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Topic: Toprakkale

	Zimansky.html
		The citadel rock at Van, which lies some five kilometers to the west of Toprakkale, was the original center of the empire, and beside it stood the capital city of Tuspa.
		Toprakkale is a more defensible site, and it was long believed that the reverses of the late eighth century caused the Urartians to build there to give their empire a more secure center of government.
		The ancient name of Toprakkale, Rusahinili, indicates that it had been built by a king Rusa, and the logic of this argument was that this should refer to Rusa I, Sargon's opponent and the grandfather of Rusa II.
	www.asor.org /pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html (3491 words)

	Lake Van
		Toprakkale was part of public improvements plan, which Rusa the II had devised.
		Toprakkale was the new location of the Urartu capital.
		The site of Toprakkale did not live up to expectations, although they found remains of a temple built of dressed blocks, fragments of ornamental bronze shields with cuneiform inscriptions and figures of bulls and lions.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/lakevanurartu.html (653 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		The water of both the streams flowing from Lake Keşiş were employed to irrigate the land in and around the capital, Toprakkale (Rusahinili).
		It is not known which of the distribution channels containing the water flowing from the Menua Canal or from Lake Keşis date from the Urartian period.
		It also tells us how water was supplied to Rusahinili (Toprakkale), how the vineyards, orchards and vegetable gardens were irrigated with this water, that the water of the Alaini (Doni) Creek was channelled to these places and also to Tushpa (Van).
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/van/urartian_water.html (1210 words)

	Urartu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Urartuians thus became the Armenians and vice versa.
		Urartu archaological sites include Altintepe, Toprakkale, Patnos and Cavustepe.
		Urartu fortresses are found Van, Erebuni (present day Yerevan), Anzaf, Cavustepe and Baskale.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urartu (869 words)

	Kingdom of Urartu
		From an inscription found here, we know that this area was incorporated into Urartian kingdom during the reign of Ispuini and despite the bloody fights between Urartians and Assyrians, Urartians have produced many pictorial and cuneiform inscriptions in the language of their enemy Assyrians.
		Argisti II, to resist the Cimmerian assaults, built new fortresses or reinforced the existing fortresses on the northern part of his kingdom.
		Rusa II (ruled 685-645 BC), built Toprakkale near the capital Tushpa as his second capital.
	www.geocities.com /Yosemite/Rapids/2164/urartu.html (1171 words)

	<< UTOPÝA >> The modern city of Van
		The Urartu kingdom was ruled by King Rusa I between 730 and 731 B.C. This king signed a treaty with King Midas of Phrygia, among others.
		He founded a city called Rusahinili (at Toprakkale, 3 km from Van) and built there a temple to Khaldi, palaces, and other big buildings.
		Rusa I however found himself having to deal with Cimmerian invaders from the west at the same time he went to war against King Sargon II of Assyria in 714.
	www.utopiatur.com /van.htm (1131 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		Archaeological excavations carried out at Toprakkale (Van), Bastam (North West Iran), Adilcevaz Castle (on the north shore of Lake Van) at and Ayanis (near Van) demonstrate that the reign of Rusa II (685-645 B.C), son of Argishti could be evaluated as an economic and cultural rebirth for the Urartu.
		The city of Van, which had been used as a capital by a number of Urartian kings was also used as such in the reign of Rusa II.
		This is referred to as the “Toprakkale Temple of Haldi”.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/van/rebirth.html (259 words)

	Museums of Van, Van Museums
		The museum was enriched with findings from the excavations at Toprakkale, Cavustepe, Patnos, and Adilcevaz in the Van region after 1959, and no existing building could be found that was suitable for exhibiting the works.
		Archaeological works are exhibited in the ground floor room and include Urartu works uncovered by excavations at Patnos, Toprakkale, Cavustepe and Giyimli.
		On the top floor are various ethnographic works from the region of Van, and findings from excavations at the old city of Van and Ulucami.
	www.istanbulportal.com /istanbulportal/Van.aspx (173 words)

	Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture - Van Museum and Historical Ruins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Grave findings from the Karagündüz necropolis excavation and Çavuştepe, Toprakkale, Van, Anzaf Citadel and Ayasın Citatel excavation findings such as earthenware pottery, bronze helmets, swords, belts, kitchen utensils and wall tiles as well as other material were added to the Museum collection through purchases and demonstrate the magnificance of the Urartu Period.
		At the inner court yard which is known as the hall of stone, works such as rock paintings from Tirishin Plateau belonging to the Neolithic period, hieroglyph inscriptions from the Urartu period and stone sarcophagus transfrred from the Gevaş Seljuk Turkish Cemetery provide a brief history of Van.
		Numerous findings of Early Iron Age from Van - Erciş and magnificent examples from the Urartu era were discovered at the Ernis Necropolis and Toprakkale at Van city itself as well at from Çavuştepe at Gürpınar district, all of which were important Urartu settlements.
	www.kultur.gov.tr /portal/arkeoloji_en.asp?belgeno=3059 (1780 words)

