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Topic: Totipotent

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	Classes of Stem Cells
		There are three classes of stem cells: totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent (also known as unipotent).
		Totipotency is a stem cell’s ability to divide and transform itself into any cell required for proper fetal development.
		A pluripotent cell is derived from a totipotent cell.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Classes_of_Stem_Cells (240 words)

	totipotent
		A distinction is drawn between totipotent stem cells which are capable of developing into a human being and pluripotent stem cells which are not so capable.
		Totipotent stem cells â“ those capable of developing into a human being â“are excluded from patentability on the grounds of human dignity as set out in the...
		The report states that totipotent stem cells (those capable of developing into a human being) are excluded from patentability on the grounds of human dignity...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/totipotent.html (429 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions About Stem Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pluripotent stem cells are descendants of the totipotent stem cells of the embryo.
		Totipotent cells, like the cells of a fertilized egg in the first few days after fertilization, can give rise to a fully functional organism.
		During normal development, the totipotent cells become more specialized and are considered pluripotent, meaning that they can give rise to every cell type in the body, but will not give rise to the placenta or supporting tissues necessary for fetal development.
	www.stemcellresearchfoundation.org /About/FAQ.htm (4167 words)

	The Lasker Foundation \| Embryonic Stem Cells
		Totipotent cells have the capacity to specialize into extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all postembryonic tissues and organs.
		Approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a blastocyst.
		Because their potential is not total, they are not totipotent and they are not embryos.
	www.laskerfoundation.org /news/weis/estemcell.html (2997 words)

	Review 5
		Totipotent stem cells are, "stem cells, which are cells that have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells, and are best described in the context of normal human development" (Borror 54).
		A fertilized egg is a totipotent stem cell because it can produce any type of cell that is formed in the body.
		The totipotent stem cell is the ultimate cell that researchers wish to work with.
	www.msu.edu /~seller22/atlproject/review5.html (791 words)

	Center for Neurological Disorders - News Feature
		Totipotent stem cells have the potential become any cell in the body from the total range of possibilities (brain, heart, liver, skin, etc.).
		An example of a multipotent stem cell is a blood stem cell that could become a white blood cell, a red blood cell, or a platelet; it could not, however, become a nerve cell.
		According to the National Institutes of Health''s primer on stem cells (http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm), the development of totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells can be illustrated by a review of normal human development.
	www.cndpa.com /news.asp (1567 words)

	PCBE: Transcripts (February 13, 2002: Session 1)
		You are reprogramming the totipotent cell or the somatic cell to become a totipotent cell and you need the oocyte to do that at this point in our knowledge.
		And, therefore, to call one a totipotent cell and to call the other one an embryo or a zygote might be technically correct but it would be to substitute a certain technical meaning for the human import.
		If the genus is totipotent cell then we know that the natural forming embryo can become a person so that kind of totipotent cell can turn into a baby and we do not know whether this other kind of totipotent cell can.
	www.bioethics.gov /transcripts/feb02/feb13session1.html (7569 words)

	OSPA: Cloning: Present Uses and Promises
		In other words, the cell can never become totipotent again—at least that is what scientists once thought until the remarkable experiment that resulted in the birth of the sheep Dolly.
		As described previously, once gene activation directs a totipotent cell to specialize into a specific type of cell, it had been thought that totipotency is lost; in other words, once "muscle genes" are activated, the cell will never produce anything other than muscle cells.
		Scientists understood that somatic cell nuclear transfer could be used to investigate many of the complex events that occur during the development of normal cell differentiation, and possibly provide insight into the development of abnormal cells.
	ospp.od.nih.gov /policy/cloning.asp (2516 words)

	GOT It! (TM) Terms Beginning with T
		totipotent: Cells that have the ability to develop into any of the many different cell types which make up multicellular organisms.
		Embryos are composed of large numbers of totipotent cells which decline in number as development proceeds and cell specialization begins to occur.
		Such totipotent or "stem cells" offer the possibility of a number of therapeutic uses such as repairing heart muscle after a heart attack or brain function after a stroke.
	www.cs.uu.nl /people/ronnie/local/genome/t.html (822 words)

