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	Torino Scale Summary
		The Torino scale is used to portray the threat to Earth of an impact with a particular comet or asteroid.
		The Torino Scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets.
		The Torino Scale was created by Professor Richard P. Binzel in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
	www.bookrags.com /Torino_Scale (1815 words)

	Torino Scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Torino Scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets.
		The Torino Scale uses a scale from 0 to 10.
		Torino scale 1: 1950 DA Due to exaggerated press coverage of asteroids such as 2003 QQ, astronomers started to work on a re-wording of the Torino scale, which was published in 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Torino_Scale (1171 words)

	NEOs' Introduction - Dictionary
		The Torino scale is a classification (similar to the Ritcher scale for earthquakes) to quantify the impact hazard of a certain NEO.
		The Torino scale is a two parameters scale: it utilizes numbers form 0 to 10 to indicate the chance of a collision, while the color is used as a second parameter to give an information about the danger of the event (going from white, non dangerous bodies, to red, catastrophic events).
		Since the Torino scale is a function of the impact energy and probability of the event, the time of the possible impact does not matter (provided it is within 2100).
	www.spaceguarduk.com /cd/dict/dictionary/torino.htm (396 words)

	Torino scale asteroid comet impact hazards
		It is intended to serve as a communication tool for astronomers and the public to assess the seriousness of predictions of close encounters by asteroids and comets during the 21st century.
		The Torino Scale utilizes numbers that range from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates an object has a zero or negligibly small chance of collision with the Earth.
		The conference participants voted to adopt the revised version, where the bestowed name "Torino Scale" recognizes the spirit of international cooperation displayed at that conference toward research efforts to understand the hazards posed by near-Earth objects.
	www.themeter.net /torino_e.htm (368 words)

	The Torino scale
		This scale has been introduced at an International Conference on Near-Earth objects held in June 1999 in the city of Torino as a revised version of the "Near-Earth Object Hazard Index" created by Professor P.Binzel of the MIT and presented at a United Nations conference in 1995.
		he Torino scale utilizes numbers form 0 to 10 to indicate the chance of a collision (where 0 means that the object has no chance to impact Earth, while 10 indicates a certain collision).
		In this classification the dimension of the NEO is also very important: 0 is also used to classify objects that are too small to penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, even in the case a collision with these objects could actually occur, while 10 indicates that the impacting object is big enough to determine a climatic disaster.
	spaceguard.esa.int /NScience/neo/neo-when/impact-torino.htm (524 words)

	Sparco Torino -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Torino Impact Hazard Scale, the scale for assessing the likelihood and damage of an asteroid-impact used by NASA's Near Earth Object Program.
		Torino are nicknamed ''I Granata'' (the Garnet Reds) from the colour of the team shirts, or ''Il Toro'' (the Bull), from the abbreviation of the team name, that is also the city name of Turin in Italian language.
		The new 1968 Torino was a larger car than the Fairlane it replaced, and was available in a number of body styles; two-door fastback or notchback hardtop, four-door sedan, four-door station wagon, and a two-door convertible, while the Ford Ranchero car-based pickup used the same front end.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/139/sparco-torino.html (1218 words)

	SIGHTINGS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The "Torino Scale," developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology astronomer Richard Binzel, was unveiled Thursday by the International Astronomical Union, according to The Boston Globe.
		The scale was first presented last month at an astronomers' meeting on the risk of impacts from comets or asteroids held in Torino, Italy, where it was endorsed by astronomers, the Globe reports.
		While those scales measure intensity, the asteroid scale attempts to combine both the severity of an impact and the probability of its occurrence, the Globe says.
	www.rense.com /ufo4/scale.htm (291 words)

	Torino scale
		The official scale for quantifying the Earth impact hazard of near-Earth asteroids and comets, known collectively as near-Earth objects (NEOs).
		It was introduced at an International Conference on Near-Earth objects held in June 1999 in Torino, Italy, as a revised version of the "Near-Earth Object Hazard Index".
		It is a two-parameter scale that uses a number from 0 to 10 to indicate the chance of a collision, and a color to give information about the danger of the event (from white, non-dangerous, to red, catastrophic).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/Torino_scale.html (212 words)

	[No title]
		The Torino Scale, cited most often in news articles due to its simplicity, is consistently described as a ten-point asteroid impact scale rating from 0 (no threat) to 10 (global catastrophe).
		The rock was upgraded from a 2 to a 4 on the scale simply because it had passed the easily recognizable, but essentially arbitrary, threshold of a one-percent chance of impacting the planet.
		One of the simplifications made in the Torino Scale was the inclusion of both the chance of an impact and the devastation potential of an impact on one axis.
	lycos.com /info/torino--torino-scale.html (418 words)