	Cilicia and Pamphylia - All About Turkey
		There is no doubting the fact, however, that this was among the regions that served as the cradle of ancient civilizations from the earliest times.
		On the Cukurova plain alone, between Mersin and Toprakkale, there are 150 historic sites, some dating as far back as the Neolithic, Calcolithic and bronze ages, along with major ruins from the Hittites right up to Classical Greece and Rome.
		For thousands of years people have lived on these fertile alluvial plains in the Taurus foreland, the legacy of the "rivers of Paradise", as the Arabian geographers called the Seyhan and the Ceyhan.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /kilikya.htm (987 words)

	Urartian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Part of a throne with deity on a bull, late 8th—7th century B.C.; Urartian style: Probably Toprakkale, eastern Anatolia: Bronze; H. 5 3/4 in.
		During the Early Urartu period, the Urartu were grouped in a series of small kingdoms known as the Nairi, who consisted of, at least, the Mitanni, southwest of Lake Van, the Manah, around Lake Urmia, and the Diaukhi, around present day Erzurum, the most powerful of the Nairi.
		King Rusa II (685-645 B.C.) relocated the capital to the fortress of Toprakkale.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /westcivi/urartian_history.htm (1786 words)

	Osmaniye, Turkey, Pictures
		Osmaniye was settled by the Hittites around the 14th century BC, and archaeological remains from various times are found in the surrounding region.
		Most noteworthy is the 12th-century AD castle of Toprakkale, located to the west of Osmaniye.
		At a strategically important crossroads of its time, the castle changed hands between the Byzantines, Armenians, Crusaders, and Mamluks for two centuries before the region was captured by the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century.
	www.greatestcities.com /Middle_East/Turkey/Osmaniye_town.html?redir=1 (238 words)

	Osmaniye - All About Turkey
		Some if its districts are; Bahçe, Düziçi, Kadirli, Hasanbeyli, Sumbas, and Toprakkale.
		Today there are many sites of interests in the towns' city limits such as Kastabala Castle, Hemite, Frenk (Çardak), Toprakkale and Savranda (Kaypak) castles.
		There is also Zorkun high plateau just 26 kilometers to southeast of the city and Olukbasi high plateau just 16 kilometers, both providing refuge from the intense summer heat of Cukurova plain and ample grazing for the domestic animals.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /osmaniye.htm (566 words)

	Baghdad Railway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The concession was for 15 years and would expire in 1948.
		After four years, the Turkish government has the right to repurchase the lines Payas Toprakkale and Fevzipaşa Mediankebez.
		The CD was founded in may 1933 with the assistance of the DHP.
	www.trainsofturkey.com /hist_baghdad.htm (2330 words)

	Urartu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In the 9th century B.C., they formed a confederation under a central monarchy and built a series of massive hill fortresses that became characteristic of their state.
		The most significant Urartian settlements, Altmtepe, Toprakkale, and Cavustepeare are located in eastern Anatolia.
		Other remains found include the citadels of Erebuni, Teishebaini, Argishikhnili, fortresses at Metsamor, Giumri, Vanadzor, and Sisian, and three fortified cities of L'chashen, Gavar, and Martuni along Lake Sevan.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/urartu.htm (365 words)

	THY - Skylife (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Dr. Oktay Belli, the director of Istanbul University Eurasian Archeology Institute explains, so well did they understand the geography of their rugged land that these works of engineering have continued to function without interruption, despite earthquakes and the passage of thousands of years.
		Their fortified cities like Tushpa, Toprakkale and Çavustepe grafted skilfully onto the natural rock, and their roads built over the mountains are further proof of the remarkable engineering and construction skills of the Urartians.
		At the end of the 7th century BC, the Urartians and their arch enemies the Assyrians both faded from the stage of history.
	www.turkishairlines.com /skylife/en/2003_12/konu11_7.htm (200 words)

	Adana, Turkey
		Karatepe National Park is the neoHittite site where you will find the remains of the summer residence of King Asitawada, tablets of Hittite and Phoenician inscriptions, and an openair museum holding many remnants.
		Castabala and Toprakkale are the other historical remains.
		Karsanb Forest, Burucek, Tekir, Horzum, Zorkum meadows are ideal for picnicking and resting.
	www.anatolia.com /anatolia/destinations/adana (418 words)

	Conversation for Exploration - Zecharia Sitchin - Evidence of Ancient ET's on Earth - Planet X - Annunaki
		Sitchin spent years tracking down the artifact, until he located it at the Archaeology Museum in Istanbul.
		It was excavated at Toprakkale, a city known in ancient times as Tuspa, where the kingdom of Urartu reigned briefly over 2500 years ago.
		The museum curators decided this small artifact must be a forgery because it differs from the era’s style, and more importantly, it looks like a space capsule.
	www.lauralee.com /sitchin.htm (586 words)

	Pilgrimage To Vaspuragan Vhs
		Featuring narration by Professor James Russell, with videography by Armen Aroyan, this tour was filmed in June 1994.
		It highlights villages and areas such as Ankara, Hattusas, Cappadocia, Gesaria, the Plain of Mush, Narekavank, the Fortress of Van, the Door of Mher in Toprakkale, the Old City of Van, Aghtamar, Garin, Kars, and Ani.
		It is an indepth look at a cradle of Armenian heritage.
	www.stvartanbookstore.com /browseproducts/Pilgrimage-To-Vaspuragan---Vhs.HTML (95 words)

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