	Saving Superman: A Look into Stem Cell Research - Part I - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study ...
		There are three main classes of stems cells: totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent.
		Totipotent Cells: After fertilization (union of sperm and egg), the zygote created is a totipotent cell, meaning it has the genetic potential to create every cell of the body and the nourishing placenta and extra-embryonic tissues, and thus can form a human being.
		This one totipotent cell divides into multiple totipotent cells for up to five days (three to four cellular divisions) after fertilization.
	www.sciencecases.org /superman/superman1a.asp (744 words)

	lifeissues.net \| Scientific References: totipotency, twinning
		Future somatic cells thereby lose their totipotency and are liable to senescence, whereas germ cells regain their totipotency after meiosis and fertilization.
		Each cell (blastomere) is considered to be still totipotent (capable, on isolation, of forming a complete embryo), and separation of these early cells is believed to account for one-third of cases of monozygotic twinning.
		AMERICAN SOCIETY OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE (http://www.asrm.com/Media/Ethics/embsplit.html) Because early embryonic cells are totipotent, the possibility of splitting or separating the blastomeres of early preimplantation embryos to increase the number of embryos that are available for IVF treatment of infertility is being discussed.
	www.lifeissues.net /writers/irvi/irvi_01references.html (2945 words)

	The Harry M. Zweig Memorial Fund for Equine Research - Currently Funded Projects
		ES cells are considered totipotent as they possess the capacity to become (differentiate into) literally any cell type in the body.
		While the existence of 10-week old cultures that appear to be ES cells based on their shape (morphology) and staining for markers (immunohistochemistry) is encouraging, further propagation with continuous testing is required to definitively identify our cells as totipotent ES cells.
		The goal of this proposal is to build on the progress made during the 2003 funding period where we established two putative ES cell lines.
	www.vet.cornell.edu /PUBLIC/Research/zweig/fortier04.htm (1156 words)

	WarmUp 7 responses
		Totipotent means that a stem cells form when ferilized egg first divides, totipotent stem cells can develop into a person.
		Totipotent means that it can form all (this being the keyword!!) types of structures in the body.
		I am not sure what totipotent means, and i dont really want to take a guess at it.
	www.biology.iupui.edu /biocourses/N100/2k2warmup7resp.html (924 words)

	Stem Cell Topic: Question: What is the Embryonic Status of Totipotent and Pluripotent Stem Cells? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Is it accurate to attribute the status of embryo to totipotent stem cells and deny it to pluripotent stem cells?
		Totipotent stem cells are capable of producing all tissue, including the
		Totipotent stem cells have the potential of becoming embryos.
	www.meta-library.net /stemtp/quest2-body.html (383 words)

	Stem Cell Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		totipotent stem cell, which means that it has the potential to create any type of cell necessary for embryonic development (this included extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo itself, and all postembryonic tissues and organs).
		Because these cells are still totipotent, it means that any one of these cells has the potential to develop into an entire human being.
		The totipotent cells undergo several rounds of cell division.
	www.molbio.princeton.edu /courses/mb427/2001/projects/09/SObasics.htm (454 words)

	lifeissues.net \| Framing the Debates on Human Cloning and Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Pluripotent vs. TOTIPOTENT
		Soon the totipotent cells begin to differentiate, on their way to becoming the complex organism that human beings are.
		The term "totipotent" does not only mean that a cell can produce "all the cells, tissues and organs of the later adult human being" (as with the single-cell human organism or zygote immediately produced sexually or asexually).
		Cloning by nuclear transfer does not result in a "genetically identical" embryo because the mitochondrial DNA of the donor cell is not transferred, and the mitochondrial DNA of the enucleated oocyte remains in the cloned embryo.
	www.lifeissues.net /writers/irv/irv_100debatecloning1.html (3377 words)

	Stem Cell Primer
		The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells; inside the hollow sphere is a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass.
		Note that the process of changing from totipotent to pluripotent to multipotent cells is not reversible that is, pluripotent stem cells do not produce totipotent stem cells, and multipotent stem cells do not produce pluripotent stem cells.
		Then, under carefully worked out laboratory conditions, a somatic cell —; any cell other than an egg or a sperm cell —; is placed next to the egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the two are fused.
	forum.ra.utk.edu /2000spring/stem.html (3231 words)

	Stem cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a strict sense, this makes stem cells either totipotent or pluripotent, although some multipotent and/or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.
		Totipotent stem cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell.
		Pluripotent stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into cells derived from the three germ layers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stem_cells (1890 words)

	Essays.cc - Genetic Engineering
		Totipotent cells, like the cells in a fertilized embryo, give rise to somatic cells as the totipotent cells continuously divide, thereby creating the different somatic cells that formulate a fetal human being.
		During the gestation period, the genetic material from the somatic cell would spawn totipotent cells in the embryo and would begin creating the totipotent cells necessary for development.
		By isolating the DNA of a somatic cell during a somatic cell nuclear transfer; the DNA of an existing human directs the development of a fetal human being from the totipotent embryonic cells.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/c3/rns48.shtml (1031 words)

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