Torrijos-Carter Treaties

Torrijos-Carter Treaties - Factbites
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Topic: Torrijos-Carter Treaties

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	MSN Encarta - Panama Canal
		Treaties between the United State and Panama guarantee the permanent neutrality of the Panama Canal, allowing ships of all nations to use it even in time of war.
		Eventually, riots and international pressure led the United States to negotiate two new treaties, which were signed in 1977 and took effect in 1979.
		Under a 1903 treaty, the United States controlled both the waterway and a large section of the surrounding land, known as the Panama Canal Zone, as if they were U.S. territory.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559188/Panama_Canal.html

	Articles - Omar Torrijos
		Torrijos instituted a range of social and economic reforms to improve the lot of the poor, redistributed agricultural land and persecuted the richest and most powerful families in the country, as well as independent student and labor leaders.
		The alleged motive is that some American business leaders and politicians strongly opposed the negotiations between Torrijos and a group of Japanese businessmen led by Shigeo Nagano, who were promoting the idea of a new, larger, sea-level canal for Panama.
		Torrijos' death generated charges and speculation that he was the victim of an assassination plot.
	www.free-biz.org /articles/Omar_Torrijos

	The Unconstitutional Panama Canal Treaties of 1977
		Because Carter feared that Torrijos would renounce the Treaties and that all would be lost, he suggested that Torrijos issue his own reservation based on his understanding of what the Treaties should propose on intervention.
		Torrijos argued that Panamanians would not accept the concept of U.S. intervention for defending or reopening the Canal, unless the intervention was specifically invited.
		According to the requirements for official acceptance of a bilateral treaty, "there is no ratification if one party makes its agreement to the Treaties contingent on any amendment that is not formally and verbatim accepted by the other party." Because the Treaties indisputably violate this, they should be voided.
	cc.cumberlandcollege.edu /acad/history/BrandonAnderson98.htm

	Panama the 1977 Treaties
		Torrijos was so concerned with the ambiguity of the Neutrality Treaty, because of Panamanian sensitivity to the question of United States military intervention, that, at his urging, he and President Carter signed the Statement of Understanding on October 14, 1977, to clarify the meaning of the permanent United States rights.
		To win the necessary sixty-seven Senate votes, Carter agreed to the inclusion of a number of amendments, conditions, reservations, and understandings that were passed during the Senate debates and subsequently included in the instruments of ratification signed by Carter and Torrijos in June.
		At the same ceremony in Washington, representatives of the United States and Panama signed a series of fourteen executive agreements associated with the treaties.
	www.country-studies.com /panama/the-1977-treaties.html

	Torrijos Pledges to Regain People's Trust in Panamanian Politics
		Torrijos won the general elections on Sunday with more than 47 percent of votes and is the leader of Patria Nueva Party, an alliance between Partido Revolucionario Democratico and Partido Popular.
		Part of general Torrijos' legacy was the challenge the Patria Nueva party must accomplish to modernize the government and take care of the most needed citizens, the president-elect said.
		Martin Torrijos honored his father's memory and said he would be proud of the victory of his party in the elections.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/47/490.html

	Panama
		In 1981 Gen. Torrijos was killed in a suspicious plane crash that many claim to this day was the designed result of an assassination plan.
		As late as 1919, the U.S. Senate was considering a treaty with Colombia stating that the "taking" of Panama by the U.S. in 1903-04 was in fact, and in law, not justifiable.
		The OAS was formed in 1948 to implement the 1947 Rio Treaty signed at Rio de Janeiro by most American states, including the U.S., and Panama, agreeing to protect against aggression every state in the Western Hemisphere.
	www.brianwillson.com /awolpanama.html

	AEI - Short Publications
		If the Carter-Torrijos treaties are consummated on schedule, in just four years Panama will lose its common border with the United States and, with it, the special relationship that--for good or for ill--has shaped its national life for nearly a hundred years.
		Insofar as the canal itself is concerned, an annex to the Carter-Torrijos treaties allows the United States residual rights to intervene if access to the waterway is threatened.
		As a small country, Panama cannot ask the United States to remain without looking ridiculous--particularly after the histrionics that accompanied the ratification of the Carter-Torrijos treaties.
	www.aei.org /publications/filter.all,pubID.17607/pub_detail.asp

