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Topic: Topsoil

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Soil

Pedology (soil study)

Soil profile

Soil pH

Soil life

Soil structure

Bedrock

Aerobe

Microorganism

Inch

Dust Bowl

Organism

Brampton West

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Bacterium

	Topsoil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Topsoil can be measured as the depth from the surface to the first densely packed soil layer known as hardpan.
		A variety of soil mixtures are sold commercially as topsoil, usually for use in improving gardens and lawns.
		As one of the layers of soil on the Earth's surface, topsoil is sometimes referred to as the A horizon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Topsoil (150 words)

	Topsoil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Topsoil is commercially available either bagged or in bulk.
		Bagged topsoil usually is sold in 40- to 50-lb quantities and has been amended with lime, fertilizer and organic matter.
		Bulk topsoil generally is a native soil taken from the surface and sold in truckload lots.
	www.agr.state.nc.us /agronomi/sfn14.htm (829 words)

	[No title]
		Topsoil notes thatÔ" (-´)´)((À0à"ÔÔ °x<Ôthe trial court's finding that the Thomas settlement was a good© Ô °xð<Ôfaith settlement not only barred Topsoil from recouping any of the Ô ? ´< °x <Ôexcess ÃÃpro rataÄÄ portion of its payment to Solimini, but also Ô °x<Ôallowed Thomas to attempt to collect on her $126,000 judgment Ô °x<Ôagainst Topsoil.
		Topsoil argues that Ô °x <Ôsuch a result is inconsistent with the policy underlying the Ô °x <ÔContribution Act of equitable apportionment of damages among Ô °x<Ôtortfeasors and that the trial court abused its discretion by Ô °xx<Ôallowing this result when it ruled that the Thomas settlement was a good©faith settlement.
		Topsoil asserts that, notwithstanding Ô °x<Ôthe trial court's statement that there was no dispute as to the Ô °xh<Ôamount of Thomas' insurance, there is nothing in the record to show Ô °xð<Ôthat Topsoil ever agreed with that finding and that Thomas offered Ô °x¨<Ôno proof that $50,000 was the actual limit of her coverage.
	www.state.il.us /court/Opinions/AppellateCourt/1997/2ndDistrict/December/WP/2970092.doc (4353 words)

	Item 653 Topsoil Furnished and Placed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After approval of topsoil by the Engineer, and prior to stripping, the Contractor shall remove all grass, roots, brush, etc., from the area to be stripped.
		The surface of the subgrade immediately prior to being covered with topsoil shall be raked or otherwise loosened to a depth of 25 mm (1 inch).
		Topsoil shall be placed and spread over the areas designated to a depth sufficiently greater than that shown on the plans so that after natural settlement the completed work will conform to elevations shown on the plans.
	www.dot.state.oh.us /spec/653.htm (267 words)

	Halfbakery: Topsoil Mines and Factories
		One of the many various crises facing modern civilization is the fact that we need topsoil to grow crops, but the rains and the winds keep transporting it away from the farmlands.
		Using poo to improve topsoil is the process called dunging which has probably been going on as long as there have been farmers with animals and farmers growing crops.
		Topsoil health is an indicator of our biosphere's health, but in a subtile way like chronological age is an indicator of human biological age.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Topsoil_20Mines_20and_20Factories (2405 words)

	[No title]
		Topsoil is the top layer of soil which is excavated from one site and moved to another.
		Bagged topsoil usually is sold in 40 to 50 lb quantities and has been amended with lime, fertilizer and organic matter.
		Topsoil is often applied to landscapes to improve drainage.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /pitt/ag/hort/releases2004/newsapr17.html (1077 words)

	Topsoil for the Home Landscape
		The addition of topsoil usually does not remedy problems caused by such factors as dense shade, poor fertility, insect or disease damage and poor cultural methods.
		Conditions such as poor drainage or compacted soil may be solved by the addition of organic matter to the existing topsoil.
		Even alterations in grades may be accomplished by first removing the existing topsoil, adjusting the grade with an appropriate subsoil and then replacing the topsoil.
	www.caes.state.ct.us /FactSheetFiles/ValleyLaboratory/fsvl003f.htm (647 words)

	Soil erosion and crop productivity: topsoil thickness
		Many studies have been conducted on the effect of depth of topsoil on corn yields in the Corn Belt states.
		There is a direct relationship between topsoil depth and yield.
		The decline in yield with the reduction in topsoil depth can be related to A horizon thickness.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2001/1-29-2001/topsoilerosion.html (666 words)

