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Topic: Totonacan Languages

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	Totonacan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Totonacan Languages are a family of closely-related languages spoken by approximately 200,000 speakers in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico.
		The Totonacan languages are not demonstrably related to any other languages, although they show numerous areal features with other languages of the Mesoamerican sprachbund such as the Mayan languages and Nahuatl.
		Although the family is traditionally divided into two languages, Totonac and Tepehua, the various dialects thereof are not mutually intelligible and thus Totonac and Tepehua are better characterized as families in themselves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Totonac_language (427 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Language_families_and_languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Language_families_and_languages (877 words)

	Encyclopedia: Language families and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Ainu language (Ainu: ã‚¢ã‚¤ãƒŒ ã‚¤ã‚¿ã‡°, aynu itak; Japanese: ã‚¢ã‚¤ãƒŒèªž, ainu-go) is spoken by the Ainu ethnic group on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.
		Nivkh or Gilyak (ethnonym: Nivxi) (language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) is a language spoken in Outer Manchuria, in the basin of the Amgun, a tributary of the Amur, along the lower reaches of the Amur and on the northern half of Sakhalin.
		A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Language-families-and-languages (7478 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		Native American languages cannot be differentiated as a linguistic unit from other languages of the world but are grouped into a number of separate linguistic stocks having significantly different phonetics, vocabularies, and grammars.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Carolyn J. MacKay and Frank R. Trechsel
		The goal of this project was to yield a sufficient corpus of linguistic material to support the description and analysis of Pisaflores Tepehua, an endangered and undocumented Totonacan language, spoken in the vicinity of Pisaflores, Veracruz in México.
		Pisaflores Tepehua is one of three languages that constitute the Tepehua branch of the Totonacan language family.
		However, the Tepehua language is rapidly being replaced by Spanish in the daily life of the community and there is every indication that this pattern of replacement is accelerating with increased contact with the national language and culture.
	www.famsi.org /reports/01062/section01.htm (1175 words)

	Totonacan (15) (from Meso-American Indian languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The American Indian languages do not form a single historically interrelated stock (as do the Indo-European languages), nor are there any structural features (in phonetics, grammar, or vocabulary) whereby American Indian languages can be distinguished as a whole from...
		The language of the Aryans was Sanskrit, which eventually became the classic literary language of Hinduism, the leading religion of India.
		A language family that covers a broad geographical region and a vast historical period, the Semitic language group is part of an even larger language family known as Afro-Asiatic, or Hamito-Semitic.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-75329?tocId=75329 (839 words)

	Stocks and families of Mexican languages
		The indigenous languages of Mexico belong to three major groups, sometimes called 'linguistic stocks', besides six 'linguistic families' that are not related to other languages.
		Regardless of the details of family subgroupings, the Otomanguean stock, which includes languages from as far north as the states of Hidalgo and Querétaro (Otomi) and as far south as Nicaragua (Mangue, now extinct), is a group of languages whose potential for the study of language change over the centuries rivals that of Indo-European languages.
		The genetic relationship of the languages which are today known as the Uto-Aztecan language stock was recognized by the late 19th century and firmly established by the middle of the 20th century.
	www.sil.org /MEXICO/22i-Stocks.htm (1076 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		DEAF SIGN LANGUAGES (114 Languages) (subclass DeafSignLanguage ManualHumanLanguage) (documentation DeafSignLanguage "A &%DeafSignLanguage is a &%ManualHumanLanguage primarily intended for communication between a deaf individual and a hearing individual or between deaf individuals.") (instance AdamorobeSignLanguage DeafSignLanguage) (documentation AdamorobeSignLanguage "&%AdamorobeSignLanguage is a &%DeafSignLanguage of &%Ghana.
		Sign language interpreters provided in court, for college students, at important public events, in job training, at social services programs, in mental health service programs, some instruction for parents of deaf children, many sign language classes for hearing people.
		Mountains.") ;; DUTCH-BASED CREOLE LANGUAGES (4 Languages) (subclass DutchBasedCreoleLanguage CreoleLanguage) (documentation ArabicBasedCreoleLanguage "A &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage is a &%CreoleLanguage using a grammatical and core lexical foundation of the &%DutchLanguage.") (instance BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage DutchBasedCreoleLanguage) (documentation BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage "The &%BerbiceCreoleDutchLanguage is a &%DutchBasedCreoleLanguage of &%Guyana.
	cvs.sourceforge.net /viewcvs.py/sigmakee/KBs/People.kif?rev=1.2 (12614 words)