	Torino Impact Scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Torino Scale is color coded from white to yellow to orange to red.
		Categorization on the Torino Scale is based on the placement of a close approach event within a graphical representation of kinetic energy and collision probability.
		Permission is hereby granted to reproduce Torino Scale figures and text for educational and news reporting purposes.
	impact.arc.nasa.gov /torino.cfm (1070 words)

	Millennium Ark: Asteroid Threat Scale Revised
		The Torino Scale, contentious since its introduction in 1999, rates asteroids based on the chances they might strike Earth, when an impact could occur, and how significant the devastation would be.
		The scale's creator, MIT professor Richard Binzel, acknowledges his critics' claims that the original Torino scale was actually scaring people, "the opposite of what was intended," Binzel said Tuesday in a statement, and hence the revisions.
		For not, the Torino Scale remains a frontrunner in a pack of little-known hazard gauges designed to let humanity know of the risk of potentially devastating events that all leading experts agree are very unlikely to occur anytime soon.
	www.millennium-ark.net /EC_News/0504013.Torino.scale.html (1300 words)

	Mohs Scale - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Mohs Scale, scale used to define the hardness of minerals.
		The scale was developed in 1812 by the German mineralogist Frederick Mohs.
		- hardness scale: a scale used to measure the hardness of minerals, with talc at zero and diamond at 10.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Mohs_Scale.html (128 words)

	Revised asteroid scale aids understanding of impact risk - MIT News Office
		Astronomers led by an MIT professor have revised the scale used to assess the threat of asteroids and comets colliding with Earth to better communicate those risks with the public.
		The Torino scale, a risk-assessment system similar to the Richter scale used for earthquakes, was adopted by a working group of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1999 at a meeting in Torino, Italy.
		For example, in the original scale NEOs of level 2-4 were described as "meriting concern." The revised scale describes objects with those rankings as "meriting attention by astronomers"--not necessarily the public.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/2005/torino.html (698 words)

	Torino Impact Hazard Scale
		A Richter Scale for Cosmic Collisions: Planetary scientists have developed the Torino Scale, a new means of conveying the risks associated with asteroids and comets that might collide with the Earth.
		The Torino Scale, which is designed to classify and help communicate various degrees of hazard from predicted asteroid and comet impacts, is described below and can be referenced on the Internet athttp://impact.arc.nasa.gov.
		It is named the Torino Impact Hazard Scale for the Italian city in which it was adopted at a workshop of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in June.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/torino.html (4246 words)

	New Asteroid Threat Scale Launched
		For example, in the original scale near-Earth objects of level 2-4 were described as "meriting concern." The revised scale describes objects with those rankings as "meriting attention by astronomers" - not necessarily the public.
		The highest Torino level ever given an asteroid was a 4 last December, with a 2 percent chance of hitting Earth in 2029.
		The Torino scale, similar to the Richter scale used for earthquakes, was adopted by a working group of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1999.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20050313020604data_trunc_sys.shtml (803 words)

	the musings of Brandon Jaynes » The Torino Scale Debate
		The Torino Scale has been a point of contention within the field of astronomy for some time.
		It is a Richter-like scale that measures the threat of near-Earth objects such as asteroids that has come under scrutiny for its apparent failure at accuracy.
		The whole event put the Torino Scale in the spotlight, but because it played out largely over Christmas, far less of the public ever even know there was, for a time, a 1-in-45 chance of widespread destruction.
	www.brandonjaynes.com /blog/2005/04/12/the-torino-scale-debate (179 words)

	Astronomers Revise Torino Scale Asteroid Advisory System - Planetary News \| The Planetary Society
		In the original scale NEOs that ranked 2 to 4 -- in the yellow zone -- were described as "meriting concern." The revised scale describes objects with those rankings as "meriting attention by astronomers, and not necessarily the public," informed Binzel.
		The Torino scale really is directed at the public, and it's goal in effect is to become the Richter scale of the asteroid world.
		When you get up to 8 on the Torino scale you have finally reached certainty that an object coming by the Earth is going to hit and cause local effects," much like you know an 8 on the Richter scale will raise eyebrows and level buildings.
	www.planetary.org /news/2005/0420_Astronomers_Revise_Torino_Scale.html (2553 words)

	Improved Asteroid Warning Scale
		is reported as a ten-level scale, but it includes both chance of impact and level of devastation.
		With this scale, all asteroids would be assigned a damage potential as well as a chance of impacting.
		KT would be a J9, etc. Given that 2004 MN4 is listed as having a regional impact, by this scale in its current form, it would rate a letter I for size/damage potential, and probably on the order of a 4 for chance of impact, which is a pure guess at this time.
	www.spacewhatnow.com /id15.html (282 words)

