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Topic: Toubon law

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Toubon Law
		The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language), is a law of the French government mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, advertisements, and some other contexts.
		Some dispositions of the law were found to be unconstitutional by the Constitutional Council (decision 94-345 DC), on grounds that they violated freedom of speech, after a complaint by members of parliament of the left-wing opposition.
		One incident related to the Toubon law became particularly known in the United States of America, as it concerned the French branch of an American college.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Toubon_Law (664 words)

	[No title]
		In all cases where the remarks, announcements and inscriptions referred to in articles 2 and 3 of the present law are completed by one or more translations, the presentation in French must be as legible, audible and intelligible as the presentation in the foreign languages.
		Breaches of the provisions of the texts drafted for the application of the present law shall be notified by reports which shall be considered as authentic documents unless the contrary is proved.
		The provisions of the present law apply without prejudice to the legislation and regulations relative to regional languages in France and is not against their use.
	www.culture.fr /culture/dglf/lois/loi-gb.htm (2247 words)

	Ascend Media Gaming Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Toubon witnessed first-hand the tumultuous debate in the Parliament earlier this year over a directive to guide the EU-wide market in services - which thousands in Western Europe took to the streets to oppose - and he voted with the majority to exclude gambling from it.
		It was a statement in EU law that monopolies exist solely to serve the aims of social protection for which, ostensibly, they were established.
		Toubon is no stranger to controversy either and has been the butt of jokes in France over legislation he sponsored enforcing the use of the French language in official government publications and advertisements published in France.
	www.ascendgaming.com /IGWB/magazine_archive/0706IGWBMOsecond.htm (2218 words)

	Toubon Law (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A nickname is ''Loi Allgood'' – "Allgood" is a syllable-per-syllable translation of "Toubon" into English, whereas the law can largely be considered to have been enacted in reaction to the increasing usage of English in advertisements and other occasions in France.
		In addition, the law specifies obligations for public legal persons (government administrations etc.), mandating the use of French in publications, or at least in summaries of publications.
		All course descriptions on its internet site were in English, which was supposed to violate French law in the reasoning of the two associations: according to them, these course descriptions constituted an advertisement for this private college and thus fell under the Toubon law.
	www.seattleluxury.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/entry/Toubon_Law (650 words)

	Freedom of Expression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Issue: the deputies claimed that the proposed law was contrary to principles of freedom of communication, thought, and opinion, freedom of commerce and industry, and freedom of education.
		Article 7 of the Law imposed restraints that "injure the free exercise of the freedom of expression and communication in teaching and research." because there were no conditions attached to this option.
		Moreover, provisions of the loi Toubon that required private persons and radio, sound, or television broadcastings to employ official French terminology, under penalty of sanctions, were unconstitutional, pursuant to Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
	hrcr.law.columbia.edu /safrica/expression/N94-345.html (323 words)

	Free Speech Encyclopedia Article @ FreeStops.com (Free Stops) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Each party to the convention must alter its laws and policies to conform with the Convention, some, such as the radio and the South Korean constitution, have expressly incorporated the Convention into their domestic laws.
		A law voted on cartoon controversy 2005 created article L. 630 (renamed L. 3421-4) of the Public Health Code, which punishes the "positive presentation of drugs" and the "incitement to their consumption" with up to five years in prison and fines up to €76,000.
		UK laws on defamation are also considered among the strictest in the Western world, imposing a high burden of proof on the defendant.
	www.freestops.com /encyclopedia/Free_speech (5914 words)

	Toubon Law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The law was met by mixed reactions in France.
		This law has sometimes been inaccurately described in the English-language press.
		Text of the Toubon law (in French; unconstitutional dispositions are marked as such)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toubon_Law (653 words)

	IP TALK » Blog Archive » TALK OVER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Toubon law relating to the use of French language applies in France since August 4, 1994.
		The Toubon Law is not a basis for refusal by the French Trademarks Office (INPI) concerning trademarks composed of foreign word(s).
		The key-point of the Toubon law is the use of a foreign word.
	www.ip-talk.eu /?p=173 (849 words)

	Freedom of speech (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Under international law, restrictions on Free speech are required to comport with a strict three part test: they must be provided by law; pursue an aim recognized as legitimate; and they must be necessary (i.e., proportionate) for the accomplishment of that aim.
		In December 2004, a controversial addition was made to the law, criminalizing the prohibition to hatred or violence against people because of their sexual orientation.
		The 1994 Toubon Law restricts the use of foreign language words in government official publications and commercial speech; it has often been incorrectly described in the English-speaking press as prohibiting English words from all publications and web pages in France.
	freedom-of-speech.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (4236 words)

