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Topic: Torsion catapult

	Torsion Catapults - Early Greek Siege Engines
		Catapults powered by these torsion springs are referred to as torsion-powered catapults or simple torsion catapults.
		The torsion catapult consisted of a winch, one or two throwing arms, wooden washers, a stand or base, and the rope spring.
		Torsion catapults were relatively easy to produce and capable of inflicting a lot of damage.
	www.medieval-castle-siege-weapons.com /torsion-catapults.html (326 words)

	Catapult - MSN Encarta
		A catapult can be as small as a rubber band slingshot used to skim rocks across a pond or as large as the 90-m (300-ft) long steam units used to launch airplanes from aircraft carriers.
		Catapults were used in ancient and medieval warfare until the introduction of the gunpowder cannon in the 14th century.
		Hydraulic catapults used a pressurized fluid to release energy and accelerate an airplane attached to the moving tow bar.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761561896 (979 words)

	Trebuchet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trebuchets are often referred to as a variety of catapult, though this word is today generally reserved for a device powered by elastic energy.
		The Hollywood catapult is a trebuchet without a sling--the projectile is placed in a cup at the end of the long arm of a beam.
		In the game, the trebuchet has a longer range than the catapult (q.v.), and is useful, due to its higher trajectory, for battering towers and launching projectiles (and cows!) over castle walls.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trebuchet (3032 words)

	Catapult - WoWWiki - Your guide to the World of Warcraft
		Catapults and Trebuchets use a lever arm to hurl a projectile in an arcing ballistic trajectory toward their target.
		The lever arm of of a torsion catapult is mounted in an axle made of a twisted skein of leather or sinew.
		Catapults served as the horde's greatest siege weapon until the advent of the demolisher.
	www.wowwiki.com /Catapult (735 words)

	Westholme Publishing - The Catapult: A History
		The torsion catapult quickly became the chief weapon of ancient arsenals and gave armies for the first time a weapon that could strike enemies at a distance with devastating effect, including shooting to and from ships, battering fortifications, and sending projectiles over walls.
		Catapults of all sizes became part of the regular equipment of the Roman army, and were used for centuries across the length and breadth of the empire to seize territory, and to defend it.
		Although the catapult was displaced by the introduction of gunpowder and cannon, this device marks the beginning of mechanized warfare, the hallmark of modern fighting.
	www.westholmepublishing.com /catapult.html (390 words)

	Catapult Summary
		Catapult devices were even used in recreational sports, such as trap-shooting, in which elastic catapults hurled inanimate targets in the air for hunters to shoot.
		Catapults were usually assembled at the site of a siege, and an army carried few or no pieces of it with them because wood was easily available on site.
		Subsequently, torsional catapults were developed; those with two torsion powered arms, the later versions of the ballista and oxybeles, and those with one torsion powered arm, the onager, known in medieval times as the mangonel.
	www.bookrags.com /Catapult (1573 words)

	All about Catapults
		A catapult is also the part of an aircraft carrier that launches airplanes off the deck.
		The Onager (catapult) has a single arm that is powered by a large skein of twisted ropes.
		This is a two-armed torsion device invented by the Greeks.
	www.catapults.info (828 words)

	Legion XXIV - Roman Seige Ballista Catapulta
		The arms were drawn rearward to further twist the skeins and thus gain the torsion power to cast a projectile.
		Above - The trigger claw is shown engaged over the catapult sling with an arrow bolt positioned between the forks of the claw and resting against the sling engaged behind the claw forks.
		The spanner wrench is shown in position for torsioning or twisting the skeins.
	www.legionxxiv.org /catapulta (3518 words)

	Torsion spring Information
		Torsion circles are used in torsion catapult clocks, where a weight is spun, oscillating in its spinning direction at the bottom of the clock.
		Torsion bars (or sway bars) are used to support automobile suspension components, allowing those components (which indirectly support the wheels) to move in response to rough roads while allowing a smooth ride in the vehicle.
		A torsion balance was used in the Cavendish experiment in 1798 to measure the denisty of the Earth (not the gravitational constant as is commonly claimed).
	torsion-spring.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Torsion_spring (1344 words)

	BEYOND THE IVORY TOWER: The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults -- Cuomo 303 (5659): 771 -- Science
		The earliest Greek catapult was the "belly-bow," a large bow mounted on a case, one end of which rested on the belly of the person using it.
		The torsion catapult could be used either as an arrow-shooter or, with a modified spring to allow for heavier projectiles, as a stone-thrower (2-4).
		Catapults marked not the end of valor, but the beginning of a quest for more powerful and accurate ways of hurling projectiles against enemies and their cities--from oversized arrows to Patriot missiles.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/303/5659/771?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=catapult&searchid=1077629691122_3758&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=1/1/2004&tdate=2/29/2004 (2053 words)

	Renaissance and Medieval Siege Warfare Tactics
		Catapult: A catapult is a type of siege engine used to hurl a projectile a long distance.
		Catapults were not weapons that the attackers carried with them into battle and they were generally built on the battle site.
		The mangonel was a torsion arm catapult that used a sling to hold the projectile.
	www.all-about-renaissance-faires.com /warfare/siege_tactics.htm (1962 words)