	WorldNetDaily: The red dawning in Panama
		What too few know, however, is that the supposed basis for the Canal turnover, the 1977 Carter-Torrijos treaties, were never legally ratified by either the United States or Panama.
		treaties being declared, equally with the laws of the United States, to be the supreme law of the land, it is understood that an act of the legislature alone can declare them infringed and rescinded." My legislation will do just that.
		Under Article 20.2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, for treaties to be valid, a reservation signed by a nation must be agreed to by the other signatories.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=16260

	The Panama Canal Give
		Torrijos negotiated two treaties: One transferring ownership of the Canal to Panama, and the other guaranteeing the permanent neutrality of the Canal.
		The Senate ratified a treaty which differs from the treaty agreement the Panamanians ratified and, in addition, the U.S. House of Representatives has not given their consent to dispose of this territory or property which belongs to the United States.
		The Treaty of Permanent Neutrality grants to the United States the right to continue to protect the Canal after the United States hands the Canal over to Panama on December 31, 1999, and open access to the Canal for all nations.
	www.utaheagleforum.org /NewsLetter/panama_canal.htm

	Global Real Estate News, IRED
		Under treaty terms, thousands of former U.S. military buildings, installations and other facilities-ranging from schools and hotels, to golf courses and airports, and 328,645 acres of real estate-will be completely transferred to Panamanian ownership and control by 1999.
		According to the 1977 Panama Canal treaty, the U.S. is gradually returning property surrounding the canal, including more than 7,000 buildings worth an estimated $4 billion.
		Like Hong Kong earlier this year, the Panama Canal is counting down to a change in sovereignty, with the man-made waterway switching to Panamanian control from U.S. authority at midnight on December 31, 1999.
	www.ired.com /news/tax/971119.htm

	Norton Lilly International (Panama), S.A. Panama Canal Overview
		In accordance with the Torrijos - Carter treaties on October 1, 1979, the operation and management of the Panama Canal were transferred to the Republic of Panama on December 31, 1999.
		A ship is raised or lowered 85 feet in a continuous flight of three steps at Gatun Locks.
	www.norton-lilly.com /overview.html

	Multinational Anti-Drug Center May Be Built in Panama
		Panamanian General Omar Torrijos and U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the treaties, which mandated the pullout of all U.S. troops by 1999, and called for the turnover of control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama.
		"In the Torrijos-Carter treaties, there's not one word about drugs.
		The creation of the center would mean that U.S. troops would remain in Panama during the next century, a deviation from the 1977 Panama Canal treaties.
	www.ndsn.org /AUGUST97/PANAMA.html

	50 U.S VIOLATIONS OF THE CARTER-TORRIJOS TREATIES by Luis Restrepo Panamanian journalist I
		The ink used by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who committed the honor of his nation by signing the canal treaties was still wet when the Congress of the United States, showing utter contempt for world opinion, passed the Panama Canal Law, better known as Law 96-70 on September 29, 1979.
		Violations of the Treaties are increasing as January 1, 1990 comes closer, the date on which, according to the agreement between the two nations, a Panamanian shall be appointed as Administrator of the Panama Canal.
		The Panamanians realized then that Omar Torrijos had every reason to put aside the bilateral negotiations with the United States that were taking place at the "Panama Desk" in the State Department and look for international support for the Panamanian issue.
	www.skepticfiles.org /socialis/panama7.htm

	WorldNetDaily: 11th-hour plan to save Panama Canal
		"The Carter-Torrijos treaties are not valid," Chenoweth-Hage told WorldNetDaily, adding that there are "very few people standing up to point out that fact." Even though time is short, "I don't think it's ever too late to take action on something you know needs to be done," she said.
		A three-star general with a promising military career, Sumner resigned from the army as a matter of honor after testifying against the Carter-Torrijos treaties.
		By asserting his rights as a Panamanian, Marine is suing to have our courts strike down the treaties based on the way in which the Neutrality Treaty was altered in Panama and not signed by the Panamanian president in accord with its constitution.
	www.wnd.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=17248