	The Space Review: Revising the Torino Scale
		2004 MN4’s sudden jump from a 2 ranking on the Torino Scale (the highest number assigned to an asteroid to that point) to a 4 (updated at the bottom of the press release for the “2” rating) was unprecedented, and news agencies love to report on unprecedented events.
		The Palermo Scale is a more useful tool based on mathematical comparisons between the threat posed by the impactor and the background threat from similar-sized objects during the period of time in question, but it also rose to unprecedented levels for 2004 MN4 as new tracking data came in.
		The most complex scale in consistent use today is the Richter scale for measuring earthquakes, which still requires an occasional reminder that the scale is logarithmic: each whole number increase on the scale means a tenfold increase in the strength of the temblor.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/296/1 (1355 words)

	Near miss or normal?
		In 1999, Richard Binzel from MIT proposed the Torino scale for NEO impact risks, hoping that it would help convey the magnitude of these risks to the general public and press, just as the Richter scale does for earthquakes.
		In fact, a Torino score of 1 is the highest that has so far been assigned to any NEO, and all but one of these were subsequently downgraded to 0.
		So when the next asteroid scare hits the papers, with an NEO rated 1 on the Torino scale, remember that it is just another normal day at the cosmological office, but probably a slow news day at the paper's.
	plus.maths.org /latestnews/sep-dec03/torino/index.html (744 words)

	Geotimes - June 2005 - Revising the asteroid threat scale
		Astronomers have revised the Torino Impact Hazard Scale, which uses rankings from 0 to 10 to communicate the risk of an asteroid or comet colliding with Earth.
		Although scientists still assign scale values via the same method, the language used to describe some levels has now changed to better inform the public — and the media — of the risk without unintentionally scaring people.
		Indeed, that recently happened with asteroid MN4, which on Dec. 23 was given the highest Torino score to date — level 4 — and a 2 percent chance of hitting Earth in 2029 (see Geotimes, March 2005).
	www.geotimes.org /june05/NN_asteroidscalerevise.html (832 words)

	Tumbling Stone 11 - The Palermo scale
		In fact, the first scale was based on a similar method, classifying objects on different areas of the same parameter space (which was defined in much the same way by the impact energy and impact probability, as the picture on the left shows).
		But, differently from the Torino scale, the new tool also deals with the time at which the impact should take place, measuring the danger of a certain event relative to the statistical threat coming from the entire asteroid and comet population averaged over long periods of time.
		Without going into further details, it is obvious how the Palermo scale is a more technical and precise tool than the first Torino scale, which will continue absolving the task of giving an immediate and simple description of the threat of a certain impact.
	spaceguard.rm.iasf.cnr.it /tumblingstone/issues/num11/eng/palermo.htm (1152 words)

	REVISING THE TORINO SCALE
		The Torino Scale, cited most often in news articles due to its simplicity, is consistently described as a ten-point asteroid impact scale rating from 0 (no threat) to 10 (global catastrophe).
		Given the quick glance that most people give the scale when itâs shown on TV or linked to on the web, this is true.
		The rock was upgraded from a 2 to a 4 on the scale simply because it had passed the easily recognizable, but essentially arbitrary, threshold of a one-percent chance of impacting the planet.
	www.surfingtheapocalypse.net /cgi-bin/archive.cgi?read=44681 (461 words)

	[No title]
		The Richter Scale is logarithmic, meaning that a magnitude 2.0 quake releases ten times as much energy as a magnitude 1.0 (and, while not directly logarithmic, does 30 times the damage on average).
		This scale represents the likelihood of an NEO impact as compared to the "background" threat of the average space rock.
		The Torino Scale is, for lack of a better description, a "dumbed-down" Palermo Scale, with more easily conveyed threat levelsï¿?perfect for the evening news and for some "impactive" Geek Trivia.
	articles.techrepublic.com.com /5102-22-5620614.html (910 words)

	The Torino Scale - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		The Torino scale is a color-coded advisory system that enables near-Earth object (NEO) researchers to place objects within a potential threat range from zero -- where there is virtually no chance of collision, to 10 -- where global catastrophe is certain.
		It was first adopted in 1999 by a working group of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) at a meeting co-sponsored by The Planetary Society in Torino, Italy.
		In 2005, astronomers revised the Torino scale to make it easier for the public to understand.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/near_earth_objects/near_earth_objects/torino_scale.html (595 words)

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