	Open Source Law Blog: The GPL and non-U.S. law
		French law enacted the "Loi Toubon" for the protection of the French language that stipulated that all contracts and legally binding documents creating obligations towards another person have to be drawn up in French in order to be legally binding.
		Under French law, a copyright license to exploitation of the rights (diffusion, publication, distribution, representation, modification, etc), must also be made by a written document signed by the parties in order to be valid.
		The GPL was upheld in a court of law in Germany in a case there.
	www.oslawblog.com /2005/01/gpl-and-non-us-law.html (1607 words)

	Bertrand Lemennicier: Why Sophisms Die Hard
		Bastiat, if such a law had been passed in his time, would have certainly used his scintillating wit of expression to show how protectionism is detrimental to the very interests of the survival of the French language.
		Toubon, one of the leader of a Right wing political party (RPR) was at the head of the Ministry of Culture when the law has been passed.
		James Wilson was one of the first to present the argument we have developed in the text on the impact of Corn Laws on the trade cycle under the title "Fluctuations of Currency, Commercial, and Manufactures Referable to the Corn Laws".
	www.bastiat.net /en/Bastiat2001/bertrand.lemennicier.html (12137 words)

	Maryland Criminal Defense Lawyer Rockville Breach of Contract Attorney MD Washington DC Business Law Internet ...
		As the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law explains, a State's authority to subject foreign interests or activities to its laws is bounded by certain limitations.
		While the case law is muddled in many respects, there is at least one unifying concept the intent of the defendant.
		First, examining the case law, the court found that Drudge's web site was "interactive" rather than "passive." n273 Drudge had a web site where users could add their e-mail addresses to the service subscription list.
	www.mikerothman.com /PersonalJurisdictionArticle.shtml (16689 words)

	UGGC & Associés
		The Competition, EU and Intellectual Property Law Department bring together the exeperience of several partners and associates, located in the Paris and Brussels offices who are each specialised in either competition law, intellectual property law or EU law.
		The Competition Law department covers a wide range of areas and benefits from the assistance and know-how of UGGC Brussels and the expertise of Robert Collin, a consultant from the firm since 1999.
		Together with the public law department, we closely follow the competition effects of the State's activities and the deregulations that are taking place.
	www.uggcavocats.com /en/t/competences2.php?docid=600 (502 words)

	CoCo: French Law Mandates Message D'Erreur
		The proposal, to be voted on in 2005, is based on a ten year old law, the Toubon law, that sees on the use of French and gives expression to Article 2 of the French Constitution, which determines that French is the language of the Republic.
		The Toubon law demands that all advertising of goods and services in France is in French or include a French translation.
		That the French mean business with preserving their language, becomes clear from this article on the first Toubon lawsuit, seven years ago.
	constitutionalcode.blogspot.com /2004/12/french-law-mandates-message-derreur.html (316 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		And so during the Mitterand presidency, the Minister of Culture Jacques Toubon urged the French "Parlement" to pass the Law Relative to the Use of the French Language, which requires that French must be used in all advertisements in France.
		The law, known as the Toubon Law, was one of several measures taken by France to protect her citizens from a perceived (or imagined?) English invasion.
		The court stated that the two non-profit organizations did not comply to the procedures required by the Toubon Law, so their lawsuit was not proper.
	kicon.com /law/cases_e/french.html (434 words)

	Dr. Bruno Zeller
		Because there is a lack of 'ready made' case law or legislation a 'wild west approach'[10] to solve GCT problems is not the likely outcome either.
		Not surprisingly most international case law where the mode of communication was the GCT deal with breaches of intellectual property rights or questions of tort.
		Whether we look at the proposed Uniform Laws on Jurisdiction or the current U.S body on law in relation to GCT transactions one clear indication emerges, namely that a case by case determination must be made taking into consideration the intent of the parties.
	cisgw3.law.pace.edu /cisg/biblio/zeller11.html (3861 words)

	sociology - French language
		There have been laws enacted which require that all print ads and billboards with foreign expressions include a French translation and which require quotas of French language songs (at least 40%) on the radio.
		About 12% of the world's Francophones are Canadian, and French is one of Canada's two official languages, with English; various provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms deal with the right of Canadians to access services in English and French all across Canada.
		By law, the federal government must operate and provide services in both English and French; proceedings of the Parliament of Canada must be translated into both English and French; and all Canadian products must be labelled in both English and French.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/French_language (3479 words)

