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Topic: Total social fact

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Marcel Mauss

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	Durkheim - Social Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		If one views the facts as they are and indeed as they have always been, it is patently obvious that all education consists of a continual effort to impose upon the child ways of seeing, thinking and acting which he himself would not have arrived at spontaneously.
		A social fact is identifiable through the power of external coercion which it exerts or is capable of exerting upon individuals.
		Doubtless every social fact is imitated and has, as we have just shown, a tendency to become generalised, but this is because it is social, i.e.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/DSS/Durkheim/SOCFACT.HTML (3701 words)

	Social Watch: Country by country
		If social spending is considered to include all expenditures covering costs and investments in social security and assistance, health, education and culture, labor, housing, sanitation and environmental protection, the data show a significant increase in social spending in the 1993–96 period (the provision for 1996 is 70% higher than for 1993).
		The simple fact that the government is still discussing a general strategy for state action in the social area, after a year in office, reveals the marginal attention given thus far to social policies in the Cardoso government.
		Based on a diagnosis indicating that the problem with social policies in Brazil is not so much the insufficiency of public spending in social areas as it is the poor quality of that spending, the program was established as a mechanism to increase the efficiency and impact of social spending geared to fighting poverty.
	www.socialwatch.org /en/informesNacionales/291.html (4339 words)

	Social fact - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In positivist sociology, social facts are the social structures and cultural norms and values that are external to, and coercive of, actors (Ritzer 2000:73).
		Social facts would be represented by social norms or social institutions within the collective conscience or collective representations, which is internalized by individuals as morals which inevitably constrain their behaviour (Marshall 1994: 486).
		A total social fact is such that it informs and organises seemingly quite distinct practices and institutions." (Edgar 2002:157) The term was popularized by Marcel Mauss in his The Gift and coined by his student Maurice Leenhardt after Durkheim.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/total_social_fact (740 words)

	Why social justice is a specious idea (Michael Eldred)
		To show that social justice is a specious idea requires first laying out what social being is. The ontological dimension of whoness, as distinct from that of the traditional metaphysical category of whatness, must be explicitly conceptualized to see clearly in what the social being of human beings consists.
		Social justice, by contrast, is a notion concerned with caring for the members of society whose proper name is charity.
		In truth, however, social justice not only fundamentally collides with the rights of individual liberty by negating the outcome of free and fair social interplay, but it is not even justice in the true sense, that is, as long as justice is connected with a notion of ‘to each his own’ and ‘just deserts’.
	www.webcom.com /artefact/untpltcl/scljstsp.html (7888 words)

	Social Security Issue Guide: Facts at a Glance
		Social Security paid a total of $471 billion to retired workers, disabled workers, and to the surviving family members of deceased workers in 2001 (SSA 2004 Trustees Report).
		Social Security's finances are not subject to the ups and downs of the stock market, or the luck of individual investors.
		Social Security replaces the source of income a worker has lost due to retirement or disability, or the income a family has lost due to the worker's death.
	www.epinet.org /content.cfm/issueguide_socialsecurityfacts (2154 words)

	Fact Sheet on Alcohol and Drug Use in Nepal
		Although more than 60% of the total population is under the category of traditional alcohol users only 39% use alcohol with 48% of males and 29% of females.
		The total no. of large, medium and small alcohol industries registered in the ministry of industry, was 68 (36 distilleries, 8 breweries and 24 small-scale industries by the year 2000).
		Children of alcoholics are found to show less social competency to have more internalizing and externalizing behaviours, to take part in more negative activities, have lower academic achievement, and more psychologically distressed.
	www.cwin.org.np /press_room/factsheet/alcohol_drug.htm (447 words)

	Defaulting on the Social Security Trust Fund Bonds: Winners and Losers, by Dean Baker, CEPR, July 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In fact, one of the first acts of the new government, after the constitution was ratified, was to repay in full the debts incurred by the states during the Revolutionary War.
		It also allocates the additional Social Security taxes, which would be needed to make up for the bonds, to determine which groups are net gainers and losers under this proposal.
		Table 1 shows the total gains from the default by income quintile as well as the gains for the top 10 percent, 5 percent, and 1 percent of households.
	cepr.net /publications/social_security_2001_07_23.htm (2835 words)

	Social fact Details, Meaning Social fact Article and Explanation Guide
		In positivist sociology, a social fact is an abstraction external to the individual which constrains that individual's actions.
		Thus a social factor is an external constraint, such as a norm or institution, within the collective consience or collective representations, which is interalized by individuals as morals which inevitably constrain their behaviour (Marshall 1994: 486).
		A total social fact is such that it informs and organises seemingly quite distinct practices and institutions." (Edgar 2002:157) The term was popularized by Marcel Mauss in his The Gift and coined by his student Maurice Leenhardt after Durkheim.
	www.e-paranoids.com /s/so/social_fact.html (699 words)

