dye manufacturer.
		They come to the site each May to carefully scrape away layers of dirt in what has been described as a summer camp for adults.
	www.lowcountrynow.com /stories/011204/LOCallendale.shtml (665 words)

	The Supernatural World > Scientist: Man In Americas Earlier Than Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		That would make it significantly older than previously discovered sites, which were thought by most scientists to be from man's earliest venture into the Americas, about 13,000 years ago.
		A scattering of sites from South America to Wisconsin have detected human presence before 13,000 years ago -- or the first Clovis sites -- since the first groundbreaking discovery of human artifacts in a cave near Clovis, New Mexico in 1936.
		Goodyear and his colleagues began their dig at the Topper Site in the early 1980s with a goal of finding out more about the Clovis people, long thought to be the earliest people to settle the Americas.
	www.thesupernaturalworld.co.uk /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t3837.html (711 words)

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