	Bill Proposed to Halt Transfer of Panama Canal on Dec. 1, 1999
		The treaties signed by President Carter and Omar Torrijos in 1977, known as the Panama Canal Treaty and The Neutrality Treaty, as ratified by the Senate with "reservations" are hereby repealed in total, and any and all of their provisions are declared null, void, invalid, and of no effect.
		(5) The two more recent treaties between Panama and the United States (negotiated by Carter and Torrijos) are fatally flawed by the fact that the United States Senate did not ratify the same version of the treaties agreed to by Carter and Torrijos and signed by Torrijos.
		The validity of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 is hereby affirmed and declared to be the ruling document for implementation by all officers and agents of the United States government.
	www.greaterthings.com /Editorial/canal_transfer.htm

	Speeches
		Signature of the Torrijos-Carter treaties put an end to controversy and longstanding disputes and opened up a new, more fruitful relationship that has persisted and grown over the years between the United States and Panama, and between the United States and Latin America.
		He was appointed in March of 1977 and such was the thrust that he gave to the negotiations that in the mere six months he was in charge, the Treaties were achieved.
		The Canal Treaties between the United States and Panama were signed in this Hall of the Americas on September 7, 1977.
	www.oas.org /speeches/speech.asp?sCodigo=05-0067

	"First, the Panama Canal have treaties... not been ratified ... and are not in effect now" [Free Republic]
		Treaties being declared, equally with the laws of the United States, to be the supreme law of the land, it is understood that an act of the legislature alone can declare them infringed and rescinded.
		It follows that the Canal treaties are not ratified unless one of two things happen: either the Panamanians formally and in writing withdraw their three-paragraph-long 'understanding' or the President of the United States, with the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, approves the Panamanian 'understanding' in writing.
		Carter wrote: "Two or three Senators informed me that their votes, too, were contingent on this language [DeConcini] being adopted.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a386386894f2d.htm

	Luxner Articles
		Under terms of the 1976-77 Torrijos-Carter Panama Canal Treaties, the canal itself won't revert to Panamanian sovereignty until Dec. 31, 1999.
		PANAMA CITY -- With less than two years remaining before the United States hands control of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government, key officials here are portraying the momentous event as a once-in-a-lifetime chance to invest in a dizzying array of manufacturing, railroad, maritime, tourism and other infrastructure projects.
		But multinationals eager to get a head start aren't sitting around waiting.
	luxner.com /cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=601

	Operation Just Cause - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		According to the timetable stipulated by the Torrijos-Carter treaties, the United States was scheduled to hand over the administration of the canal to Panama on January 1, 1990.
		The various reasons supplied by the United States to justify the invasion were regarded as a thin veneer to disguise other intentions, such as the reestablishment of military bases in Panama or even the overturning the Torrijos-Carter treaties themselves.
		These fears had some credibility, since it was widely known there was considerable opposition within the United States Congress to handing the canal over to Panama by the year 2000 as required by the treaties.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Operation_Just_Cause

	Panama
		On Sept. 7, 1977, Gen. Omar Torrijos Herrera and President Jimmy Carter signed treaties giving Panama gradual control of the canal, phasing out U.S. military bases, and guaranteeing the canal's neutrality.
		In May 2004 presidential elections, Martín Torrijos, the son of former dictator Omar Torrijos, won 47.5% of the vote.
		Panama: Appendix B. Texts of Panama Canal Treaties with U S Senate Modifications (Countries of the World)
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107870.html

	EPICA: Ecumenical Program in Central America and the Caribbean
		According to the Torrijos_Carter Treaties, the U.S. military bases should be withdrawn from Panama by the year 2000.
		The government hasn't said very much about the talks lately, but we believe that it is actually beginning a process to extend the treaties and U.S. military presence in Panama.
		For example, last September, President Pérez Balladares and President Clinton announced they would begin exploratory talks for a renegotiation of the Panama Canal Treaties.
	www.epica.org /Library/church/sanjur2.htm