	Incorporating Social Factors
		Before discussing social factors specifically, it is important to have a general understanding of why social factors are important and relevant to the field of instructional design.
		Social factors are important to ID because instructional products have not been widely utilized in educational and training settings (Burkman, 1987).
		Incorporating social factors into the process of instructional development is essential to creating instructional products that are both instructionally sound and desirable to potential adopters.
	www.gsu.edu /~wwwitr/docs/social/index.html (3826 words)

	How Today's Social Security Works
		Social Security is the most popular government program and touches the life of every worker in America, but most people know little or nothing about how it operates.
		Social Security also pays lifetime monthly income to workers who are disabled and, in some cases, to their spouses and children under the age of 18.
		The total annual amount that the family can receive from Social Security depends on a number of factors but is between 150 percent and 188 percent of the worker’s full retirement benefit amount.
	www.heritage.org /Research/SocialSecurity/bg1827.cfm (8629 words)

	False Attacks Over "Windfalls" to Wall Street (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Total costs of TSP accounts run about 6 basis points per year -- which is another way of saying 6/100ths of one percent per year of total assets being managed.
		In fact, the Social Security Administration's Chief Actuary estimates that the total cost of administering private accounts would be about 30 basis point -- or $30 per year for every $10,000 invested.
		Interestingly, Barclays isn't pushing for private Social Security accounts even though it is one of the four or five investment firms that are positioned to profit from the sort of accounts being proposed by Bush -- firms that specialize in large index funds for the pension industry.
	www.factcheck.org /article310m.html (2398 words)

	Social Security Disability Newsletter
		Whether someone has already filed a claim or just wants to know about Social Security disability law, it is best to get advice right away.
		Social Security requires that a disability "last or be expected to last for 12 consecutive months." This does not mean that one must wait 12 months to file, a common misunderstanding.
		Qualifying for Social Security or SSI disability benefits can provide both income and this important medical treatment coverage.
	www.disability-links.com /newsletter.html (590 words)

	Issue Update: Social Security
		Social Security is funded by the payroll taxes of current workers to pay the benefits of current retirees.
		Social Security was never meant to be a fully funded pension program, nor does it contain genuine assets.
		This account would remain the property of the individual and would be dedicated to their Social Security retirement benefit instead of being spent by the federal government to mask the true size of our deficit.
	www.house.gov /ryan/issuepapers/socialsecurityissuepaper.html (1413 words)

	MedievelTotalWar
		Medieval: Total War is the proof behind the proverbial pudding, providing an exceptional strategy based game with all of the historical trappings surrounding the medieval times to make even the biggest history buff happy.
		For example, the British have the ability to generate such unique units as Welsh Longbow men, and have the easiest defense capabilities of their home territories due to the fact that Britain is an island, removed from the mainland of Europe.
		Again, each empire found within Medieval: Total War gives a unique and historical perspective to the art of war, commerce, diplomacy, and resource management that can be found between the 9th and 13th centuries, adding immensely to the games replayability.
	www.the-laser.com /medieveltotalwar.htm (1614 words)

	Fact Attack
		Disability benefits are payable at any age to people who have earned enough Social Security credits and who have a severe physical or mental impairment that is expected to prevent them from doing "substantial" work for a year or more or who have a condition that is expected to result in death.
		One of every three Social Security beneficiaries is not a retiree, but is a disabled worker or family member, or a survivor of a worker who has died.
		Social Security provides disability coverage for a worker with a family equivalent to about a $233,000 disability policy.
	www.ssa.gov /pressoffice/factattack.htm (542 words)

	Tompaine.com - Print Page
		The proposed cuts are phased in over time, but an average wage earner who is 20 today will see their total Social Security benefits cut by close to $160,000 over their retirement.
		Social Security also has a minimal amount of fraud and abuse, as numerous government audits have repeatedly documented.
		Some may recall the fact that the administration concealed its estimates of the cost of its Medicare prescription drug plan as Congress narrowly approved the measure.
	www.tompaine.com /print/social_security_is_not_in_crisis.php (647 words)

	NASW Standards for Continuing Professional Education
		Social workers who hold state licenses, or other credentials and/or are required from employers and managed care companies to complete a certain amount of continuing education credits are reminded to refer to those entities for guidance and requirements.
		This section identifies the types of learning experiences available to social workers and emphasizes that continuing education is a self-directed process, requiring commitments to one’s own professional growth, to the advancement of social work, and to improving behavioral outcomes for individuals’ served.
		The social worker has a threefold responsibility for determining the content and course of continuing education: a responsibility to clients, to self, and to the profession.
	www.socialworkers.org /practice/standards/cont_professional_ed.asp (3018 words)

	Social Capital In Action
		In fact, I have come to realize that these resources are one of the main factors behind the extraordinary dynamism of civil society and the remarkable achievements of small NGOs (non-governmental organizations) that we are witnessing in many parts of the Arab world.
		It is this dimension of social capital to which I would like to draw your attention: the capacity of group members to provide mutual support and cooperate to successfully complete a project.
		In fact, the AMD is responsible for the phenomenal growth of rural NGOs in southern Morocco and the High Atlas, two regions that account for a substantial number of former emigrants.
	www.worldbank.org /wbi/mdf/mdf1/socialcp.htm (3857 words)