	Language_family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		However, it is possible to recover many of the features of the common ancestor of related languages by applying the comparative method -- a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th-century linguist August Schleicher.
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		The common ancestor of a family (or branch) is known as its "protolanguage".
	www.tuxedo-shop.com /search.php?title=Language_family (736 words)

	Totonacan Family
		The Totonacan family includes various languages or variants that have been called Totonac and Tepehua.
		They are spoken in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo, and Veracruz.
		May be reproduced for nonprofit use so long as it is not modified in any way.
	www.sil.org /mexico/totonaca/00i-totonaca.htm (75 words)

	Mayan (16) (from Meso-American Indian languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		This family, with 24 languages and nearly 3,500,000 speakers, is the most diversified and populous language family of Meso-America.
		The Huastec language is separated by more than 1,000 miles from the nearest other Mayan language.
		More results on "Mayan (16) (from Meso-American Indian languages)" when you join.
	secure.britannica.com /eb/article-75330?tocId=75330 (898 words)

	arthritis pain relief - Native American languages
		The language or languages spoken by these early migrants, and the process by which the current diversity of Native American languages emerged, are a matter of speculation.
		Several Native American languages have developed their own writing systems, including the Mayan languages and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs.
		Native American languages vary greatly in the number of speakers, from Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, and Nahuatl with millions of active speakers to a number of languages with only a handful of elderly speakers.
	www.painreliefchat.com /arthritis-pain-relief/Native_American_languages (620 words)

	MESOAMERICAN LANGUAGES
		Mesoamerican languages are grouped into families on a "genetic" basis, and
		Another language family with representatives in Mesoamerica is:
		Recent years have seen changes in the way that the names of native languages are spelled.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/stross/ant322m_files/languages.htm (989 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.294: Reactions to Languages Listed in ISO 639
		The Klingon Language Institute (www.kli.org) and its quarterly journal _HolQeD_ (http://www.kli.org/study/HolQeD.html ; ISSN: 1061-2327; catalogued by MLA) are the centers of study of this language, originally developed by Dr. Marc Okrand.
		It is the sole minority language native to Portugal, and is spoken in the North-West.
		Toda, Kota, and Kuruba (maybe several separate languages), found along the border of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, should also be included, since their phonemic systems are distinctive and there is a fair amount of scholarship on them, both past and present.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/11/11-294.html (5518 words)

	MacKay Abstract
		as "symmetrical object languages" and to languages in which only the
		a Totonacan language spoken in the vicinity of Misantla, Veracruz, is
		a symmetrical object language in Bresnan and Moshi's sense.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /events/speakers/abstracts/Winter_2005/454.html (215 words)

	David Beck's Homepage
		My interests include typology, the semantics/syntax interface, cognitive linguistics, and Native American languages, particularly Salishan and the Northwest Coast Sprachbund.
		document Upper Necaxa Totonac, a previously undescribed language spoken in the Sierra Norte of Puebla State in Mexico.
		I am particularly interested in the dynamics of grammatical diffusion found in a Sprachbund or residual zone, an area where large numbers of languages -- frequently genetically unrelated or only distantly related to one another -- have coexisted for centuries without wholesale language shift or replacement of local languages by a socio-economically more powerful neighbour.
	www.ualberta.ca /~dbeck (226 words)

	MESOAMERICAN LANGUAGES
		Today there are 7O + Indian languages in Middle America, spoken by 6,5OO,OO Souls (1990 census - 5,300,000) (2000 census – 6,044,547); 3O of these are Mayan.
		Mesoamerican languages are grouped into families on a "genetic" basis, and determinations
		Indigenous languages has been the S.I.L. (Summer Institute of Linguistics), beginning about 1935.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/stross/ant322m_files/langfeat.htm (898 words)

	Language families and languages - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Creole languages, pidgins, and trade languages" class="as-lk">Creole languages, pidgins, and trade languages
		Chibchan languages (Central America & South America) (22)
		# Ainu language or languages (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=18190 (763 words)

	physics - Language families and languages
		According to the Ethnologue[1], the largest language families are:
		Kutenai language (Canada: British Columbia; US: Idaho, Montana)
		Makaton - for children and adults with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom - constructed language
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Language_families (696 words)

	ClayGate 496-499 : African, North & South American native & Austronesian languages
		Suite101.com : 499 - Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, Austronesian languages, miscellaneous languages
		Katherine Munro's Language Teaching Resources : Indonesian
		The Georgian Language : an outline grammatical description
	library.bendigo.latrobe.edu.au /irs/webcat/496.htm (318 words)

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