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Topic: Total peripheral resistance

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	Encyclopedia: Electrical resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an object opposes the passage of an electric current.
		The electric resistance of a typical metal conductor increases linearly with the temperature: Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter.
		The electric resistance of a typical intrinsic (non doped) semiconductor decreases exponentially with the temperature: A semiconductor is a material with an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of an insulator and a conductor.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Electrical-resistance (2169 words)

	blood pressure
		The increase in vascular tone or total peripheral resistance in the obese may be caused by an increase in the alpha?adrenergic response (35), and increased noradrenergic activities (84) or opiate suppression (36).
		The large resistance to the left ventricle [aortic impedance] and the decreased contractility of the hypertrophied heart may be the mechanisms that contribute to cardiac failure in end stage hypertension (99).
		The mechanism responsible for the decrease in peripheral vascular resistance is unknown.
	www.emunix.emich.edu /~bogle/blood_pressure.htm (13652 words)

	Chapter 5
		As indicated previously, the arterial pressure is determined by the cardiac output and the total peripheral resistance.
		The total peripheral resistance is the total resistance in the entire systemic circulation which consists of many parallel circuits to major organs and tissues.
		The resistances in these individual circuits are not controlled in the same manner, and these resistances govern the distribution of cardiac output from the left ventricle into different regions of the body.
	www.columbia.edu /~kj3/Chapter5.htm (2191 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since CO also represents the total flow of blood supplying all the tissue beds of the body, it is perhaps the most indicative quantity of the state of the heart and circulation.
		wherein the parameter is cardiac output or total peripheral resistance.
		The method of claim 10, wherein the physiologic signal, cardiac output, or total peripheral resistance are subjected to low pass filtering, single beat averaging, or multibeat averaging.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=04/71292.040826&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8909 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Role of endothelin and vasopressin in DOCA-salt hypertension
		Accordingly, data on total peripheral resistance is a more direct reflection of responses at the level of the resistance vessels of the circulation.
		TPR was calculated as the quotient of BP and CO, assuming right atrial pressure is close to zero.
		Comparison of the changes in BP and TPR elicited by the two antagonists when administered alone and in the presence of one another in the DOCA-salt group is important (Figures 1, 2 and 3).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v132/n7/full/0703958a.html (5494 words)

	Glossary of Cardiovascular Terms
		A fundamental relationship between resistance (R), pressure (P), and flow (Q) that is applicable to the flow of electrons or blood flow.
		The greatest control over total peripheral resistance is had by the smallest arteries and the arterioles.
		Resistance through a vessel is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius.
	lysine.pharm.utah.edu /netpharm/netpharm_00/glossary.html (3588 words)

	[No title]
		Resistance to flow is the total resistance to blood flow.
		As the majority of the resistance is found in the peripheral vessels, especially the arterioles, it is often described as the total peripheral resistance.
		Drugs that modify the degree of arterial vasoconstriction and alter the peripheral resistance will obviously affect the diastolic pressure, and vasodilator drugs, for example hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline), minoxidil (Loniten), are sometimes used in the treatment of severe hypertension.
	greenfield.fortunecity.com /rattler/46/bloodpressure.htm (3474 words)

	UCL: Department of Epidemiology & Public Health: The Psychobiology Group: Recent Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We assessed the changes in cardiac index and total peripheral resistance underlying blood pressure reactions and recovery from acute mental stress, in relation to socioeconomic status.
		Blood pressure increases during two stressful behavioral tasks were sustained by increases in cardiac index and total peripheral resistance.
		Peripheral resistance changes during recovery varied with socioeconomic status and blood pressure stress reactivity, with particularly high levels in reactive low status participants.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /psychobiology/publications/abstract17.htm (182 words)

	THERMAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES DURING THREE METHODS OF RESUSCITATION FROM MILD HYPOTHERMIA
		During cooling, total peripheral resistance was steady in the range of 15-20 mmHg.1-1 min.
		During rewarming, total peripheral resistance was near 20 mmHg 1-1 min for the no exogenous heat and inhalation treatments, but fell to 10 mmHg 1-1 min early in the bath treatment.
		The cardiovascular findings of this study support this proposition because the decreased peripheral resistance (deduced from the fall in mean arterial pressure and rise in cardiac output) coincided with the period of afterdrop of cardiac and esophageal temperatures.
	www.islandnet.com /sarbc/johnhtxt.html (3478 words)

	Acute Cardiovascular Response to Exercise
		At the same time, total peripheral resistance decreases when the arterioles serving working muscles dilate which increases blood flow to the working muscles.
		Further, the greater the muscle mass being used during exercise, the greater the reduction in peripheral resistance.
		Thus, during rhythmic exercises there is less increase in BP involving the legs than with the arms due to greater vasodilatation in the larger leg muscles.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /course/ens304/public_html/section1/CVresponses.htm (590 words)