	History Fact Sheet
		This important fact is sometimes overlooked by some members of America's present-minded society.
		If one is to understand the present and approach the future intelligently, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the past.
		A total of 39 credits in history are required in each of the options.
	www.ndsu.edu /ndsu/academic/factsheets/ahss/history.shtml (1081 words)

	Social Security Fact Sheet
		At that point, Social Security—if it has not been weakened—will still be able to pay, out of current payroll taxes, about 75% of the benefits it has promised.
		By increasing payroll taxes and raising the retirement age from 65 to 67, Congress adjusted Social Security in 1983, when it was only weeks away from default.
		Social Security in its present form tells us and others that we are bound to one another and care about each other’s fate.
	www.kzoo4peace.org /SocialSecurityFacts.htm (905 words)

	Social Security Issuing Annual Statements To 125 Million Workers
		A total of the Social Security taxes paid by the worker and his/her employer over the individual's working career.
		One out of every three Social Security beneficiaries is not a retiree but a disabled worker, or a member of a disabled worker's family, or a survivor of a worker who has died.
		Social Security was designed only to provide part of total retirement income.
	www.ssa.gov /pressoffice/statementfact.html (714 words)

	Billions With Zero Knowledge
		The answer is simple: the gift is a “total prestation”, imbued with “spiritual mechanisms”, engaging the honour of both giver and receiver (the term “total prestation” or “total social fact” (fait social total) was coined by his student Maurice Leenhardt after Durkheim’s social fact).
		Our panel was on social change and charity online, and I was a little nervous when I accepted the invitation because Akoha, my main project and current startup, is still under development and has yet to launch anything.
		Tom’s write up of the panel say’s it all when he mentions we were both grounded and authentic and I think the fact that neither of us were selling anything, just sharing our experiences that shaped our careers and how we are choosing to be entrepreneurs is what resonated with people.
	www.billionswithzeroknowledge.com (4946 words)

	Attention as a Social Fact. Many-to-Many: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The curious thing about trust, though, is that it is a social fact, a fact that is only true when people think it is true.
		Social facts are real facts, and have considerable weight in the world….Ebay has become trustworthy over time because the social fact of its trustworthiness grew with the number of successful transactions and with its ability to find and rectify bad actors…Like trustworthiness, authority is a social fact, though authorities often want to obscure this.
		A PhD is an authority figure because we all agree that the work that goes into getting a doctorate (itself a social fact) is a legitimate source of authority.
	many.corante.com /archives/2005/01/08/attention_as_a_social_fact.php (1098 words)

	FactCheck.org Bush Still Fudging the Numbers on Kerry's Tax Votes
		But strictly speaking, separate legislation would be required to bring about an actual tax increase. In fact, budget resolutions are not even submitted to the President, much less made into law.
		Kerry once told newspaper interviewers that he deserved credit as a deficit hawk for supporting such an increase, but the fact is he had passed up a chance to cosponsor a Senate bill that would have done that, never voted for such an increase, and says he opposes such an increase now.
		The votes on the fiscal '96 budget are a good example, as the increases would have fallen on those making over $140,000 a year.Currently, Kerry promises to repeal the Bush cuts only for those making over $200,000 a year.
	www.factcheck.org /article247.html (1229 words)

	Agenda 21 - Tanzania
		Poverty is also a factor in accelerating environmental degradation in many parts of the country, since the poor, with shorter time horizons and usually less secure access to natural resources, are unable and often unwilling to invest in natural resource management but rather strive for a survival existence.
		The population of Tanzania depicts a typical young age structure, with about 46% of its total population below age 15; 50% between the ages of 15 and 64 years; and only 4.3% of the total population being 65 years and older.
		This, in spite of the fact that societal demand for secondary education is high; and the percentage of primary school leavers entering secondary schools has increased from 4.8% in 1981 to 13.3% in 1993.
	www.un.org /esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/tanzania/social.htm (2818 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - French society
		France has a total labor force of some 26 million (nearly half the total population).
		66% of total social security spending (29% of GDP) comes from employers, employees' contributions and 16% from taxes, including earmarked taxes such as the CSG (Contribution sociale généralisée - social security contribution levied on virtually all sources of income).
		As a result of this demand for health services, the public health insurance system is the only branch of the social security system still in deficit despite the reforms.
	www.ambafrance-us.org /atoz/social.asp (673 words)

	Natural Resources Management Fact Sheet
		Respective departments and their faculties are actively involved with the advising, classroom teaching and coordination of this interdisciplinary program.
		Social Sciences--This emphasis area prepares students for management, administrative, regulatory and policy positions that require a broad understanding of the social, biological and physical aspects of natural resources management and allocation.
		This area concentrates on human factors (social, political, economic) in environmental management, while recognizing constraints and opportunities presented by physical and biological factors.
	www.ndsu.edu /ndsu/academic/factsheets/eng_arch/natresman.shtml (717 words)

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