	SciTecLibrary - Scientific News
		Cuomo described how catapults were made as early as the 9th century BC to be used during war to launch arrows or stones at the enemy and their forts.
		The early Greek catapult was the ‘belly bow’ and, as its name suggests, consisted of a bow that rested on a person’s belly.
		Catapult shooting was one of the traditional Greek sports used to train the military.
	www.sciteclibrary.ru /eng/catalog/pages/6999.html (433 words)

	Ancient Catapults
		That advance was made roughly half a century after the invention of the catapult, and there is some evidence that Philip of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, was the ruler who subsidized this next phase of research and development.
		Catapults could not compete with such rams in power, but they were able to knock down walls that were not properly constructed.
		Eventually the catapult engineers wrote their text in such a way that the dimensions of the major parts were given as multiples of the diameter of the spring.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/war/Catapults.htm (5627 words)

	The Study of the Catapult
		The catapult was a new weapon for attackers, which made the advantage uneven for defenders during enemy siege (Griess 1986).
		Catapults have evolved vastly since the days of Ancient Greece, but they are still present in the artillery of our modern army.
		Elasticity is seen in the measure of the stretch of the spring loaded in the catapult.
	tuhsphysics.ttsd.k12.or.us /Research/IB03/CoolJens/Catapult.htm (1735 words)

	Chronology of Chinese Siege Warfare - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		While the "Catapult" is generally used to mean anything that "catapults" a weight into the air and hence includes slings and rubberbands etc., the "Trebuchet" is used almost exclusively to mean the levered catapult as the lever swings or rather falls over to launch the projectile.
		This catapult was probably an indigenous European invention, a retrograde and primitive form of catapult based on the flexure of a wooden plank to propel a javelin forward.
		Instead, Roman torsion catapults were gradually replaced by the eastern lever principled catapults although some versions of the torsion catapult such as the springald survived into the middle ages as short range defensive weapons.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=4852 (6050 words)

	Catapult History and Modern Day Construction
		A catapult was a large machine on wheels with a basket attached to a long wooden arm and a power source for hurling projectiles on the other.
		The tension powered catapult was often used for destruction of castle walls, but sometimes it was used as a defense weapon from the castle itself.
		Torsion was a form of power created when the rope of the Ballista was twisted to generate the force.
	www.midrealm.org /mkyouth/links/catapults.htm (1702 words)

	Amazon.com: "torsion catapult": Key Phrase page
		For Schramm, this was the full-blown torsion catapult, not its composite how-based predecessor.
		For Schramm, this \\ as the full-blown torsion catapult, not its Sicily, Lcidcn: Brill, ag,-.}.
		The difference between torsion and non-torsion catapults is the presence, in the torsion type, of two...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/torsion-catapult (412 words)

	Catapult and Trebuchet Books
		Payne-Gallwey's 1903 work is by far the best book covering the crossbow, related weapons such as siege engines, balistas and catapults, and their use as military and sporting weapons.
		This book includes several pages on how to build a catapult using an inner tube and a cat food can, and ideas for clubhouses and a tepee made of branches and canvas, for toy cannons and Huck Finn-style rafts, and for swings and rowboats.
		The true story of two men who become inspired to build a torsion catapult to hurl rocks off a cliff as an "art project".
	www.trebuchet.com /books.html (674 words)

	Catapult
		A catapult can be as small as a rubber band slingshot used to skim rocks across a pond or as large as the 90-m (300-ft) long steam units used to launch airplanes from
		Catapults were used in ancient and medieval warfare until the introduction of the gunpowder
		catapults used a pressurized fluid to release energy and accelerate an airplane attached to the moving tow bar.
	autocww.colorado.edu /~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/MilitaryWeapons/Catapult.html (928 words)

	Siege Weapons
		The Roman ballista was powered by torsion derived from two thick skeins of twisted cords through which were thrust two separate arms joined at their ends by the cord that propelled the missile.
		Catapults were invented about 400 BC in the powerful Greek town Syracus under Dionysios I. The Greek engineers first constructed a comparatively small machine, the Gastraphetus, sort of a crossbow.
		The new catapults were equiped now with two torsion springs powering the two arms of the catapult.
	www.shoshone.k12.id.us /medieval/siege.htm (477 words)

	catapult
		Another type of catapult employed the principle of torsion to hurl heavy stones or objects over walls and across moats, cords being twisted by winches to pull back the propelling mechanism.
		The catapult was an ancient siege machine that could hurl heavy objects or shoot arrows with great force and for considerable distances.
		Catapults store energy by twisting large bundles of rope made from very strong plant fibers, animal sinew, or hair.
	claymore.engineer.gvsu.edu /~ramsdels/Egr352/CATAPULT.HTM (532 words)