	CVS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Total peripheral resistance (TPR) increases during exercise, due to the vasoconstriction of the arterioles.
		Arterioles vasodilatation occurs in working muscles during exercise, causing a decrease in the resistance to blood flow by increasing their radius.
		Arterioles vasoconstriction occurs in other organs such as kidneys and digestive tract during exercise, causing an increase in the resistance to blood flow by decreasing their radius.
	www.personal.dundee.ac.uk /~jrelliot/HTML1/exercise.htm (496 words)

	Quiz 3 Answers
		Angiotensin II indirectly increases total blood volume by stimulating the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
		ADH and aldosterone increase the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidney and thereby elevate total blood volume.
		Alpha blockers act primarily on the peripheral circulation to reduce total peripheral resistance; Beta blockers act to depress cardiac function.
	www.iuvascular.com /Unthank/Teach/Quiz3Answers.html (501 words)

	Hypertension in Renal Diseases - WSAVA 2002
		Systemic blood pressure is proportional to both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, while physiological control depends on the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, prostaglandin, adrenergic and neurogenic factors.
		Therefore, an increased total peripheral resistance is secondary to hypertension rather being the cause of hypertension.
		The patient becomes anuric if blood pressure is lowered to normal, and total peripheral resistance is increased to the same level as the increase in arterial pressure; cardiac output is usually normal.
	www.vin.com /proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2002&PID=pr02702 (2898 words)

	Intracerebroventricular propranolol prevented vascular resistance increases on arousal from sleep apnea -- Zinkovska ...
		decrease in cardiac output and increase in total peripheral resistance
		Peripheral resistance increases upon arousal from obstructive sleep apnea were absent following intracerebroventricular blockade.
		Coronary and total peripheral resistance changes during sleep in a porcine model.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/5/1637 (3491 words)

	clokhyp.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, an increase in total vascular peripheral resistance is a common characteristic of hypertension.
		This condition, defined as concentric left ventricle hypertrophy is most closely associated with hypertension and is accompanied by an increase in total peripheral resistance.11 Generally, a rise in total peripheral resistance increases the diastolic blood pressure more than it increases the systolic.
		The total peripheral resistance is indicated by the diastolic pressure, and diastolic pressures of 104 mm Hg to 118 mm Hg are unacceptable.
	www.orthomed.org /links/papers/clokhyp.htm (3687 words)

	CNSystems Medizintechnik GmbH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The onset of the syncopal phase can be appreciated by a change in the slope of decline of blood pressure which coincides with a decrease of total peripheral resistance, as well as by a change in heart rate which starts decreasing, but does not fall to less than 40 bpm.
		The behaviour of blood pressure during the pre-syncopal phase is indistinguishable from that observed in patients with a negative response and, therefore, it reflects a rapid and full compensatory reflex adaptation to the upright position.
		The onset of the syncopal phase can easily be determined at the time of an abrupt fall in blood pressure which coincides with the decrease in heart rate and total peripheral resistance.
	www.cnsystems.at /0301030102_en.html (206 words)

	PCSCVvariablepg6.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In a series circuit the Total Resistance is a sum of the subunit resistnaces: R
		How does the circulatory system control resistance so that it can move more or less blood to an organ depending on the relative needs at a certain time...
		As you can see from the graph, the greatest resistance is contributed by the arterioles because that is where blood pressure falls the most.
	www.bergen.org /ACADEMY/Bio/PCS/PCSCVvariablepg6.html (212 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Hypertension in Athletes and Active Patients
		These people seem to develop pathologic elevations in blood pressure because of an increase in total peripheral resistance, which is probably mediated by plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine (2) in conjunction with effects from the kidneys and the renin-angiotensin system.
		Even resistance training (8 to 10 major-muscle-group exercises two to three times per week), especially circuit weight training (10,11), may help lower blood pressure when the exercises are done at 40% to 50% of the patient's one-repetition maximum (12).
		For patients who have conditions such as pathologic LV hypertrophy, hypertensive nephropathy or retinopathy, or peripheral vascular disease, the type and severity of the condition and the nature of the sport determine the patient's ability to participate safely (1).
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/1999/04_99/macknight.htm (2557 words)

	APStracts 3:0073H, 1996. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tissue oxygen delivery in excess of metabolic demand may be a factor in the development of high vascular resistance in experimental models of volume-expanded hypertension.
		Neither cardiac output nor total peripheral resistance changed in the group of rats receiving vehicle alone.
		Although the mechanism of these changes has not been established, these results suggest that a decreased oxygen affinity leads to an increased total peripheral resistance and regional vascular resistance and support the hypothesis that oxygen plays a role in the metabolic autoregulation of blood flow.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1996/heart/February/73h.html (364 words)