	PANAMA MARITIME VII
		But, it was not until the Torrijos-Carter Canal Treaties of 1977, which culminated with the transfer of the administration of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama in 1999, when Panama could begin to unlock its full maritime potential.
		New President, Martín Torrijos Espino, appointed one of the Vice-Presidents and member of his Cabinet, Rubén Arosemena, as Administrator of the Panama Maritime Authority.
		The construction of the trans-isthmian railroad in the 1850s and the Panama Canal, completed in 1914, sealed Panama's maritime future.
	www.maritime-panama.com /panama_maritime_presidente_e.htm

	All Material Copyright by Latin America Data Base. Latin America Data Base News Items Peac
		Next, he declared that the Panamanian delegation to the summit must "condemn the irregularities in implementing the Torrijos-Carter Canal treaties, and particularly the negative effects of Law 96-70." The latter, said Lopez Tirona, is a consequence of the unilateral interpretation by the United States of the Canal treaties.
		He said that when the treaties were signed, Washington did not "put all its cards on the table," in reference to the failure to discuss a report on railway conditions drafted in 1976.
		The railway director declared that it was "regrettable" US soldiers have joined in the campaign against Panama, the sole purpose of which is to renege on the treaties which state that the Canal and all related facilities will become Panamanian property in the year 2000.
	www.skepticfiles.org /socialis/panama1.htm

	Panamatours Magazine
		It was transferred to Panama in November of 1996 in compliance with the Torrijos - Carter Treaties.
		Later, it was used by the Federal Aviation Administration to control air traffic in the area and, finally, by the Panama Canal Commission as a communications tower.
		Be a witness to this world event, come now and get to know about the operation of the so called "world's eighth wonder", the Panama Canal.
	www.panamatours.com /Magazine/magazine_volenero.htm

	soa.html
		The closing of the Panama-based School of the Americas in 1982 was mandated as one of the first tangible changes under the Torrijos- Carter treaties of 1977-78.
		And this became the first no that the U.S. heard me utter; it was a surprise for them that, sitting at the negotiating table with my friends, the Americans, I should say no; that I had the nerve to demand compliance with the letter and spirit of the Torrijos-Carter treaties.
		As determinded and proud as we were to follow through with Torrijo's legacy, the U.S. didn't want any of this to happen.
	free.freespeech.org /kokopeli/soa.html

	The Guardian
		The initiative can be simply summed up as excluding US troops from requiring passports or permission from the Panamanian Government in order to move through the zone, from which the US had to withdraw every one of their soldiers in December 1999, in accordance with the Torrijos-Carter Treaties.
		So much so that the Panamanian head of state hastened to declare it out of context at a time when the country's domestic agenda is complicated by discontent over the minimum wage and other thorny issues.
		The proposal would also permit US troops to carry arms in case of need, and to import, export and establish their own transportation and communications logistics.
	www.cpa.org.au /garchve3/1017pan.html

	12-7-99, Statement of Tomas Cabal
		As mandated by the Torrijos-Carter treaties, the United States of America will transfer the control and administration of the Panama Canal and all its military bases on the isthmus to the panamanian government at noon on december 31, 1999.
		The United States operated both ports until 1977 at which time as mandated by the canal treaties turned over both facilities to Panama.
		Anxious to negotiate a treaty with the newly independent republic that would allow the U.S. the right to build a canal, president Theodore Roosevelt sent american warships to the isthmus to deter a military intervention by colombian military forces.
	financialservices.house.gov /banking/12799cab.htm

	People's Daily Online
		Moscoso said in her speech delivered during the historical ceremony the work of General Omar Torrijos, who negotiated with former US president Jimmy Carter the signing of the canal treaties.
		Panama recovered full sovereignty over the Canal Zone in compliance with the Torrijos-Carter Treaties signed in 1977 by the Panama and United States governments.
		More than 30,000 helium-inflated toy balloons with the colors of the Panamanian flag crossed the sky and the booming of 21 canon salvos that announced the full independence of Panama were heard, a few hours short of the start of the new millennium, in the moments in which the Panamanian flag flapped in the wind.
	english1.people.com.cn /english/200001/02/eng20000102W120.html

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In the News (Fri 18 Dec 09)