	Catapults and Slingshots by Trumark - U.S.A.
		The earliest type of catapult, an arrow catapult, could shoot a large number of arrows at once.
		The moving arm of the catapult was attached to a thick rope.
		The Ballista was propelled by creating a torsion by wrapping thick ropes around and the stationary axle stick and the moving arm of the catapult.
	www.slingshots.com /html/catapults_katapults_hp.html (175 words)

	Ancient Greek Artillery Technology: From Catapults to the Architronio Canon
		The use of catapults in the field is evidenced in one of Alexander's early battles in the Northern Marches of Macedon.
		The main catapult significance according to O'Connell is that it: embodied the deliberate exploration of physical and mechanical principles to improve armaments.
		The catapult development started in Sicily with the Greek tyrant Dionysios I providing the financial means required for the experiments that were necessary to find the optimal design.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/war/CatapultTypes.htm (2455 words)

	Chinese Siege Warfare - Brief History
		While the "catapult" is generally used to mean anything that "catapults" a weight into the air and hence includes slings and rubberbands, the "Trebuchet" is used almost exclusively to mean the levered catapult that launches the projectile as the lever swings or rather falls over.
		This soon spawned a different principled catapult based on the power of torsion sinews, the earliest descriptions of which were found in Athens, at the Chalkothek on the Acropolis dated back to 330 B.C. Two distinct types of catapults emerged, the javelin shooting Euthytonon, and the stone throwing Palintonon.
		In the 11th century A.D. a new form of javelin firing catapult, the "torsion" Springald emerged in the Middle East and in Byzantine and known to the Arabs as the "qaws al-lawlab".
	authors.history-forum.com /liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/siegewarfare-briefhistory.html (5826 words)

	Dare Hobby Design & Engineering
		There is a lot to be said for the diversity of weapons found in medieval catapult history, and also for the advancements and changes in the technology of weapons of war.
		A mangonel was a type of medieval catapult or siege engine used in the medieval period to throw projectiles at a castle's walls.
		This was a single-arm torsion catapult that held the projectile in a sling.
	www.darehobby.com /kids/catapult.html (746 words)

	Detail Page
		The siege tower was a wooden structure, built as tall as the enemy wall and used as a kind of multistory armored car, with catapults set on internal parapets and sighted through portholes.
		Instead of a horizontal, bending wooden bow, the torsion catapult featured two vertical cylinders of taut skeining (composed of human hair or animal sinew), set on either side of the front of a long wooden stock.
		Stone-throwing catapults were made of wood and were torsion-powered, looking much like the foregoing arrow-shooting type.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0519 (854 words)

	Waldemar's Chainmail Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The invention of the catapult can be attibuted to the time of Dionysius I and the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War, around 400 BC, during the struggle between the Greece and Carthage over Sicily.
		These actually looked quite different from what we today call a catapult, as they likely shot arrows and looked more like a crossbow, but they did use torsion, and was the first time such a weapon was employed.
		Also used of course were siege towers (which often had a few catapults on them) and battering rams to break down the walls or gates.
	www.physics.mcmaster.ca /~okon/siege.html (318 words)

	Howstuffworks "What is a punkin chunkin, and what types of machines throw those pumpkins so far?"
		A punkin chunkin is a contest for machines, such as catapults, to see how far they can throw a pumpkin.
		The distance is measured by a laser device, similar to what you may see land surveyor crews use along the highway.
		Torsion means twisting, and in the Onager, the torsion device is a heavy, thick bundle of nylon rope.
	science.howstuffworks.com /question502.htm (512 words)

	Chinese Siege Warfare - Torsion Springald (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the 11th century A.D. a new form of javelin firing catapult, the "torsion" Springald (or Springauld) emerged in the Middle East and in Byzantium.
		Unlike the torsioned weaponry of the Romans, the torsioned "ropes" which powered the Springald were mainly of horsehair instead of animal sinew.
		The compact frame of this catapult also made it suitable for the first time in European history for an artillery piece to be ship mounted.
	authors.history-forum.com /liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/siegeweapons-f-torsionspringald.html (265 words)

	Amazon.com: "torsion springs": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The catapults looked like old-fashioned biplanes to me, manned by centurions with those whisk-broom plumes on their helmets.
		Encased in two cylindrical and transversely positioned tubes one above the other at the front, the torsion springs are bolted on their outer ends to trailing arms, which in turn are secured by bolts to the hubs.
		Century Spring - Torsion Spring -- Century Springs, large inventory of standard extension springs of various materials and hook/loop styles in the world.
	amazon.com /phrase/torsion-springs (592 words)

	Calculation of Traction Catapult Range - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The ranges obtained from these catapults were also recorded where he gave the ranges for Song era large and small catapults.
		Large first class catapults had a range of 270 bu, second class catapults 260 bu and third class catapults 250 bu, while the small single-levered catapults could hurl 1 kg stones up to a distance of 50 bu (where a bu at the time of the Song was approximately 60 centimetres)."
		Because there are so many factors involved in a the calculation of a catapult's range, it is not easy to find the right one that would suit the characteristics of a typical chinese catapult (which differs quite a bit from western catapults on quite a number of characteristics).
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=11350&mode=linearplus (2443 words)

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