	Exercise improves heart health for those with chronic heart failure
		Second, long-term exercise training is associated with a considerable reduction of (total peripheral resistance -- peripheral resistance is opposition to blood flow due to pressure in the arteries) at rest and, in particular, at peak exercise.
		Third, changes in (total peripheral resistance) are related to changes in stroke volume and left ventricular end diastolic diameter."
		"Home-based exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure results in a considerable reduction of (total peripheral resistance), a small but significant improvement in (left ventricular) stroke volume and reduction in cardiomegaly (heart enlargement)," conclude the authors.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-06/CftA-Eihh-1906100.php (477 words)

	Human Physiology \| Chapter Summary
		The total peripheral resistance, through its effect on arterial blood pressure, provides an afterload that acts to reduce the stroke volume.
		The venous return of blood to the heart is dependent largely on the total blood volume and mechanisms that improve the flow of blood in the veins.
		Extrinsic regulation of vascular resistance is provided mainly by the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates vasoconstriction of arterioles in the viscera and skin.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0070272352/student_view0/chapter14/chapter_summary.html (1264 words)

	CV Exam: February 16, 1999
		Venoconstriction is pharmacologically induced causing mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) to increase from 7 to 9 mm Hg while total peripheral resistance remains unchanged.
		(E) the pressure difference across the total peripheral resistance to be increased by 2 mm Hg.
		In a Starling heart-lung preparation, heart rate and total peripheral resistance (TPR) are held constant and venous return is doubled.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /~wweems/cv-exam99 (734 words)

	[No title]
		Blood pressure, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance were measured.
		Also, the total peripheral resistance increased with the D-camphor, although not significantly.
		At the beginning and end of each period, a hemodynamic profile with blood pressure measurements in the supine position as well as total peripheral resistance and systolic time intervals was generated and recorded for up to 6 hours after the 1st and the 28th day doses.
	www.herbalgram.org /bodywise/herbclip/review.asp?i=43733 (883 words)

	Endothelin antagonist reduces hemodynamic responses to vasopressin in DOCA-salt hypertension -- Yu et al. 281 (6): 2511 ...
		TPR, because the values for CO were not significantly different.
		increase in TPR was evoked by 5.5 ng · kg
		Total peripheral conductance mediates antihypertensive effect of nonpeptide mixed endothelin receptor antagonist in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/6/H2511 (4001 words)

	Journal SLEEP
		Stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and ejection duration were derived from the blood pressure waveform.
		Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output were similar in controls and patients with preeclampsia during wakefulness, while total peripheral resistance was significantly elevated.
		Sleep induced marked decrements in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output in preeclamptic subjects and resulted in further increments in total peripheral resistance.
	www.journalsleep.org /citation/sleepdata.asp?citationid=2321 (311 words)

	Postexercise decrease in arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and in circulatory responses to brief ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Postexercise decrease in arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and in circulatory responses to brief hyperoxia in subjects with mild essential hypertension
		In HTS a significant decrease in SBP by 14.5
		Hyperoxia decreased SBP, DBP and TPR in HTS.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/jhh/journal/v12/n12/abs/1000716a.html (372 words)

	Sean Mulhern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Previous research we conducted indicates that exercise has a negative effect on the total peripheral resistance.
		We predicted that if different types of exercise have different effect on physiology, then there will be a significant difference in total peripheral resistance after aerobic exercise versus after anaerobic exercise.
		Total peripheral resistance is lower in aerobic exercise because the blood pressure is higher which causes more blood to be pumped which intern causes capillary beds in the muscles to dilate.
	www.colorado.edu /eeb/courses/1230jbasey/abstracts/mulhern.html (438 words)

	Sauna by Airwall, Sauna Kit, Infrared Sauna, Radiant Heat Sauna, Portable Saunas, Build a Sauna, Factory Direct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Peripheral Occlusive Disease: "The goal is to maintain an optimal blood flow rate to the affected part...
		All of the subjects in one experiment had significant decrease in arterial, venous and mean blood pressure that lasted for at least 24 hours and was linked, according to the researchers, to a persistent peripheral dilation effect.
		During each infrared session, there was a significant decrease of blood pressure, cardiac ejection resistance, and total peripheral resistance in every subject.
	www.saunasfactorydirect.com /infrared.shtml (5127 words)

	Sympathetic discharge and vascular resistance after bed rest -- Shoemaker et al. 84 (2): 612 -- Journal of Applied ...
		(17, 28) and decreases (1) in vascular resistance being
		peripheral resistance was due to reductions in cardiac output
		of microgravity on forearm subcutaneous vascular resistance in
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/84/2/612 (3692 words)

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