	[No title]
		Topsoil for Testing: In the presence of the Director's Representative, take a 5 lb sample from each 1000 cu yds of topsoil to be used on the project.
		PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.01 TOPSOIL A. Source: Provide topsoil from areas from which no topsoil has been taken previously and from areas which are producing, or have produced fair to good yield farm crops without unusual fertilization for a minimum period of 10 years, or from arable or cultivable areas supplied with good normal drainage.
		B. To insure a proper bond with the topsoil, harrow or otherwise loosen the subgrade to a depth of 3 inches before spreading topsoil.
	www.ogs.state.ny.us /dnc/masterspec/word/02911.doc (442 words)

	Topsoil Is Alive: Keep It Fresh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As anyone finds after moving into a newly built home, a yard full of "sterile" subsoil is a poor substitute for healthy topsoil when it comes to growing a lawn, shrubs, or a garden.
		The seedlings grown in fresh, fungi-rich topsoil survived 3 to 5 days longer when the soil was allowed to dry.
		He recommends that topsoil stockpiling be limited to the start of mining operations and for no more than a few months.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/feb99/tops0299.htm (443 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Topsoil
		Topsoil moisture for the week was rated 74 percent short to very short, 25 percent adequate and 1 percent surplus; a week earlier, 69 percent was considered by the statistics service to be short to very short.
		Topsoil moisture levels are now considered adequate in 62 percent of the state and surplus in 21 percent.
		We ordered topsoil, and he and Neetha picked up shrubs and flowers from one of her friends whose garden was overflowing, as well as from the local nursery.
	gardening.surfwax.com /files/Topsoil_Gardening.html (4645 words)

	Test topsoil before you buy it
		People think that 'topsoil' is better than other soil, according to John Hart, soil scientist with the Oregon State University Extension Service.
		Topsoil is usually sold by volume, in cubic yard units.
		When ordering or buying topsoil, a good rule of thumb is to remember that one cubic yard of topsoil will cover about 50 square feet of garden to a depth of about 4 to 6 inches.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /news/story.php?S_No=342&storyType=garden (350 words)

	Specific Arguments - Topsoil
		In any case, the old topsoil, now compressed and deeply buried by sediment and soil, is no longer turned over by earthworms or small animals.
		Under unusual conditions a layer of topsoil can be "fossilized," even to the point of preserving the three-dimensional shape of tree leaves, as is the case at Yellowstone National Park.) In the long run, buried sediments are usually cemented into sedimentary rock, which brings us back to the beginning of this cycle.
		In the case of erosion, the topsoil, of course, is removed.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/dave_matson/young-earth/specific_arguments/topsoil.html (954 words)

	Earthwall Systems - Top soil Container Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		During the execution of numerous embankment wall projects it became apparent that the procedure used in providing topsoil to steep gradient embankments was an inefficient use of both plant and labour, resulting in an unattractive finished surface.
		By a process of experimentation, EWS developed a new system utilising reclaimed biodegradable containers filled with selected topsoil, to which a blended mix of grass seed, wild flowers and fertiliser may be added.
		And, as an ideal controlled solution for reinstating grass embankments, the topsoil container unit restores the ecological balance of disturbed earthworks for the benefit of the indigenous wildlife.
	www.earthwall-systems.com /topsoil.htm (146 words)

	[No title]
		Prior to topsoil removal, obtain acceptance for the quality of the source, for the depth of the topsoil to be removed, and for the method of removal.
		Recondition areas from which topsoil was obtained, as specified in Section 105.14.
		Overdepth topsoil may be left in place, at no cost to the Department.
	www.dot.state.pa.us /Penndot/reginfo.nsf/c71acdc0d822d1638525674a004b7670/93a230a317979374852567a10073c988 (245 words)

	Topsoil - Seaside Mulch Wilmington NC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Topsoil blended with composted bark and turkey manure.
		Seaside's topsoil is finely screened to produce a rich, consistent organic soil.
		Although heavier than the Seaside Topsoil Blend, our topsoil is free of debris, making it ideal for grading yards or filling low areas.
	www.seasidemulch.com /soils.asp (217 words)

	Topsoil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mound the topsoil -- 20 to 25 centimetres (eight to 10...
		We are suppliers of britains finest topsoil, we also supply safe quality topsoil, blended loam, screened loam, bark mulch By name...
		Areas from which topsoil is to be excavated shall be cleared of objectionable...
	www.landscapen.com /design/4/landscape-design153.php (951 words)

	COALEX REPORT 209
		A surface owner complained that the amount of topsoil redistributed at the completion of mining (14 to 16 inches) was less than that required by the terms of P & K's permit (24 inches).
		The exact amount of the topsoil originally present could not be determined - it was estimated at between 0 and 24 inches.
		The ALJ concluded that the 14 to 16 inches of topsoil replaced was sufficient - it was greater that the mean between 0 and 24 inches (12 inches) and, therefore, no violation had occurred.
	www.osmre.gov /coalex/coalex209.htm (1076 words)