	Case Study
		The lawsuits have invoked the specifics of the Toubon Law, which is named for a past Minister of Culture and requires that French must be used in all advertisements in France.
		The Toubon Law has been one of several measures taken by French authorities to preserve their language in the midst of a perceived English (American) invasion.
		Instead they feel threatened by the English-dominated Internet, which Toubon himself has referred to as “a new form of colonialism.” While Anglophones are certainly not attempting to revert to colonialism, the statistics certainly uphold the reasoning behind the words.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/english.htm (1016 words)

	Pave France - The British Need More Parking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		On August 4, 1994, law 94-665, the Toubon Law*, came into force.
		The Académie, lacking the power of law, uses snobbiness, bullying, and parochialism to hobble French with the misplaced, if quaint, notion of French purity.
		But this very Frenchness, exemplified by the government which is constrained by law to employ only the Frenchest French, confounds the French-speaking citizenry.
	www.pavefrance.com /blog/archives/000972.html (503 words)

	french
		In 1994, for example, France's National Assembly enacted the so-called Loi Toubon, a law named for its champion, the French Culture Minister, Jacques Toubon.
		The law called for a ban, enforceable by fines of up to $1,800 and by prison terms, on the use of foreign words in business or government communications, in broadcasting, and in advertising if "suitable equivalents" existed in French.
		The Toubon controversy notwithstanding, last year another language-content law went into effect in France, mandating that at least 40 percent of all the songs played on the country's 1,300 FM stations be French songs -- a situation that one disc jockey compared to asking artists to paint 40 percent of their work in blue.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/articles/french.html (1288 words)

	France In the News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The first test case attempting to apply France's disputed language law to the Internet ended in failure on Wednesday when an appeals court threw out a suit against a U.S. university on a legal technicality.
		The language law, named after then culture minister Jacques Toubon, was part of a long-running battle to protect the tongue of Moliere and Racine from encroachment by the language of Shakespeare.
		Criticised abroad as cultural arrogance and a vain attempt to regulate human conduct by decree, the Toubon law aimed to make the public use of words such as "cheeseburger" and "airbag" punishable by up to six months in prison.
	discoverfrance.net /France/News/Court_suit.shtml (494 words)

	Freedom of speech
		The right is enshrined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is granted formal recognition by the laws of most nations.
		In some nations with relatively authoritarian forms of government, overt government censorship is enforced, while among liberal democracies, censorship has been claimed to occur in a different form (see propaganda model) and there are different approaches to issues such as hate speech, obscenity, and defamation laws.
		An area of concern is the chilling effect that copyright laws may have on free speech, more particularly with the enactment of the controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Freedom_of_speech.html (5862 words)

	Question on "borrowing" words (or, how does one say "computer" in Icelandic?) (Linguistics)
		This is the law that requires all marketing and publicity to be in the French language in France.
		A report on the status of the Toubon law and the number of declared infractions against are recorded in:
		The funny thing about this law is that advertisers often use English words that are longer and have a greater number of pronouncable syllables than their French equivalents.
	www.proz.com /topic/31793 (2056 words)

	Wired News: France's English Ban Neutered
		Avenir de la Langue Française and Defense de la Langue Française sought to go one step further, using the 1994 Toubon law to seal the nation's electronic gates against the growing global dominance of English.
		The language law, named after then-culture minister Jacques Toubon, was part of a long-running battle to protect the language of Molière and Racine from encroachment by the tongue of Shakespeare.
		Criticized abroad as cultural arrogance and a vain attempt to regulate human conduct by decree, the Toubon law aimed to make the public use of words such as "cheeseburger" and "airbag" punishable by up to six months in prison.
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,11990,00.html (673 words)

	Dr. Ecommerce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For example, I encountered the Toubon Law, which mandates the use of French in the marketing of all goods and services offered to the public within the French territory.
		Although EU law takes precedence over national law, it is not yet clear exactly what the law is. For example, the Distance Selling Directive specifies that national governments are responsible for language provisions in contracts.
		Concerning the consumer contract regulations in the different Member States, I enclose here a list of national consumer organisations in every single Member State with contact details (emails and Internet addresses etc.) and I am sure that they will be happy to provide you with information on their country related to your detailed questions.
	europa.eu.int /ISPO/ecommerce/drecommerce/answer2/000382.html (392 words)

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