	How to Find Good Topsoil - eHow.com
		Avoid topsoil that comes from weedy areas or from places where the soil may be contaminated with toxic chemicals.
		Select topsoil that is similar in texture to your existing soil or to that commonly found in your area.
		If your existing soil is workable enough to be tilled, instead of buying topsoil, consider working in 3 to 4 inches of organic matter such as compost or ground bark.
	www.ehow.com /how_5036_find-topsoil.html (360 words)

	025 Pa. Code § 90.97. Topsoil: removal. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(a) All topsoil shall be removed from the areas to be disturbed in a separate layer prior to drilling, blasting, coal refuse disposal or other surface disturbance.
		(b) In the event removal of vegetative matter, topsoil or other materials may result in erosion which may cause air or water pollution, the size of the area from which topsoil is removed at any one time shall be limited and other measures taken that the Department may approve or require to control erosion.
		If the topsoil and all unconsolidated material measures less than 12 inches (30.48 centimeters), all the topsoil, subsoil and unconsolidated material shall be removed and the mixture segregated and redistributed as the final surface soil layer.
	www.pacode.com /secure/data/025/chapter90/s90.97.html (462 words)

	Influence of Liming and Topsoil Thickness on Vegetative Growth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A small plot experiment was established on the refuse pile to evaluate the influence of liming rates (50% and 100% of lime req.) and topsoil thickness (15, 30 and 60 cm) on vegetative growth and leachate quality.
		All topsoil treatments resulted in greater vegetative cover and biomass than plots treated with lime only due to improved surface soil physical and chemical properties.
		Application of 27 Mg ha -1 of lime to the refuse surface along with 15 cm of topsoil produced acceptable two-year vegetative cover and biomass, and appeared to be the optimal treatment for this particular situation.
	www.coaleducation.org /abstract/reclamation/99-011.htm (330 words)

	Kola Ecogeochemistry-Topsoil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Higher plants take up many of their nutrients from the topsoil, and also pick up contaminants in the process.
		Thus, topsoil chemistry influences the quality of the food chain.
		The topsoil core is shown here (left) before being trimmed to the standard 0-5 cm size (the layer of living material has been removed and can be seen leaning against the core at the front right of it).
	www.ngu.no /Kola/topsoil.html (194 words)

	County Conservation Soil Products
		County Conservation Company’s enriched topsoil is derived from a blend of sandy loam soil and screened leaf compost.
		Topsoil is recommended for planting grass seed, raising or creating flowerbeds and the formation of any planting berms.
		There are no added organics, as in the screened topsoil, and the unscreened topsoil is likely to contain some roots and stones.
	countyconservation.com /Source/Prod/soil.htm (316 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Effects of Topsoil Depth Replacement on Soil and Plant Community Attributes on a Reclaimed ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aboveground biomass and canopy cover were greatest for the 400 and 600 mm topsoil depths and lowest for the 0 and 200 mm replacement depths.
		The average sand content was lower in the deeper topsoil depth treatments, while clay content was greatest in the shallow topsoil treatment profiles, reflecting the characteristics of the geologic materials.
		These results indicate variable topsoil replacment may be required to ensure adequate canopy/ground cover to protect against soil erosion but still enhance plant community diversity.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=137416 (282 words)

	The Seattle Times: Snohomish County News: Topsoil operation near Monroe grounded
		Snohomish County shut down an extensive topsoil operation on farmland late last month, saying a local company had abused an environmentally responsible way to deal with dairy-farm waste and developed a commercial enterprise on agricultural land.
		To qualify as incidental, more than half of the topsoil must come from the farm, and more than half must be used by the farm, according to county guidelines.
		After Pacific Topsoils bought the land and started work last summer, a thin layer of dust covered her yard, and she had to close her windows to block out the racket.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/snohomishcountynews/2001995698_dirt04n.html (676 words)

	Sunland Bark and Topsoil
		All topsoil mixes are laboratory tested for nutrient values in order to furnish both the homeowner and the professional landscaper with the very best materials available at affordable prices.
		Rock walls, patio stone, mulches, composts, topsoil's, crushed rock, sand and gravel or any other type of material related to your home improvement landscape project is available as close as your telephone.
		Sunland -- over 30 years providing the highest quality organically rich topsoil's and mulches to the discriminating homeowner and professional landscapers of northwest Washington is centrally located on Highway 20 between Mt. Vernon and Anacortes or Oak Harbor.
	www.sunlandtopsoils.com (296 words)

	ITEM 653 TOPSOIL FURNISHED AND PLACED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Use topsoil that is free of grass, brush, and, roots.
		Changed to compacted due to there can be a lot of air voids in topsoil.
		Also this spec can be used with 651 and 652 if there is not enough on sight topsoil to be used on the project.
	www.dot.state.oh.us /Construction/OCA/Specs/ReWrite2002/Docs/653102901FNL.htm (260 words)

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